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Wade–Giles

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Romanization scheme for Mandarin Chinese

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Wade–Giles
Script type romanization
CreatorThomas Wade andHerbert Giles
Created19th century
LanguagesMandarin Chinese
ISO 15924
ISO 15924BCP 47 variant subtag:wadegile[1]
Chinese威翟式拼音
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinWēi-Zhái Shì Pīnyīn
Bopomofoㄨㄟ ㄓㄞˊ ㄕˋ ㄆㄧㄣ ㄧㄣ
Gwoyeu RomatzyhUei Jair Shyh Pin'in
Wade–GilesWei1 Chai2 Shih4 Pʻin1-yin1
Tongyong PinyinWei Jhái Shìh Pin-yin
Yale RomanizationWēi Jái Shr̀ Pīnyīn
MPS2Wēi Jái Shr̀ Pīnyīn
IPA[wéɪ ʈʂǎɪ ʂɻ̩̂ pʰín.ín]
 This article containsphonetic transcriptions in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, seeHelp:IPA. For the distinction between[ ],/ / and ⟨ ⟩, seeIPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.
Map of theTaiwan Strait, featuring names using Wade–Giles in Taiwan versus those using pinyin in mainland China

Wade–Giles (/weɪddʒaɪlz/wayd jylze) is aromanization system forMandarin Chinese. It developed from the system produced byThomas Francis Wade during the mid-19th century, and was given completed form withHerbert Giles'sA Chinese–English Dictionary (1892).

The romanization systems in common use until the late 19th century were based on theNanjing dialect, but Wade–Giles was based on theBeijing dialect and was the system of transcription familiar in the English-speaking world for most of the 20th century. Both of these kinds of transcription were used inpostal romanizations (romanized place-names standardized for postal uses). Inmainland China, Wade–Giles has been mostly replaced byHanyu Pinyin, which was officially adopted in 1958, with exceptions for the romanized forms of some of the most commonly used names of locations and persons, and other proper nouns. The romanized name for most locations, persons and other proper nouns in Taiwan is based on the Wade–Giles derived romanized form, for exampleKaohsiung, theMatsu Islands andChiang Ching-kuo.

History

[edit]

Wade–Giles was developed byThomas Francis Wade, a scholar of Chinese and a British ambassador in China who was the first professor of Chinese at theUniversity of Cambridge. Wade publishedYü-yen Tzŭ-erh Chi (語言自邇集;语言自迩集)[2] in 1867, the first textbook on theBeijing dialect ofMandarin in English,[3] which became the basis for the system later known as Wade–Giles. The system, designed to transcribe Chinese terms for Chinese specialists, was further refined in 1892 byHerbert Giles (inA Chinese–English Dictionary), a British diplomat in China, and his sonLionel Giles,[citation needed] a curator at the British Museum.[4]

Taiwan used Wade–Giles for decades as the de facto standard, co-existing with several official romanizations in succession, namely,Gwoyeu Romatzyh (1928),Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II (1986), andTongyong Pinyin (2000). TheKuomintang (KMT) has previously promoted pinyin withMa Ying-jeou's successful presidential bid in 2008 and in a number of cities with Kuomintang mayors.[citation needed] However, theTsai Ing-wen administration andDemocratic Progressive Party (DPP) along with the majority of the people in Taiwan, both native and overseas, use spelling and transcribe their legal names based on the Wade–Giles system, as well as the other aforementioned systems.[citation needed]

Initials and finals

[edit]

The tables below show the Wade–Giles representation of eachChinese sound (in bold type),[5] together with the correspondingIPA phonetic symbol (in square brackets), and equivalent representations inBopomofo andHanyu Pinyin.

Initials

[edit]
LabialDental/AlveolarRetroflexAlveolo-palatalVelar
Nasalm [m]
ㄇ m		n [n]
ㄋ n
PlosiveUnaspiratedp [p]
ㄅ b		t [t]
ㄉ d		k [k]
ㄍ g
Aspiratedpʻ [pʰ]
ㄆ p		tʻ [tʰ]
ㄊ t		kʻ [kʰ]
ㄎ k
AffricateUnaspiratedts [ts]
ㄗ z		ch [ʈʂ]
ㄓ zh		ch [tɕ]
ㄐ j
Aspiratedtsʻ [tsʰ]
ㄘ c		chʻ [ʈʂʰ]
ㄔ ch		chʻ [tɕʰ]
ㄑ q
Fricativef [f]
ㄈ f		s [s]
ㄙ s		sh [ʂ]
ㄕ sh		hs [ɕ]
ㄒ x		h [x]
ㄏ h
Liquidl [l]
ㄌ l		j [ɻ~ʐ]
ㄖ r

Instead ofts,tsʻ ands, Wade–Giles writestz,tzʻ andss beforeŭ (seebelow).

Finals

[edit]
Coda
∅/i//u//n//ŋ//ɻ/
Medial∅ih/ŭ
[ɨ]
ㄭ -i		ê/o
[ɤ]
ㄜ e		a
[a]
ㄚ a		ei
[ei]
ㄟ ei		ai
[ai]
ㄞ ai		ou
[ou]
ㄡ ou		ao
[au]
ㄠ ao		ên
[ən]
ㄣ en		an
[an]
ㄢ an		ung
[ʊŋ]
ㄨㄥ ong		êng
[əŋ]
ㄥ eng		ang
[aŋ]
ㄤ ang		êrh
[aɚ̯]
ㄦ er
/j/i
[i]
ㄧ i		ieh
[je]
ㄧㄝ ie		ia
[ja]
ㄧㄚ ia		iu
[jou]
ㄧㄡ iu		iao
[jau]
ㄧㄠ iao		in
[in]
ㄧㄣ in		ien
[jɛn]
ㄧㄢ ian		iung
[jʊŋ]
ㄩㄥ iong		ing
[iŋ]
ㄧㄥ ing		iang
[jaŋ]
ㄧㄤ iang
/w/u
[u]
ㄨ u		o/uo
[wo]
ㄛ/ㄨㄛ o/uo		ua
[wa]
ㄨㄚ ua		ui/uei
[wei]
ㄨㄟ ui		uai
[wai]
ㄨㄞ uai		un
[wən]
ㄨㄣ un		uan
[wan]
ㄨㄢ uan		uang
[waŋ]
ㄨㄤ uang
/ɥ/ü
[y]
ㄩ ü		üeh
[ɥe]
ㄩㄝ üe		ün
[yn]
ㄩㄣ ün		üan
[ɥɛn]
ㄩㄢ üan

Wade–Giles writes-uei afterkʻ andk, otherwise-ui:kʻuei,kuei,hui,shui,chʻui.

It writes[-ɤ] as-o afterkʻ,k andh, otherwise as-ê:kʻo,ko,ho,shê,chʻê. When[ɤ] forms a syllable on its own, it is writtenê oro depending on the character.

Wade–Giles writes[-wo] as-uo afterkʻ,k,h andsh, otherwise as-o:kʻuo,kuo,huo,shuo,bo,tso. Afterchʻ, it is writtenchʻo orchʻuo depending on the character.

For-ih and-ŭ, seebelow.

Giles'sA Chinese–English Dictionary also includes the finals-io (inyo,chio,chʻio,hsio,lio andnio) and-üo (inchüo,chʻüo,hsüo,lüo andnüo), both of which are pronounced-üeh in modernStandard Chinese:yüeh,chüeh,chʻüeh,hsüeh,lüeh andnüeh.

Syllables that begin with a medial

[edit]
Coda
∅/i//u//n//ŋ/
Medial/j/i/yi
[i]
ㄧ yi		yeh
[je]
ㄧㄝ ye		ya
[ja]
ㄧㄚ ya		yai
[jai]
ㄧㄞ yai		yu
[jou]
ㄧㄡ you		yao
[jau]
ㄧㄠ yao		yin
[in]
ㄧㄣ yin		yen
[jɛn]
ㄧㄢ yan		yung
[jʊŋ]
ㄩㄥ yong		ying
[iŋ]
ㄧㄥ ying		yang
[jaŋ]
ㄧㄤ yang
/w/wu
[u]
ㄨ wu		wo
[wo]
ㄨㄛ wo		wa
[wa]
ㄨㄚ wa		wei
[wei]
ㄨㄟ wei		wai
[wai]
ㄨㄞ wai		wên
[wən]
ㄨㄣ wen		wan
[wan]
ㄨㄢ wan		wêng
[wəŋ]
ㄨㄥ weng		wang
[waŋ]
ㄨㄤ wang
/ɥ/yü
[y]
ㄩ yu		yüeh
[ɥe]
ㄩㄝ yue		yün
[yn]
ㄩㄣ yun		yüan
[ɥɛn]
ㄩㄢ yuan

Wade–Giles writes the syllable[i] asi oryi depending on the character.

System features

[edit]

Consonants and initial symbols

[edit]

A feature of the Wade–Giles system is the representation of theunaspirated-aspiratedstop consonant pairs using a character resembling anapostrophe. Thomas Wade and others used thespiritus asper (ʽ or ʻ), borrowed from thepolytonic orthography of theAncient Greek language.Herbert Giles and others used a left (opening) curved singlequotation mark (‘) for the same purpose. A third group used a plainapostrophe ('). Thebacktick, and visually similar characters, are sometimes seen in various electronic documents using the system.

Examples using the spiritus asper:p,pʻ,t,tʻ,k,kʻ,ch,chʻ. The use of this character preservesb,d,g, andj for the romanization ofChinese varieties containingvoiced consonants, such asShanghainese (which has a full set of voiced consonants) andMin Nan (Hō-ló-oē) whose century-oldPe̍h-ōe-jī (POJ, often called Missionary Romanization) is similar to Wade–Giles. POJ,Legge romanization,Simplified Wade, andEFEO Chinese transcription use the letter⟨h⟩ instead of an apostrophe-like character to indicate aspiration. (This is similar to the obsoleteIPA convention before therevisions of the 1970s). The convention of an apostrophe-like character or⟨h⟩ to denote aspiration is also found in romanizations of other Asian languages, such asMcCune–Reischauer forKorean andISO 11940 forThai.

People unfamiliar with Wade–Giles often ignore the spiritus asper, sometimes omitting them when copying texts, unaware that they represent vital information. Hànyǔ Pīnyīn addresses this issue by employing the Latin letters customarily used for voiced stops, unneeded in Mandarin, to represent the unaspirated stops:b, p, d, t, g, k, j, q, zh, ch.

Partly because of the popular omission of apostrophe-like characters, the four sounds represented in Hànyǔ Pīnyīn byj,q,zh, andch often all becomech, including in many proper names. However, if the apostrophe-like characters are kept, the system reveals a symmetry that leaves no overlap:

  • The non-retroflexch (Pīnyīnj) andchʻ (Pīnyīnq) are always before eitherü ori, but neverih.
  • Theretroflexch (Pīnyīnzh) andchʻ (Pīnyīnch) are always beforeih,a,ê,e,o, oru.

Vowels and final symbols

[edit]

Syllabic consonants

[edit]

LikeYale andMandarin Phonetic Symbols II, Wade–Giles renders the two types ofsyllabic consonant (simplified Chinese:空韵;traditional Chinese:空韻; Wade–Giles:kʻung1-yün4;Hànyǔ Pīnyīn:kōngyùn) differently:

  • -ŭ is used after thesibilants written in this position (and this position only) astz,tzʻ andss (Pīnyīnz,c ands).
  • -ih is used after theretroflexch,chʻ,sh, andj (Pīnyīnzh,ch,sh, andr).

These finals are both written as-ih inTongyòng Pinyin, as-i inHànyǔ Pīnyīn (hence distinguishable only by the initial from[i] as inli), and as-y inGwoyeu Romatzyh andSimplified Wade. They are typically omitted inZhùyīn (Bōpōmōfō).

IPAʈ͡ʂɻ̩ʈ͡ʂʰɻ̩ʂɻ̩ɻɻ̩t͡sɹ̩t͡sʰɹ̩sɹ̩
Yalejrchrshrrdztszsz
MPS IIjrchrshrrtztszsz
Wade–Gileschihchʻihshihjihtzŭtzʻŭssŭ
Tongyòng Pinyinjhihchihshihrihzihcihsih
Hànyǔ Pīnyīnzhichishirizicisi
Gwoyeu Romatzyhjychyshyrytzytsysy
Simplified Wadechychhyshyrytsytshysy
Zhùyīnㄓㄔㄕㄖㄗㄘㄙ

Vowelo

[edit]

Finalo in Wade–Giles has two pronunciations in modern Peking dialect:[wo] and[ɤ].

What is pronounced in vernacular Peking dialect as aclose-mid back unrounded vowel[ɤ] is written usually asê, but sometimes aso, depending on historical pronunciation (at the time Wade–Giles was developed). Specifically, after velar initialsk,kʻ andh (and a historicalng, which had been dropped by the time Wade–Giles was developed),o is used; for example, "哥" isko1 (Pīnyīngē) and "刻" iskʻo4[6] (Pīnyīnkè). In Peking dialect,o after velars (and what used to beng) have shifted to[ɤ], thus they are written asge,ke,he ande in Pīnyīn. When[ɤ] forms a syllable on its own, Wade–Giles writesê oro depending on the character. In all other circumstances, it writesê.

What is pronounced in Peking dialect as[wo] is usually written aso in Wade–Giles, except forwo,shuo (e.g. "說"shuo1) and the three syllables ofkuo,kʻuo, andhuo (as in 過, 霍, etc.), which contrast withko,kʻo, andho that correspond to Pīnyīnge,ke, andhe. This is because characters like 羅, 多, etc. (Wade–Giles:lo2,to1; Pīnyīn:luó,duō) did not originally carry the medial[w]. Peking dialect does not have phonemic contrast betweeno and-uo/wo (except in interjections when used alone) and a medial[w] is usually inserted in front of-o to form[wo].

IPApwopʰwomwofwotwotʰwonwolwokɤkʰɤxɤʈ͡ʂwoʈ͡ʂʰwoʐwot͡swot͡sʰwoswoɤwo
Wade–Gilespopʻomofototʻonolokokʻohochochʻojotsotsʻosoo/êwo
Zhùyīnㄅㄛㄆㄛㄇㄛㄈㄛㄉㄨㄛㄊㄨㄛㄋㄨㄛㄌㄨㄛㄍㄜㄎㄜㄏㄜㄓㄨㄛㄔㄨㄛㄖㄨㄛㄗㄨㄛㄘㄨㄛㄙㄨㄛㄜㄨㄛ
Pīnyīnbopomofoduotuonuoluogekehezhuochuoruozuocuosuoewo

Zhùyīn and Pīnyīn write[wo] as ㄛ-o after ㄅb, ㄆp, ㄇm and ㄈf, and as ㄨㄛ-uo after all other initials.

Tones

[edit]

Tones are indicated in Wade–Giles using superscript numbers (1–4) placed after the syllable. This contrasts with the use of diacritics to represent the tones in Pīnyīn. For example, the Pīnyīnqiàn (fourth tone) has the Wade–Giles equivalentchʻien4.

ToneSample text

(s;t;lit)

Hanyu PinyinWade–Giles
1. high妈;媽; 'mom'māma1
2. rising麻; 'hemp'[a]máma2
3. low (dipping)马;馬; 'horse'mǎma3
4. falling骂;罵; 'scold'màma4
5. neutral[b]吗;嗎; (interrogative)mama
  1. ^Simplified and traditional characters are the same
  2. ^Seeneutral tone for more.

Punctuation

[edit]

Wade–Giles useshyphens to separate all syllables within a word (whereas Pīnyīn separates syllables only in specially defined cases, using hyphens or closing (right) single quotation marks as appropriate).

If a syllable is not the first in a word, its first letter is notcapitalized, even if it is part of aproper noun. The use of apostrophe-like characters, hyphens, and capitalization is frequently not observed in place names and personal names. For example, the majority ofoverseasTaiwanese people write theirgiven names like "Tai Lun" or "Tai-Lun", whereas the Wade–Giles is actually "Tai-lun". (See alsoChinese names.)

Comparison with other systems

[edit]

Pinyin

[edit]
  • Wade–Giles chose theFrench-like⟨j⟩ (implying a sound like IPA's[ʒ], as ins in Englishmeasure) to represent a Northern Mandarin pronunciation of what is represented as⟨r⟩ in pinyin (Northern Mandarin[ʐ]/ Southern Mandarin[ɻ]; generally consideredallophones).
  • Ü (representing/y/) always has anumlaut above, while pinyin only employs it in the cases ofnü,nüe,lü,lüe andlüan, while leaving it out afterj,q,x andy as a simplification because⟨u⟩/[u] cannot otherwise appear after those letters. (The vowel⟨u⟩/[u] can occur in those cases in pinyin where the diaeresis are indicated⟨ü⟩/[y] or[ɥ]; in which cases it serves to distinguish thefront vowel[y] from theback vowel[u]. By contrast it is always present to mark the front vowel in Wade–Giles.) Becauseyü (as in玉 "jade") must have an umlaut in Wade–Giles, the umlaut-lessyu in Wade–Giles is freed up for what corresponds toyou (有 "have"/"there is") in Pinyin.
  • The Pīnyīn cluster⟨-ong⟩ is⟨-ung⟩ in Wade–Giles, reflecting the pronunciation of[ʊ] as in Englishbook/bʊk/. (Comparekung1-fu togōngfu as an example.)
  • After a consonant, both Wade–Giles and Pīnyīn use⟨-iu⟩ and⟨-un⟩ instead of the complete syllables:⟨-iou⟩ and⟨-uên⟩/⟨-uen⟩.

Chart

[edit]
Vowelsa,e,o
IPAaɔɛɤaieiauouanənaŋəŋʊŋaɹ
Pinyinaoêeaieiaoouanenangengonger
Tongyong Pinyin
Wade–Gilesehê/oênêngungêrh
Bopomofoㄚㄛㄝㄜㄞㄟㄠㄡㄢㄣㄤㄥㄨㄥㄦ
example阿喔誒俄艾黑凹偶安恩昂冷中二
Vowelsi,u,y
IPAijejoujɛniniŋjʊŋuwoweiwənwəŋyɥeɥɛnyn
Pinyinyiyeyouyanyinyingyongwuwo/oweiwenwengyuyueyuanyun
Tongyong Pinyinwunwong
Wade–Gilesi/yiyehyuyenyungwênwêngyüyüehyüanyün
Bopomofoㄧㄧㄝㄧㄡㄧㄢㄧㄣㄧㄥㄩㄥㄨㄨㄛ/ㄛㄨㄟㄨㄣㄨㄥㄩㄩㄝㄩㄢㄩㄣ
example一也又言音英用五我位文翁玉月元雲
Non-sibilant consonants
IPAppʰmfəŋtjoutweitwəntʰɤnylykɤkʰɤxɤ
Pinyinbpmfengdiuduiduntenülügekehe
Tongyong Pinyinfongdioudueinyulyu
Wade–Gilesppʻfêngtiutuituntʻênülükokʻoho
Bopomofoㄅㄆㄇㄈㄥㄉㄧㄡㄉㄨㄟㄉㄨㄣㄊㄜㄋㄩㄌㄩㄍㄜㄎㄜㄏㄜ
example玻婆末封丟兌頓特女旅歌可何
Sibilant consonants
IPAtɕjɛntɕjʊŋtɕʰinɕɥɛnʈʂɤʈʂɨʈʂʰɤʈʂʰɨʂɤʂɨɻɤɻɨtsɤtswotsɨtsʰɤtsʰɨsɤsɨ
Pinyinjianjiongqinxuanzhezhichechisheshirerizezuozicecisesi
Tongyong Pinyinjyongcinsyuanjhejhihchihshihrihzihcihsih
Wade–Gileschienchiungchʻinhsüanchêchihchʻêchʻihshêshihjêjihtsêtsotzŭtsʻêtzʻŭsêssŭ
Bopomofoㄐㄧㄢㄐㄩㄥㄑㄧㄣㄒㄩㄢㄓㄜㄓㄔㄜㄔㄕㄜㄕㄖㄜㄖㄗㄜㄗㄨㄛㄗㄘㄜㄘㄙㄜㄙ
example件囧秦宣哲之扯赤社是惹日仄左字策次色斯
Tones
IPAma˥ma˧˥ma˨˩˦ma˥˩ma
Pinyinmāmámǎmàma
Tongyong Pinyinmamå
Wade–Gilesma1ma2ma3ma4ma
Bopomofoㄇㄚㄇㄚˊㄇㄚˇㄇㄚˋ˙ㄇㄚ
example (Chinese characters)媽麻馬罵嗎

Note: In Hànyǔ Pīnyīn, the so-called neutral tone is written leaving the syllable with no diacritic mark at all. In Tongyòng Pinyin, a ring is written over the vowel.

Adaptations

[edit]

There are several adaptations of Wade–Giles.

Mathews

[edit]

The Romanization system used in the 1943 edition ofMathews' Chinese–English Dictionary differs from Wade–Giles in the following ways:[7]

  • It uses the right apostrophe:pʼ,tʼ,kʼ,chʼ,tsʼ,tzʼŭ; while Wade–Giles uses the left apostrophe, similar to the aspirationdiacritic used in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet before the revisions of the 1970s:pʻ,tʻ,kʻ,chʻ,tsʻ,tzʻŭ.
  • It consistently usesi for the syllable[i], while Wade–Giles usesi oryi depending on the character.
  • It useso for the syllable[ɤ], while Wade–Giles usesê oro depending on the character.
  • It offers the choice betweenssŭ andszŭ, while Wade–Giles requiresssŭ.
  • It does not use the spellingschio,chʻio,hsio,yo, replacing them withchüeh,chʻüeh,hsüeh,yüeh in accordance with their modern pronunciations.
  • It uses an underscored3 to denote a second tone which comes from an original third tone, but only if the following syllable has the neutral tone and thetone sandhi is therefore not predictable:hsiao3•chieh.
  • It denotes the neutral tone by placing a dot (if the neutral tone is compulsory) or a circle (if the neutral tone is optional) before the syllable. The dot or circle replaces the hyphen.

Table

[edit]
Main article:Wade–Giles table

Gallery

[edit]

Examples of Wade–Giles derived English language terminology:

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^"Language Subtag Registry". IANA. Retrieved13 March 2024.
  2. ^Wade, Thomas Francis (1867).Yü-yen Tzŭ-erh Chi: A Progressive Course Designed to Assist the Student of Colloquial Chinese, As Spoken in the Capital and the Metropolitan Department (in Chinese). London: Trübner.
  3. ^Kaske, Elisabeth (2008).The Politics of Language in Chinese Education: 1895–1919. Brill. p. 68.ISBN 978-9-004-16367-6.
  4. ^"Chinese Language Transliteration Systems – Wade–Giles". UCLA film and television archive. Archived fromthe original on 28 January 2007. Retrieved4 August 2007. (Web archive)
  5. ^A Chinese–English Dictionary.
  6. ^A Chinese–English Dictionary, p. 761.
  7. ^Mathews' Chinese–English Dictionary.

Bibliography

[edit]
  • Wade, Thomas Francis.A progressive course designed to assist the student of Colloquial Chinese (Yü Yen Tzǔ Êrh Chi) in two volumes. Third edition Shanghai: Hong Kong: Singapore: Yokohama: London: Kelly & Walsh, Limited, 1903.
  • Giles, Herbert A.A Chinese–English Dictionary. 2-vol. & 3-vol. versions both. London: Shanghai: Bernard Quaritch; Kelly and Walsh, 1892.Rev. & enlarged 2nd ed. in 3 vols. (Vol. I: front-matter &a-hsü,Vol. II:hsü-shao, andVol. III:shao-yün), Shanghai: Hong Kong: Singapore: Yokohama: London: Kelly & Walsh, Limited; Bernard Quaritch, 1912. Rpt. of the 2nd ed. but in 2 vols. and bound as 1, New York: Paragon Book Reprint Corp., 1964.

Further reading

[edit]

External links

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related toWade–Giles.
Look upWade–Giles orCategory:English terms derived from Wade–Giles in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
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