Movatterモバイル変換

Voiceless bilabial affricate

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Consonantal sound

Voiceless bilabial affricate
pɸ
Audio sample
source · help

Thevoiceless bilabial affricate ([p͡ɸ] inIPA) is a rareaffricate consonant that is initiated as abilabial stop[p] and released as avoiceless bilabial fricative[ɸ]. It has not been reported to occurphonemically in any language.

Features of the voiceless bilabial affricate:

Itsmanner of articulation isaffricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the airflow entirely, then allowing air flow through a constricted channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
Itsplace of articulation isbilabial, which means it is articulated with bothlips.
Itsphonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords.
It is anoral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
Because the sound is not produced with airflow over the tongue, thecentral–lateral dichotomy does not apply.
Itsairstream mechanism ispulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with theintercostal muscles andabdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Dutch	Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect^[1]	up	[ʊp͡ɸ]	'up, onto'	Optional pre-pausal allophone of/p/.^[1]
English	BroadCockney^[2]	up	[ˈɐʔp͡ɸ]	'up'	Allophone of/p/, occurs mainly word-finally.^[3] SeeEnglish phonology
	Received Pronunciation^[4]		[ˈɐʔp͡ɸ]		Rare allophone of/p/.^[4] SeeEnglish phonology
	North Wales^[5]		[ˈəp͡ɸ]		Word-initial and word-final allophone of/p/; in free variation with a strongly aspirated stop[pʰ].^[5] SeeEnglish phonology
	Port Talbot^[6]		[ˈəp͡ɸ]		Allophone of /p/. In free variation with [pʰʰ].^[6]
	Scouse^[7]		[ˈʊp͡ɸ]		Possible syllable-initial and word-final allophone of/p/.^[7] SeeEnglish phonology
German	Some speakers	tropfen	[ˈtʁ̥ɔp͡ɸn̩]	'to drip'	Allophone of/p͡f/. SeeStandard German phonology
Ghomalaʼ		^{[example needed]}			Allophone of/p/ before/h/.^[8]
Kaingang^[9]		fy	[ˈp͡ɸɤ]	'seed'	Possible word-initial allophone of/ɸ/.^[9]
Northern Tiwa	Taos dialect	[ˌp͡ɸìˑˈwɛ̈̄ːnǣ]		'daughter'	Allophone of/pʰ/, in free variation with[ph] and[ɸ]. SeeTaos phonology

^^a ^bPeters (2010), p. 240.
^Wells (1982), pp. 322–323.
^Wells (1982), p. 323.
^^a ^bCruttenden (2014), p. 172.
^^a ^bPenhallurick (2004), pp. 108–109.
^^a ^bConnolly, John H. (1990).English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change. Multilingual Matters Ltd.;Channel View Publications. pp. 121–129.ISBN 1-85359-032-0.
^^a ^bWells (1982), p. 372.
^Nissim, Gabriel M. (1981).Le Bamileke-Ghomálá' (parler de Bandjoun, Cameroun): phonologie - morphologie nominale; comparaison avec des parlers voisins. Langues et civilisations à tradition orale. Paris: SELAF.ISBN 978-2-85297-104-2.
^^a ^bJolkesky (2009), pp. 680–681.

Cruttenden, Alan (2014),Gimson's Pronunciation of English (8th ed.), Routledge,ISBN 9781444183092
Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2009),"Fonologia e prosódia do Kaingáng falado em Cacique Doble",Anais do SETA,3, Campinas: Editora do IEL-UNICAMP:675–685
Penhallurick, Robert (2004), "Welsh English: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.),A handbook of varieties of English, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 98–112,ISBN 3-11-017532-0
Peters, Jörg (2010),"The Flemish–Brabant dialect of Orsmaal–Gussenhoven",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,40 (2):239–246,doi:10.1017/S0025100310000083
Wells, John C. (1982).Accents of English. Vol. 2: The British Isles (pp. i–xx, 279–466). Cambridge University Press.doi:10.1017/CBO9780511611759.ISBN 0-52128540-2 .

IPA topics

IPA	International Phonetic Association History of the alphabet Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA) Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS) Journal of the IPA (JIPA)
Special topics	Cursive forms Case variants Obsolete and nonstandard symbols Naming conventions Sinological extensions World Orthography IPA chart for English dialects
Encodings	ASCII encodings SAMPA X-SAMPA Kirshenbaum TIPA Phonetic symbols in Unicode IPA number IPA Braille

Pulmonic consonants

Symbols to the right in a cell arevoiced, to the left arevoiceless.Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

Non-pulmonic consonants

		BL	LD	D	A	PA	RF	P	V	U	EG
Ejective	Stop	pʼ			tʼ		ʈʼ	cʼ	kʼ	qʼ	ʡʼ
	Affricate		p̪fʼ	t̪θʼ	tsʼ	t̠ʃʼ	tʂʼ	tɕʼ	kxʼ	qχʼ
	Fricative	ɸʼ	fʼ	θʼ	sʼ	ʃʼ	ʂʼ	ɕʼ	xʼ	χʼ
	Lateral affricate				tɬʼ			c𝼆ʼ	k𝼄ʼ	q𝼄ʼ
	Lateral fricative				ɬʼ
Click (top: velar; bottom: uvular)	Tenuis	kʘ qʘ		kǀ qǀ	kǃ qǃ		k𝼊 q𝼊	kǂ qǂ
	Voiced	ɡʘ ɢʘ		ɡǀ ɢǀ	ɡǃ ɢǃ		ɡ𝼊 ɢ𝼊	ɡǂ ɢǂ
	Nasal	ŋʘ ɴʘ		ŋǀ ɴǀ	ŋǃ ɴǃ		ŋ𝼊 ɴ𝼊	ŋǂ ɴǂ	ʞ
	Tenuislateral				kǁ qǁ
	Voiced lateral				ɡǁ ɢǁ
	Nasal lateral				ŋǁ ɴǁ
Implosive	Voiced	ɓ			ɗ		ᶑ	ʄ	ɠ	ʛ
Implosive	Voiceless	ɓ̥			ɗ̥		ᶑ̊	ʄ̊	ɠ̊	ʛ̥