Wade Hampton III | |
|---|---|
 Wade Hampton during the Civil War | |
| United States Senator fromSouth Carolina | |
| In office March 4, 1879 – March 3, 1891 | |
| Preceded by | John J. Patterson |
| Succeeded by | John L. M. Irby |
| 77thGovernor of South Carolina | |
| In office April 11,[a] 1877 – February 26, 1879 | |
| Lieutenant | William Dunlap Simpson |
| Preceded by | Daniel Henry Chamberlain |
| Succeeded by | William Dunlap Simpson |
| In office December 14, 1876 – April 11, 1877 Disputed with Daniel Chamberlain[b] | |
| Member of theSouth Carolina Senate fromRichland County | |
| In office November 22, 1858 – October 8, 1861 | |
| Preceded by | John Smith Preston |
| Succeeded by | Edward John Arthur |
| Member of the South Carolina House of Representatives from Richland County | |
| In office November 22, 1852 – November 22, 1858 | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1818-03-28)March 28, 1818 Charleston, South Carolina, U.S. |
| Died | April 11, 1902(1902-04-11) (aged 84) Columbia, South Carolina, U.S. |
| Resting place | Trinity Cathedral Churchyard |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Alma mater | South Carolina College |
| Profession | planter,soldier,politician |
| Committees | United States railroad commissioner 1893–1897 |
| Signature |  |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance |  Confederate States of America |
| Branch/service |  Confederate States Army |
| Years of service | 1861–1865 |
| Rank |  Lieutenant General |
| Commands | Hampton's Legion Cavalry Corps, Army of Northern Virginia |
| Battles/wars | American Civil War |
Wade Hampton III (March 28, 1818 – April 11, 1902) was an American politician fromSouth Carolina. He was a prominent member of one of the richest families in the antebellumSouthern United States, owning thousands of acres of cotton land in South Carolina andMississippi, as well as thousands of slaves. He became a senior general in the ConfederateArmy of Northern Virginia during theAmerican Civil War. He also had a career as a leadingDemocratic politician in state and national affairs.
By 1877, at the end of theReconstruction era, Hampton was a leader of theRedeemers, white southerners who successfully fought to restorewhite supremacy in the state.[1] His campaign for governor was marked by extensive violence by theRed Shirts, a white supremacistparamilitary group that disrupted elections and suppressed Black voters in the state. Hampton was elected governor, serving from 1876 to 1879. After that, he served two terms asU.S. Senator from 1879 to 1891.
Wade Hampton III was born in 1818 at54 Hasell St. inCharleston, South Carolina, the eldest son of "Colonel"Wade Hampton II (1791–1858) and Ann (née Fitzsimmons) Hampton. His mother was from a wealthy family inCharleston. After the War of 1812, his father built a fortune on land speculation in the southern states.[2]
The senior Hampton was an officer ofdragoons in theWar of 1812 and an aide to GeneralAndrew Jackson at theBattle of New Orleans. The boy was the grandson ofWade Hampton (1754–1835),lieutenant colonel of cavalry in theAmerican War of Independence, member of theU.S. House of Representatives, andbrigadier general in theWar of 1812. Wade III's uncle by marriage,James Henry Hammond, was elected to theU.S. House of Representatives,Governor of South Carolina and, in the late 1850s, elected to theUnited States Senate.
Wade Hampton III grew up in a wealthy planter family, receiving private instruction. He had four younger sisters. His was an active outdoor life; he rode horses and hunted, especially at his family'sNorth Carolina summer retreat,High Hampton.[3] All his life he took hunting trips alone into the woods, huntingAmerican black bears with only a knife.[4]
In 1836 Hampton graduated from South Carolina College (now theUniversity of South Carolina) and was trained for the law, although he never practiced. His father assigned certainplantations to him to manage in South Carolina andMississippi. The younger man also became active in Democratic state politics.[2]
He was elected to theSouth Carolina General Assembly in 1852 and was a state Senator from 1858 to 1861. After Hampton's father died in 1858, he inherited a vast fortune, plantations, and enslaved people.[5]
During the Civil War, Hampton served in the Confederate army, resigning from the South Carolina Senate to enlist as a private in the South Carolina Militia. The governor of South Carolina insisted that Hampton accept a colonel's commission.[6]
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Although he had no military experience, his years of managing plantations and serving in state government were considered signs of leadership. Furthermore wealthy men were commissioned based on social standing and expected to finance military units. Hampton organized "Hampton's Legion", which consisted of six companies of infantry, four companies of cavalry, and one battery of artillery. He paid for all the weapons for the unit. Hampton proved a natural cavalryman—brave, audacious, and a superb horseman. Of officers without previous military experience, he was one of three to achieve the rank oflieutenant general, the others beingNathan Bedford Forrest andRichard Taylor.
Hampton's first combat came at theFirst Battle of Manassas, where he deployed his unit at a decisive moment, reinforcing a Confederate line that was retreating from Buck Hill, giving the brigade ofThomas J. Jackson the time to reach the field and make a defensive stand. A bullet creased Hampton's forehead when he led a charge against a U.S. artillery position. It was the first of five wounds he would receive during the war.
During the winter of 1861–62, Hampton's Legion was assigned to the command ofGustavus W. Smith. Smith's division accompanied the rest ofJoseph E. Johnston'sArmy of Northern Virginia down the Virginia Peninsula to aid in theSiege of Yorktown (1862) before Johnston withdrew to Richmond. On May 23, 1862, Hampton was promoted tobrigadier general. At theBattle of Seven Pines on May 31, 1862, he was severely wounded in the foot, but while still under fire, he remained on his horse while the foot was treated. Hampton returned to duty in time to fill in as leader of an infantry brigade for Stonewall Jackson at the end of theSeven Days Battles, although the brigade was not significantly engaged.
After the Peninsula Campaign, GeneralRobert E. Lee reorganized his cavalry forces as a division under the command ofJ.E.B. Stuart, who selected Hampton as his senior subordinate to command one of two cavalry brigades. Hampton's brigade was left in Richmond to observe McClellan's withdrawal from the Peninsula, while the rest of the army participated in theNorthern Virginia Campaign. Thus, Hampton and his men missed theSecond Battle of Manassas, re-joining the army shortly thereafter; but were present on the extreme left of the Confederate line atSharpsburg. His brigade was selected to participate in Stuart'sChambersburg Raid in October 1862, in which Hampton was briefly appointed "military governor" of the town following its surrender to the Confederate cavalry.[7] During the winter of 1862, Hampton led a series of cavalry raids behind enemy lines and captured numerous prisoners and supplies without casualties, earning a commendation from General Lee. In November 1862, he captured 137 men of the3rd Pennsylvania Cavalry atHartwood Presbyterian Church.[8]
Hampton was not present at theBattle of Fredericksburg or theBattle of Chancellorsville due to being detached for raids elsewhere.
At theBattle of Brandy Station, the war's largest predominantly cavalry battle, Hampton was slightly wounded, and his younger brother Frank was killed. Immediately thereafter, Hampton's brigade participated in Stuart's raid in Pennsylvania, swinging around the U.S. army and losing contact with Lee. Stuart and Hampton reached the vicinity ofGettysburg, Pennsylvania, late on July 2, 1863. While just outside town, Hampton was confronted by a U.S. cavalryman pointing a rifle at him from 200 yards. Hampton charged the soldier before he could fire his rifle, but another soldier blindsided Hampton with a saber cut to the back of his head. On July 3, Hampton led the cavalry attack east of Gettysburg, attempting to disrupt the U.S. rear, but collided withU.S. cavalry. He received two more saber cuts to the front of his head but continued fighting until he was again wounded with shrapnel to the hip. ColonelLaurence S. Baker assumed command of Hampton's Brigade after the injury. Hampton was carried back to Virginia in the same ambulance asJohn Bell Hood. On August 3, 1863, Hampton was promoted tomajor general and received command of a cavalry division. His wounds from Gettysburg were slow to heal, so he did not return to duty until November.
During theOverland Campaign of 1864, Hampton's cavalry fought at theBattle of Todd's Tavern during theBattle of the Wilderness. It patrolled the left flank of the Confederate position at theBattle of Spotsylvania Court House, during which time J.E.B. Stuart was killed at theBattle of Yellow Tavern. Hampton escorted Lee's withdrawal to Richmond, fighting at theBattle of North Anna and theBattle of Haw's Shop before being detached from Lee's army to deal with Maj. Gen.Philip Sheridan's cavalry destroying central Virginia's railroad. He distinguished himself further with a victory at theBattle of Trevilian Station, the war's largest all-cavalry battle. After his return to Richmond, he fought at theBattle of Nance's Shop and was given command of the Cavalry Corps on August 11, 1864. For the rest of the war, Hampton lost no cavalry battles. In September, Hampton conducted what became known as the "Beefsteak Raid", where his troopers captured over 2400 head of cattle and more than 300 prisoners behind enemy lines.
In October 1864, nearPetersburg, Virginia, Hampton sent his son, T. Preston Hampton, a lieutenant serving as one of his aides, to deliver a message. Shortly afterward, Hampton and his other son, Wade IV, rode in the same direction. Before traveling 200 yards, they came across Preston lying on the ground; he was fatally wounded and soon died. As young Wade dismounted, he was also shot but survived.[9]
While Lee's army was bottled up in theSiege of Petersburg, in January 1865, Hampton returned to South Carolina to recruit soldiers. He was promoted to lieutenant general on February 14, 1865, but eventually surrendered to the United States along with GeneralJoseph E. Johnston's Army of Tennessee atBennett Place inDurham, North Carolina. Hampton was reluctant to surrender and nearly got into a personal fight with U.S. Brig. Gen.Judson Kilpatrick (often called "Kill-Cavalry") at the Bennett Farm.
Together with Lt. Gen.Jubal A. Early, Hampton became a proponent of theLost Cause of the Confederacy movement. He worked to justify the Confederacy's loss and lamented the loss of his wealthy antebellum life. He embraced thenegationist belief thatslaveryas practiced in the American South was benign and that Black people were racially inferior to White people, but that upper class whites like himself should act in paternalistic fashion. Hampton resented the U.S. government's use ofUnited States Colored Troops in occupying forces in South Carolina.[10]
Hampton was offered the nomination forgovernor in 1865 but refused because he believed Northerners would naturally be suspicious of a former Confederate general seeking political office only months after the end of the Civil War. Hampton campaigned to ask supportersnot to vote for him in thegubernatorial election. In 1868, he became the chair of theSouth Carolina Democratic Party central committee. That year, theRadical Republicans won theelection.
Hampton essentially ceased most overt political activity until 1876. He helped raise money for legal defense funds after the U.S. government began enforcing anti-Klan legislation of 1870 and 1871 to suppress theKu Klux Klan's violence againstfreedmen and white Republicans. He was not active in the Klan. Hampton supportedMatthew Calbraith Butler in theUnion Reformcampaign of 1870.[1]
Other insurgent groups rapidly formed to compound the KKK. In South Carolina and other states, groups of men calling themselves "rifle clubs" formed to act as vigilantes in the years after the war. In 1876, an estimated 20,000 men in South Carolina were members of rifle clubs. Political campaigns were increasingly violent as whites tried to suppress black voting.[11]
Beginning in the mid-1870s, the white supremacistparamilitary group known as theRed Shirts developed chapters in most South Carolina counties. These groups acted as "the military arm of the Democratic Party."[12] They marched in parades during campaigns, openly disrupted Republican meetings, and worked to suppress black voting in the state by violence and intimidation.[13]
Hampton opposed the Radical Republicans'Reconstruction era policies in the Southern United States, especially African Americans being allowed to vote and participate in politics. He re-entered South Carolina politics in 1876, running in opposition to those policies. Hampton, aDemocrat, ran against the Republican incumbent governorDaniel Henry Chamberlain. The1876 South Carolina gubernatorial election was the bloodiest in the state's history.[14] The Red Shirts used violence in every county to suppress Black voters. "An anti-Reconstruction historian later estimated that 150 Negroes were murdered in South Carolina during the campaign."[15] Though it seems clear that supporters of Hampton included Red Shirts, prominent Hampton biographer Rod Andrew asserted that there was "no evidence that Hampton himself supported or encouraged that violence."[16] Indeed, Benjamin Tillman, the undisputed leader of the Red Shirts, would be instrumental in removing Hampton from his Senate seat in 1890.[1]
Both parties claimed victory. For more than six months, two legislatures in the state claimed to be authentic. Eventually, theSouth Carolina Supreme Court ruled that Hampton won the election, the first Democratic governor in South Carolina since the end of the Civil War. The national election ofRutherford B. Hayes asPresident of the United States was settled by a compromise among Democrats, by which the national party agreed to end theReconstruction era formally. In 1877 Hayes ordered the withdrawal of U.S. troops from the Southern United States, essentially leaving whites to reassert control over freedmen.
After the election, Hampton became known as the "Savior of South Carolina"; he was one of those Democrats elected who were called "Redeemers." He was re-elected in1878; the Red Shirts gave support, but less violence was required.[13]
Hampton was thrown from a mule while deer hunting two days later and broke his right leg. Several weeks later, his right leg was amputated due to complications from the injury. Despite refusing to announce his candidacy for the Senate, Hampton was elected to theUnited States Senate by theSouth Carolina General Assembly on the same day his leg was amputated. He resigned from the governorship to serve two terms in the U.S. Senate until 1891. He was a conservativeBourbon Democrat who appealed to somefreedmen in support of his win.[17]
From 1893 to 1897, Hampton served asUnited States Railroad Commissioner, appointed by PresidentGrover Cleveland.
He was a hereditary member of the South CarolinaSociety of the Cincinnati.
In 1838, Hampton married Margaret Preston (1818–1852). Their children were: Wade Hampton IV (1840–1879), Thomas Preston Hampton (1843–1864, killed in the war), Sarah Buchanan Hampton (1845–1886), John Preston Hampton (1846–1847), and Harriet Flud Hampton (1848–1853).
In 1858, Hampton III married Mary Singleton McDuffie (1830–1874). Their children were: George McDuffie Hampton (1859–1917), Mary Singleton "Daisy" Hampton (1861–1934), Alfred Hampton (1863–1942), and Catherine Fisher Hampton (born and died 1867)
Wade Hampton died in Columbia in 1902. He was buried inTrinity Cathedral Churchyard.
Statues of him were erected in theSouth Carolina State House building and theUnited States Capitol. Anequestrian statue byFrederick W. Ruckstull was erected on the grounds of the S.C. state capitol inColumbia, in 1906.[18]
In the wake of the June 17, 2015, massacre at theCharlestonEmanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church bywhite supremacistDylann Roof, there was a push to remove Confederate symbols in theUnited States Capitol, including the Hampton statue.[19] Congressional representatives voted to retain the statues.[20]
To honor Hampton for his leadership in the Civil War and the "redemption" of the state fromReconstruction-era reforms, the General Assembly createdHampton County fromBeaufort County in 1878. The town of Hampton Courthouse, later shortened toHampton, was incorporated on December 23, 1879, to serve as thecounty seat of Hampton County.
Across South Carolina, many towns and cities renamed streets for him. At least eight municipalities in South Carolina have a street named "Wade Hampton" (Beaufort,Charleston,Duncan,Greenville,Greer, Hampton,Taylors, andWalterboro) and approximately 47 towns in the state have streets named "Hampton". Two high schools in South Carolina are named Wade Hampton High School: in Greenville and inVarnville. A residence hall at Hampton's alma mater, theUniversity of South Carolina, was named for him.[21] In July 2021, the university's Presidential Commission on University History recommended removing his name from the building.[21]
AHampton Park was dedicated in Charleston and another inColumbia in his honor. The historicHampton Heights neighborhood inSpartanburg is named after him. In 1964, Wade Hampton Academy was started inOrangeburg, considered asegregation academy. The school merged with Willington Academy in 1986 to becomeOrangeburg Preparatory Schools, Inc.
In 1913, JudgeJohn Randolph Tucker named theWade Hampton Census Area inAlaska to commemorate his father-in-law (it was renamed Kusilvak Census Area in 2015 to remove the blemish of having a place named for a slave-holding Confederate general).[22]
An artillery battery was named after Wade Hampton atFort Crockett, built onGalveston Island, Texas. The Wade Hampton Battery was one of four coastal artillery batteries and contained two 10-inch guns. During World War II, the SSWade Hampton, aLiberty ship named in honor of the general, was sunk off the coast ofGreenland by a GermanU-boat.
InGreenville County, South Carolina, the section ofU.S. Route 29 that connects the city of Greenville to Spartanburg is called Wade Hampton Boulevard. There is also a fire district (Wade Hampton Fire Department) named in his honor placed on the east side of Greenville, adjoining the Greenville city limits, which include Wade Hampton High School.
TheSons of Confederate Veterans awarded Hampton with itsConfederate Medal of Honor, created in 1977.[23]
InMargaret Mitchell's novelGone with the Wind,Scarlett O'Hara's first husband, Charles Hamilton, serves in Hampton's regiment. As it was fashionable (according to Mitchell) to name baby boys after their fathers' commanding officers, Scarlett's son by Charles is named Wade Hampton Hamilton. In the film version ofGone With The Wind, the letter sent to Scarlett advising her of Charles' death is shown to be signed by Hampton.
In theNorth and Southtrilogy byJohn Jakes, the character Charles Main serves with Hampton's cavalry throughout the Civil War.
Hampton appears in a small role inHow Few Remain, the first novel inHarry Turtledove'sSouthern Victory Series, analternate history in which the South wins theAmerican Civil War. Later in the series, in the novelAmerican Empire: Blood and Iron, Hampton's fictional grandson Wade Hampton V appears as President of the Confederate States, who is assassinated in the first few months of his term by a Freedom Party stalwart.
Hampton is mentioned in Chapter 14, Section V ofGo Set a Watchman byHarper Lee, when Jean Louise's Uncle Jack is trying to get her to understand her father Atticus's actions regarding the citizens' committee after theBrown v. Board of Education decision.
The 2021 independent filmHampton's Legion presents details of Hampton's military activity during the American Civil War.
| Party political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Vacant Title last held by William D. Porter | Democratic nominee forGovernor of South Carolina 1876,1878 | Succeeded by |
| Political offices | ||
| Preceded by | Governor of South Carolina 1877–1879 | Succeeded by |
| U.S. Senate | ||
| Preceded by | U.S. senator (Class 3) from South Carolina 1879–1891 Served alongside:Matthew C. Butler | Succeeded by |
| Class 2 |  | |
|---|---|---|
| Class 3 | ||
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| People | |
| Other | |
