As of 2024, he is the youngest everNobel laureate in physics, or in any science category, having received the award at the age of 25.[5] Bragg was the director of theCavendish Laboratory, Cambridge, when the discovery of the structure of DNA was reported byJames D. Watson andFrancis Crick in February 1953.
In 1900, Bragg was a student atQueen's School, North Adelaide, followed by five years atSt Peter's College, Adelaide. He went to the University of Adelaide at the age of 16 to study mathematics, chemistry and physics, graduating in 1908. In the same year his father accepted the Cavendish chair of physics at theUniversity of Leeds, and brought the family to England. Bragg enrolled at theUniversity of Cambridge as an undergraduate student ofTrinity College, Cambridge in the autumn of 1909, receiving a major scholarship in mathematics, despite taking the exam while in bed withpneumonia. After initially excelling in mathematics, he transferred to the physics course in the later years of his studies, and graduated with first class honours in 1911. In 1914 Bragg was elected to aFellowship at Trinity College (a Fellowship at a Cambridge college involves the submission and defence of a thesis).[7][8]
Among Bragg's other interests wasshell collecting; his personal collection amounted to specimens from some 500 species; all personally collected from South Australia. He discovered a new species ofcuttlefish –Sepia braggi, named for him byJoseph Verco.[9]
In 1912, as a first-year research student at Cambridge, W. L. Bragg, while strolling by the river, had the insight that crystals made from parallel sheets of atoms would not diffract X-ray beams that struck their surface at most angles because X-rays deflected by collisions with atoms would be out of phase, cancelling one another out. However, when the X-ray beam struck at an angle at which the distances it passed between atomic sheets in the crystal equalled the X-ray's wavelength then those deflected would be in phase and produce a spot on a nearby film. From this insight he wrote the simpleBragg equation that relates the wavelength of the X-ray and the distance between atomic sheets in a simple crystal to the angles at which an impinging X-ray beam would be reflected.
His father built anapparatus in which a crystal could be rotated to precise angles while measuring the energy of reflections. This enabled father and son to measure the distances between the atomic sheets in a number of simple crystals. They calculated the spacing of the atoms from the weight of the crystal and theAvogadro constant, which enabled them to measure the wavelengths of the X-rays produced by different metallic targets in the X-ray tubes. W. H. Bragg reported their results at meetings and in a paper, giving credit to "his son" (unnamed) for the equation, but not as a co-author, which gave his son "some heartaches", which he never overcame.[10]
After World War II, Bragg returned to Cambridge, splitting theCavendish Laboratory into research groups. He believed that "the ideal research unit is one of six to twelve scientists and a few assistants".
When demobilised he returned to crystallography at Cambridge. They had agreed that father would study organic crystals, son would investigate inorganic compounds.[23][3] In 1919 whenErnest Rutherford, a long-time family friend, moved to Cambridge, Lawrence Bragg replaced him as Langworthy Professor of Physics at theVictoria University of Manchester. He recruited an excellent faculty, including former sound rangers, but he believed that his knowledge of physics was weak and he had no classroom experience. The students, many veterans, were critical and rowdy. He was deeply shaken but with family support he pulled himself together and prevailed. He and R. W. James measured the absolute energy of reflected X-rays, which validated a formula derived by C. G. Darwin before the war.[24] Now they could determine the number of electrons in the reflecting targets, and they were able to decipher the structures of more complicated crystals like silicates. It was still difficult: requiring repeated guessing and retrying. In the late 1920s they eased the analysis by usingFourier transforms on the data.
In 1930, he became deeply disturbed while considering a job offer fromImperial College London.[citation needed] His family rallied around and he recovered his balance while they spent 1931 in Munich, where he did research.
He became director of theNational Physical Laboratory in Teddington in 1937,[22] bringing some co-workers along. However, administration and committees took much of his time away from the workbench.
Rutherford died and the search committee named Lawrence Bragg as next in the line of theCavendish Professors who direct theCavendish Laboratory. The Laboratory had an eminent history in atomic physics and some members were wary of a crystallographer, which Bragg surmounted by even-handed administration. He worked on improving the interpretation of diffraction patterns. In the small crystallography group was a refugee research student without a mentor:Max Perutz. He showed Bragg X-ray diffraction data fromhaemoglobin, which suggested that the structure of giant biological molecules might be deciphered. Bragg appointed Perutz as his research assistant and within a few months obtained additional support with a grant from theRockefeller Foundation. The work was suspended during the Second World War when Perutz was interned as anenemy alien and then worked in military research.
During the war the Cavendish offered a shortened graduate course which emphasised the electronics needed forradar. Bragg worked on the structure of metals and consulted on sonar and sound ranging, for which the Tucker microphone was still used. Bragg was knighted and became Sir Lawrence in 1941. After his father died in 1942, Bragg served for six months as Scientific Liaison Officer to Canada. He also organised periodic conferences on X-ray analysis, which was widely used inmilitary research.
After the war Bragg led in the formation of theInternational Union of Crystallography and was elected its first president. He reorganised the Cavendish into units to reflect his conviction that "the ideal research unit is one of six to twelve scientists and a few assistants, helped by one or more first-class instrument mechanics and a workshop in which the general run of apparatus can be constructed."[25] Senior members of staff now had offices, telephones, and secretarial support. The scope of the department was enlarged with a new unit on radio astronomy. Bragg's own work focused on the structure of metals, using both X-rays and theelectron microscope. In 1947 he persuaded theMedical Research Council (MRC) to support what he described as the "gallant attempt"[26] to determine protein structure as theLaboratory of Molecular Biology, initially consisting of Perutz,John Kendrew and two assistants. Bragg worked with them and by 1960 they had resolved the structure ofmyoglobin to the atomic level.[27] After this Bragg was less involved; their analysis ofhaemoglobin was easier after they incorporated two mercury atoms as markers in each molecule. The first monumental triumph of the MRC was decoding the structure of DNA byJames Watson andFrancis Crick. Bragg announced the discovery at aSolvay conference on proteins in Belgium on 8 April 1953, though it went unreported by the press. He then gave a talk atGuy's Hospital Medical School in London on Thursday, 14 May 1953, which resulted in an article byRitchie Calder in theNews Chronicle of London on Friday, 15 May 1953, entitled "Why You Are You. Nearer Secret of Life". Bragg nominated Crick, Watson andMaurice Wilkins for the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine; Wilkins' share recognised the contribution of X-ray crystallographers atKing's College London.[28] Among them wasRosalind Franklin, whose "photograph 51" showed that DNA was a doublehelix, not the triple helix thatLinus Pauling had proposed. Franklin died before the prize (which only goes to living people) was awarded.
In 1953 the Braggs moved into the elegant flat for the Resident Professor in theRoyal Institution in London, the position his father had occupied when he died. In 1934 and 1961 Lawrence had delivered theRoyal Institution Christmas Lecture and since 1938 he had been Professor of Natural Philosophy in the Institution, delivering an annual lecture. His father's successors had weakened the Institution, so Bragg had to rebuild it. He bolstered finances by enlisting corporate sponsors, the traditional Friday Evening Discourses were followed by a dinner party for the speaker and carefully selected possible patrons, more than 120 of them each year. "Two of these Discourses in 1965 gave him particular pleasure. On 7 May, Lady Bragg, who had been a member of the Royal Commission on Marriage and Divorce (1951–55) and was Chairman of theNational Marriage Guidance Council, lectured on 'Changing patterns in marriage and divorce'; and on 15 November, Bragg listened with evident pride to the Discourse on 'Oscillations and noise in jet engines' given by his engineer-sonStephen, who was then Chief Scientist at Rolls-Royce Ltd and later became Vice-Chancellor ofBrunel University."[29] He also introduced a programme of highly regarded Schools' Lectures, enlivened by the elaborate demonstrations that were a hallmark of the Institution. He gave three of these lectures on "electricity".[30]
He continued research in the Institution by recruiting a small group to work in the Davy-Faraday Laboratory in the basement and in the adjoining house, supported by grants he obtained. A visitor to the laboratory succeeded in inserting heavy metals into the enzymelysozyme; the structure of its crystal was solved in 1965 at the Royal Institution byDavid Chilton Phillips and his coworkers, with the computations on the 9,040 reflections performed on the digital computer at the University of London, which greatly facilitated the work.[31] Two of the illustrations of the positioning of amino acids in the chain were drawn by Bragg. Unlike myoglobin, in which nearly 80 per cent of the amino-acid residues are in thealpha-helix conformation, in lysozyme the alpha-helix content is only about 40 per cent of the amino-acid residues found in four main stretches. Other stretches are of the310 helix, a conformation that they had proposed earlier.[32] In this conformation, every third peptide is hydrogen-bonded back to the first peptide, thus forming a ring containing ten atoms. They had the complete structure of an enzyme in time for Bragg's 75th birthday. He became Professor Emeritus in 1966.
X-ray analysis of protein structure flourished in subsequent years, determining the structures of scores of proteins in laboratories around the world. Twenty eight Nobel Prizes have been awarded for work using X-ray analysis. The disadvantage of the method is that it must be done on crystals, which precludes seeing changes in shape when enzymes bind substrates and the like. This problem was solved by the development of another line Bragg had initiated, using modified electron microscopes to image single frozen molecules:cryo-electron microscopy.[33]
In 1921 he married Alice Hopkinson (1899–1989), a cousin of a Cecil Hopkinson (1891–1917) who shared rooms with Bragg, and was one of his closest friends whilst they were both studying at Cambridge.[34][35] Cecil was the son ofJohn Hopkinson who was Alice's uncle.
They had four children, the engineerStephen Lawrence (1923–2014), David William (1926–2005), Margaret Alice (1931–2022) (who married the diplomatMark Heath), and Patience Mary (1935–2020) (who married David, the son ofGeorge Paget Thomson the Nobel prize winning physicist[36]). Alice was on the staff atWithington Girls' School until Bragg was appointed director of the National Physical Laboratory in 1937.[22] She was active in a number of public bodies and served asMayor of Cambridge from 1945 to 1946.
Bragg's hobbies included drawing – family letters were illustrated with lively sketches – painting, literature and a lifelong interest in gardening.[37] When he moved to London, he missed having a garden and so worked as a part-time gardener, unrecognised by his employer, until a guest at the house expressed surprise at seeing him there.[38] He died at a hospital near his home atWaldringfield,Ipswich, Suffolk. He was buried inTrinity College, Cambridge; his son David is buried in theParish of the Ascension Burial Ground in Cambridge, his grave is within a few paces of that of Bragg's close friend, Rudolph Cecil Hopkinson, who incurred a severe head wound in the 1914–19 war and died a few months after being invalided back to the UK.[36]
In August 2013, Bragg's relative, the broadcasterMelvyn Bragg, presented a BBC Radio 4 programme ("Bragg on the Braggs") on the 1915 Nobel Prize in Physics winners.[39][40]
^SeeFred Hoyle's remarks regarding Hutchinson in 1965Galaxies, Nuclei and Quasars p. 38 London: Heinemann; and R. J. N. Phillips 1987, "Some Words from a Former Student", inTribute to Paul Dirac, Bristol: Adam Hilger, p. 31.
^Jenkin, JohnWilliam and Lawrence Bragg; Father and Son. Oxford University Press 2008ISBN978 0 19 923520 9
^Van der Kloot, William (2014).Great Scientists wage the Great War. Stroud: Fonthill. p. 129.
^L. Bragg; J. C. Kendrew; M. F. Perutz (10 October 1950). "Polypeptide Chain Configurations in Crystalline Proteins".Proceedings of the Royal Society A.203 (1074):321–357.doi:10.1098/RSPA.1950.0142.ISSN1364-5021.WikidataQ55887295.
Hunter, Graeme (2004).Light Is A Messenger, the Life and Science of William Lawrence Bragg. Oxford: Oxford University Press.ISBN0-19-852921-X.
Finch, John (2008).A Nobel Fellow On Every Floor. Medical Research Council.ISBN978-1-84046-940-0. (This book is about the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge.)
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