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Primary sources are very close to the origin of a particular topic, issue or situation being written about. Examples of primary sources include archeological artifacts; photographs; historical documents such as diaries, census results, video or transcripts of surveillance, public hearings, or trials; tabulated results of surveys or questionnaires; written or recorded notes of laboratory and field research, experiments or observations, published experimental results by the person(s) actually involved in the research; original philosophical works, religious scripture, administrative documents, and artistic and fictional works.[1][2]
Any source cannot be anything but aprimary source for a Wikipedia article that has that source as its main topic.[3]
A secondary source is at least one step removed from the described topic. Secondary sources are reports that draw on research and other references to make interpretive, analytical or synthesized claims.[4][5][6]
Depending on the field, secondary sources may include textbooks, review articles, and peer-reviewed articles publishing original research.
Secondary sources are best used for representing significant points of view.[7]
Tertiary sources are publications such as encyclopedias or othercompendia that sum up many secondary[7] and primary sources. Many introductory textbooks may also be considered tertiary to the extent they sum up widely accepted results of large amounts of primary and secondary sources.
Wikipedia avoids describing topics that never have been described before —doing otherwise qualifies as performingoriginal research. Unsourced eyewitness accounts or other unsourced information obtained from personal experience should not be added to articles, as this would cause Wikipedia to become a primary source for the added information (seeWikipedia:Verifiability).
Wikipedia is not a secondary source
Wikipedia does not offer interpretations or analyses that deviate from previously published interpretations and analyses —doing otherwise qualifies as performing original research.
Wikipedia is a tertiary source
Wikipedia summarizes descriptions, interpretations and analyses that are found in secondary sources, or bases such summaries on tertiary sources. Wikipedia illustrates such summaries and descriptions with material that is as close as possible to the primary source(s) on the described topic.
Illustrations can enhance the quality of Wikipedia articles
Relevant illustrations in the form ofdirect quotes,images,plot summaries,sound files and other media are used to enhance the over-all quality of a Wikipedia article.
Illustrations and primary source material should not overshadow content based on secondary and tertiary sources
If a Wikipedia article is mainly composed of images, direct quotes, or other types of illustrations or primary source material, then at least some of this material should be moved to sister projects likeWikiquote,Wikisource,Commons, or such material should be given a less prominent place in the Wikipedia article, or some of this material should be removed from the article, or more content based on secondary or tertiary sources should be added to the article, or the article should bemerged with the article on a related topic, etc., depending on circumstances. The reason for this limitation regarding illustrations and primary source material is that doing otherwise would turn individual Wikipedia articles into primary or secondary sources. This is partly astyle recommendation, but also ano original research requirement.
{{Primary sources}} is a template that can be used to indicate an article relies to heavily on primary source material.
Wikipedia only includes topics that are covered by sufficient secondary sources
Thisinclusion criterion based on theno original research principle combines with,
^TheUniversity of Nevada, Reno Libraries define primary sources as providing "an inside view of a particular event." They offer as examples:original documents, such as autobiographies, diaries, e-mail, interviews, letters, minutes, news film footage, official records, photographs, raw research data, and speeches;creative works, such as art, drama, films, music, novels, poetry; andrelics or artifacts, such as buildings, clothing, DNA, furniture, jewelry, pottery.
^TheUniversity of California, Berkeley library offers this definition: "Primary sources enable the researcher to get as close as possible to what actually happened during an historical event or time period. Primary sources were either created during the time period being studied, or were created at a later date by a participant in the events being studied (as in the case of memoirs) and they reflect the individual viewpoint of a participant or observer."
An individual cannot him/herself be anything but a primary source for a Wikipedia article on that person
A book cannot be anything but a primary source for a Wikipedia article on that book or on its author
^University of California, Berkeley library defines "secondary source" as "a work that interprets or analyzes an historical event or phenomenon. It is generally at least one step removed from the event."
^Thomas, Susan (2007),Research Help:Primary vs. Secondary Sources, New York: Borough of Manhattan Commmunity College, A. Philip Randolph Memorial Library, notes that a secondary source "analyzes and interprets primary sources", is a "second-hand account of an historical event" or "interprets creative work". It also states that a secondary source "analyzes and interprets research results" or "analyzes and interprets scientific discoveries".
^The National History Day website has: "Secondary sources are works of synthesis and interpretation based upon primary sources and the work of other authors."
