TheWestinghouse Electric Corporation was an American manufacturing company founded in 1886 byGeorge Westinghouse and headquartered inPittsburgh,Pennsylvania. It was originally named "Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company" and was renamed "Westinghouse Electric Corporation" in 1945. Through the early and mid-20th century, Westinghouse Electric was a powerhouse in heavy industry, electrical production and distribution, consumer electronics, home appliances and a wide variety of other products. They were a major supplier ofgenerators andsteam turbines for most of their history, and was also a major player in the field ofnuclear power, starting with theWestinghouse Atom Smasher in 1937.
A series of downturns and management missteps in the 1970s and 80s combined with large cash balances led the company to enter thefinancial services business. Their focus was onmortgages, which suffered significant losses in the late 1980s. In 1992 they announced a major restructuring and the liquidation of their credit operations. In 1995, in a major change of direction, the company acquired theCBS television network and renamed itselfCBS Corporation. Most of its remaining industrial businesses were sold off at this time. CBS Corp was acquired byViacom in 1999, a merger completed in April 2000.[8] The CBS Corporation name was later reused forone of the two companies resulting from the split of Viacom in 2005.
During the 20th century, Westinghouse engineers and scientists were granted more than 28,000 U.S. patents, the third most of any company.[14] Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company changed its name to Westinghouse Electric Corporation in 1945.[citation needed]
In 1990, Westinghouse experienced a serious setback when the corporation lost over one billion dollars due to bad high-risk, high-fee, high-interest loans made by its Westinghouse Credit Corporation lending arm.[15]
In an attempt to revitalize the corporation, the board of directors appointed outside management in the form of CEOMichael H. Jordan, who brought in numerous consultants to help re-engineer the company in order to realize the potential that they saw in the broadcasting industry. Westinghouse reduced the workforce in many of its traditional industrial operations and made further acquisitions in broadcasting to add to its already substantialGroup W network, includingInfinity Broadcasting,TNN,CMT,American Radio Systems, and rights toNFL broadcasting. These investments cost the company over fifteen billion dollars. To recoup its costs, Westinghouse sold many other operations, including its defense electronics division, itsmetering andload control division (which was sold toABB), itsresidential security division, the office furniture companyKnoll, andThermo King.[16]
Westinghouse purchasedCBS Inc. in 1994 for $5.4 billion.[17] Westinghouse Electric Corporation changed its name to and became the original CBS Corporation in 1997.[18] Also in 1997, the Power Generation Business Unit, headquartered inOrlando, Florida, was sold toSiemens of Germany.[19] A year later, CBS sold all of its commercial nuclear power businesses toBritish Nuclear Fuels Limited (BNFL).[20] In connection with that sale, certain rights to use the Westinghouse trademarks were granted to the newly formed BNFL subsidiary,Westinghouse Electric Company.[20] That company was sold toToshiba in 2006.[21]
Steam turbine generator: The first commercial Westinghouse steam turbine-driven generator, a 1,500 kW unit, began operation atHartford Electric Light Co. in 1901. The machine, nicknamedMary-Ann, was the first steam turbine generator to be installed by an electric utility to generate electricity in the US. George Westinghouse had based his original steam turbine design on designs licensed from the English inventorCharles Parsons. Today a large proportion of steam turbine generators operating around the world, ranging to units as large as 1,500 MW (or 1,000 times the original 1901 unit) were supplied by Westinghouse from its factories in Lester, Pennsylvania, Charlotte, North Carolina, or Hamilton, Ont. or were built overseas under Westinghouse license. Major Westinghouse licensees or joint venture partners includedMitsubishi Heavy Industries of Japan and Harbin Turbine Co. and Shanghai Electric Co. of China.
Research: Westinghouse had 50,000 employees by 1900 and established a formal research and development department in 1906. While the company was expanding, it would experience internal financial difficulties. During the Panic of 1907, the Board of Directors forced George Westinghouse to take a six-month leave of absence. Westinghouse officially retired in 1909 and died several years later in 1914.
Electrical technology: Under new leadership, Westinghouse Electric diversified its business activities in electrical technology. It acquired the Copeman Electric Stove Company in 1914 and Pittsburgh High Voltage Insulator Company in 1921. Westinghouse also moved into radio broadcasting by establishing Pittsburgh'sKDKA, the first commercial radio station, andWBZ in Springfield, Massachusetts in 1921. Westinghouse expanded into the elevator business, establishing the Westinghouse Elevator Company in 1928; it sold its elevator business toSchindler Group (forming theSchindler Elevator Corporation) in 1989. Throughout the decade, diversification engendered considerable growth; sales went from $43 million in 1914 to $216 million in 1929.[23]
Aviation: Westinghouse produced the first operational Americanturbojet for the US Navy program in 1943. After many successes, the ill-fatedJ40 project, started soon after World War Two, was abandoned in 1955 and led to Westinghouse exiting the aircraft engine business with the closure of theWestinghouse Aviation Gas Turbine Division (Kansas City) in 1960.
Gas turbines: During the late 1940s, Westinghouse applied its aviation gas turbine technology and experience to develop its first industrial gas turbine. A 2,000–horsepower model W21 was installed in 1948 at the Mississippi River Fuel Corp gas compression station inWilmar, Arkansas.[24] This was the starting point for the company to enter in industrial and utility gas turbine business,[25] prior to the sale by Westinghouse of the power generation business to Siemens AG in 1997. Evolving from the Small Steam and Gas Turbine Division formed in the early 1950s, theWestinghouse Combustion Turbine Systems Division was located in Concordville, Pennsylvania, near Philadelphia and the old Lester, Pennsylvania plant, until it was relocated to Power Generation headquarters in Orlando, Florida in 1987.
Nuclear power: As a result of its participation in the US government's military program for nuclear energy applications (e.g.,The Nuclear Navy) Westinghouse utilized that experience in the development and commercialization of nuclear energy systems for electric power generation. This business currently operates as theWestinghouse Electric Company and is owned byBrookfield Business Partners of Canada.Electricite de France (EDF) a major global player in the nuclear power business, was a long-time licensee of the Westinghouse nuclear technology.
Industrial motors: Additional major industrial products in the widespread Westinghouse portfolio included electric motors of all sizes, elevators and escalators, controls, and lighting. The Large Motor Division, once headquartered in Buffalo, NY, entered a joint venture with Taiwan Electric Co. (TECO) in the 1970s and today operates as TECO-Westinghouse.[26] Much of Westinghouse's higher voltage power equipment was sold to ABB in 1989 and renamed the ABB Power T&D Company.[27]
Rail transit: The Westinghouse Transportation Division (est. 1894) supplied equipment and controls for many North Americaninterurban andstreetcar lines, the San FranciscoBay Area Rapid Transit,Washington Metro,New York City Subway equipment from the 1890s elevated era to theR68A in 1988, among many other heavy rail and rail transit systems andbuilt locomotives, often in partnership withBaldwin,Lima-Hamilton as well as supplying electrical and traction equipment forFairbanks-Morsediesel locomotives. The division designed and built Automated People Movers (APMs) at several major U.S. airports, including Sea-Tac. Tampa, Dallas-Ft. Worth and Orlando. The Transportation Division was sold toAEG of Germany (1988), which merged into a joint venture ofABB andDaimler-Benz namedAdTranz in 1996. Ultimately, the unit was acquired byBombardier of Canada in 2001 and is still headquartered in Pittsburgh.[28]
Consumer electrics: Westinghouse was also among the initial manufacturers to make household electrical products including radios, televisions, and other audio/video equipment. This also included both small and large electric appliances of all kinds, from hair dryers and electric irons to clothes washers and dryers, refrigerators and air conditioning units. After more than 50 years, and after playing a strong No. 2 to rivalGeneral Electric for most of that time, Westinghouse decided to exit the appliance business in the mid-1970s.White-Westinghouse was formed whenWhite Consolidated Industries acquired the Westinghouse appliance unit in 1975.
World's Fair time capsules: The company is also known for itstime capsule contributions during the1939 New York World's Fair and1964 New York World's Fair.[citation needed] They also participated in theSt. Louis World's Fair in 1904. They sponsored the Westinghouse Auditorium at the fair, where they showed films documenting Westinghouse products and company plants.[13] Westinghouse was one of the original corporate sponsors and exhibitors at Walt Disney World's EPCOT attraction in Orlando, Florida.
There have been a number of Westinghouse-related environmental incidents in the US. Below is a short list of these. All of these are chemical pollution incidents; none of them involve nuclear reactors or nuclear pollution.
Sharon plant: The WestinghouseSharon Plant was a 58-acre Westinghouse transformer production facility inMercer County, Pennsylvania. The EPA's recent Five Year Review Report (2016) of this Superfund site determined that theShenango River has been polluted due to Westinghouse operations in this area.[29] Because of the findings, the state of Pennsylvania has issued a "Do Not Eat" advisory for fish around the Westinghouse site.[30] This plant was no longer operational after 1984. Westinghouse submitted their final cleanup plan in 1998, and further action beyond their dissolution has been liable to CBS. The transformer business unit was sold to ABB in 1989. This site now houses a product design company.
Adams County plant: Westinghouse was fined $5.5 million in 1996 for polluting groundwater in over 100 wells, as well as other water sources, while operating its Westinghouse Elevator Company plant inAdams County, Pennsylvania. Degreasers and other toxic chemicals were released over a five-year period in the 1980s.[31][verification needed] This business unit was sold to Schindler in 1988. Future liability for cleanup has been directed to CBS following the dissolution of Westinghouse Electric Corporation in 1999.
Horseheads site: Westinghouse operated a cathode-ray tube plant inHorseheads, New York. They were deemed responsible for pollution at the Kentucky Avenue Wellfield Superfund site in Horseheads, New York. Westinghouse polluted nearby soil, affecting the safety of a nearby aquifer and wells used by residents. One phase of the cleanup effort describes Westinghouse Electric Corporation's facility, designated "Disposal Area F" and the "Former Runoff Basin Area", which are contaminated with volatile organic compounds (VOCs),polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and arsenic, will be cleaned up using a combination of soil excavation andsoil vapor extraction. At Disposal Area F, the area of contamination is about 0.3 acres. At the Former Runoff Basin Area, the contaminated soils cover approximately 0.7 acres. Disposal of the excavated soils occurred at appropriate off-site facilities. The removal of the PAHs and arsenic contamination will protect site workers and employees at the Westinghouse facility and the cleanup of the VOCs will help restore the quality of the Newtown Creek Aquifer.[32] In 1986, Westinghouse entered a joint venture at this plant withToshiba to produceCathode-Ray Tubes (CRTs). In 1989, Toshiba became part owner of this plant and the Westinghouse CRT business unit. Future liability has been shifted to CBS.
Sunnyvale plant: Westinghouse operated a plant which manufactured electronics for military systems inSunnyvale, California. Groundwater and soil near this plant are contaminated with PCBs, fuels, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Potential health threats to area residents include accidentally ingesting or coming into direct contact with site contaminants in soil or groundwater. There are municipal drinking water wells within1⁄4-mile from this site, and 300,000 people get their drinking water from within three miles of the site.[33][verification needed] This business unit was sold toNorthrop Grumman in 1996. Future liability for this action has been passed on to CBS.
1885 – Westinghouse becomes aware of the new Europeantransformer basedalternating current systems when he reads about them in the UK technical journalEngineering[34]
1885 –William Stanley, Jr., working for Westinghouse, develops the first practical AC transformer[35]
1886 –Westinghouse Electric Company founded in East Pittsburgh[36]
1886 – William Stanley, Jr. installs the world's first operational transformer based multiple voltage transmission system, a demonstration lighting system inGreat Barrington, Massachusetts
1898 – purchases Walker Mfg. Co ofCleveland, establishing main facility and plant in Cleveland which produces power-transmitting machinery,cable railway networks, castings and lighting[39]
1940s – enters aviation with airborneradar (defense electronics sold 1996), jet engine propulsion, and ground-based airport lighting, gets defense contract from U.S. military to produce plastic helmet liners for theM1 Helmet
1952 – opens Cathode Ray Tube facility inHorseheads, New York; facility housed three divisions: Cathode Ray Tube, Electronic Tube, and Industrial and Government Tube
1954 – enters finance as Westinghouse Credit Corporation
1955 – buysKDKA-TV (then WDTV) in Pittsburgh and KYW-TV (then WNBK, now WKYC) and KYW Radio (originally, and currently WTAM) along with KYW-FM (then WTAM-FM, currently WMJI) in Cleveland; KYW is now licensed to a TV and AM radio station in Philadelphia[40]
1955 –Westinghouse J40 engine failure causes allF3H fighters using the engine to be grounded, and all other jets using it switch to other engines; Westinghouse is forced out of aircraft engine business
1957 – introduces first successful "cobra head" roadway luminaire, theOV-25, integrating both ballast and optics in a more streamlined modern design
1988 – enters into joint venture with Taiwan Electric to build electric motors; Taiwan Electric eventually becomes sole owner of business as TECO Motor Company
1988 – spins Industrial and Government Tube Division off as Imaging and Sensing Technologies Corporation
1988 – closes the East Pittsburgh generator and Lester, PA turbine plants, which had once been the primary Westinghouse manufacturing facilities
1988 – Transportation Division, including railroad (locomotive and mass transit) equipment business sold toAEG, later merged intoAdtranz in 1996,Bombardier Transportation in 2001, andAlstom in 2021[38][51]
1989 – sells transmission and distribution business (including theirwatthour meter business) toASEA Brown Boveri Group (ABB)
1989 – buys Shaw-Walker Furniture and Reff Furniture[40]
1994 – Cleveland operations and facilities purchased byEaton Corporation for $1.6 billion; Cleveland Westinghouse facilities, as well as manufacturing plants converted into other commercial enterprises[39]
1994–95 – separates IT and phone service sales into Westinghouse Communications division
1995 – under the leadership of Michael H. JordanbuysCBS for $5.4 billion ($11.1 billion today)[17]
2005 – Viacom issplit into two companies in January, with a newViacom being spun off of the old Viacom company, and the old Viacom being renamed asCBS Corporation, thus reviving Westinghouse's last name prior to sale, and reversing the 2000 Viacom-CBS merger[52][53]
Guy Tripp, a former Thomson-Houston employee who joined Westinghouse and became chairman of its board of directors in 1912, and served until his death in 1927.[69]
Westinghouse established subsidiary companies in several countries includingBritish Westinghouse and Società Italiana Westinghouse inVado Ligure, Italy. British Westinghouse became a subsidiary ofMetropolitan-Vickers in 1919 and the Italian Westinghouse factory was taken over byTecnomasio in 1921.
^Katz, Michael (February 17, 1997). "CBS makes cable a 'core business;' with purchase of TNN and CMT, network doubles its cable holdings".Broadcasting & Cable.
^Richard Moran,Executioner's Current: Thomas Edison, George Westinghouse, and the Invention of the Electric Chair, Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group – 2007, page 42
.jpg)
