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Voiced labial–velar approximant

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Consonantal sound represented by ⟨w⟩ in IPA

"w (IPA)" redirects here. For consonants followed by superscript ʷ, seeLabialization.

Voiced labial–velar approximant

IPA number 170

Audio sample

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Encoding

Entity(decimal) w

Unicode(hex) U+0077

X-SAMPA w

Braille

Image

Compressed labial–velar approximant
w͍
ɰᵝ

Thevoiced labial–velar approximant is a type ofconsonantal sound, used in certainspoken languages, including English. It is the sound denoted by the letter⟨w⟩ in the English alphabet;^[1] likewise, the symbol in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨w⟩, or rarely[ɰʷ], and the equivalentX-SAMPA symbol isw. In most languages it is thesemivocalic counterpart of theclose back rounded vowel[u]. In inventory charts of languages with otherlabialized velar consonants,/w/ will be placed in the same column as those consonants. When consonant charts have only labial and velar columns,/w/ may be placed in the velar column, labial column, or both. The placement may have more to do with phonological criteria than phonetic ones.^[2]

Some languages have avoiced labial–prevelar approximant,^[a] which is more fronted than the place of articulation of the prototypical voiced labialized velar approximant, though not as front as the prototypicallabialized palatal approximant.

Features

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Features of the voiced labial–velar approximant:

Itsmanner of articulation isapproximant, which means it is produced by narrowing the vocal tract at the place of articulation, but not enough to produce aturbulent airstream. The type of approximant isglide orsemivowel. The termglide emphasizes the characteristic of movement (or 'glide') of/w/ from the/u/ vowel position to a following vowel position. The termsemivowel emphasizes that, although the sound is vocalic in nature, it is not 'syllabic' (it does not form the nucleus of a syllable).
Itsplace of articulation islabialized velar, which means it is articulated with the back part of thetongue raised toward thesoft palate (the velum) whilerounding the lips. Some languages, such asJapanese and perhaps the NorthernIroquoian languages, have a sound typically transcribed as[w] where the lips arecompressed (or at least not rounded), which is a truelabial–velar (as opposed to labialized velar) consonant. Close transcriptions may avoid the symbol[w] in such cases, or may use the under-rounding diacritic,[w̜].
Itsphonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
It is anoral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
It is acentral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
Itsairstream mechanism ispulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with theintercostal muscles andabdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

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Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Abkhaz		ауаҩы/awawë	[awaˈɥə]	'human'	SeeAbkhaz phonology
Alemannic	Bernese German	Giel	[ɡ̊iə̯w]	'boy'	Allophone of[l]
Arabic	Modern Standard^[3]	وَرْد/ward	[ward]	'rose'	SeeArabic phonology
Assamese		ৱাশ্বিংটন/Wašińton	[wasiŋtɔn]	'Washington'
Basque		lau	[law]	'four'
Belarusian		воўк/voŭk	[vɔwk]	'wolf'	SeeBelarusian phonology
Bengali		ওয়াদা/wada	[wada]	'promise'	Fortitional allophone of the semivowels[o̯] and[u̯], especially in loan words. SeeBengali phonology
Berber		ⴰⵡⴰⵍ/äwäl	[æwæl]	'speech'
Breton		nav	[ˈnaw]	'nine'
Bulgarian	Colloquial	лопата/lopata	[wo'patɐ]	'shovel'	Contemporary pronunciation of /ɫ/, an ongoingsound change. SeeBulgarian phonology.
	Pernik dialects	лопата/lopata	[wo'patɐ]	'shovel'	This dialect has a long-standing tradition of pronouncing /ɫ/ as /w/, similar to the Polish language. Independent of the similar sound change happening in the standard language.
	Standard Bulgarian	уиски/uiski	['wisk̟i]	'whiskey'	Appears in borrowings. SeeBulgarian phonology
Catalan^[4]		quart	[ˈkwɑɾt]	'fourth'	Post-lexically after/k/ and/ɡ/. SeeCatalan phonology
Chinese	Cantonese	挖/waat	[wɑːt̚˧]^ⓘ	'dig'	SeeCantonese phonology
Chinese	Mandarin	挖/wā	[wa̠˥]^ⓘ	'dig'	SeeMandarin phonology
Danish		hav	[hɑw]	'ocean'	Allophone of[v]
Dutch	Colloquial	kouwe	[ˈkʌu̯wə]	'cold'	Lenited allophone of/d/ after/ʌu̯/. SeeDutch phonology
Dutch	StandardSurinamese	welp	[wɛɫp]	'cub'	May also occur in this context in some continental Dutch accents and/or dialects.^[5]^[6] Corresponds to[ʋ] in most of the Netherlands and to[β̞] in Belgium and (southern) parts of the Netherlands. SeeDutch phonology
English		weep	[wiːp]	'weep'	SeeEnglish phonology
French^[7]		oui	[wi]	'yes'	SeeFrench phonology
German		Quelle	[kweːlə]	'source'	Some regions^{[citation needed]}
Hawaiian^[8]		wikiwiki	[witiwiti]	'fast'	May also be realized as[v]. SeeHawaiian phonology
Hebrew	Mizrahi	כּוֹחַ/kowaḥ	[ˈkowaħ]	'power'	SeeModern Hebrew phonology
Hindustani^[9]	Hindi	विश्वास/višwas	[ʋɪʃwaːs]	'believe'	SeeHindustani phonology
Hindustani^[9]	Urdu	višwas/وشواس	[ʋɪʃwaːs]	'believe'	SeeHindustani phonology
Irish		vóta	[ˈwoːt̪ˠə]	'vote'	SeeIrish phonology
Italian^[10]		uomo	[ˈwɔːmo]	'man'	SeeItalian phonology
Kabardian		уэ/wa	[wa]^ⓘ	'you'
Kazakh		ауа/awa	[awa]	'air'
Korean		왜가리/waegari	[wɛɡɐɾi]	'heron'	SeeKorean phonology
Lao		ຫວານ/wan	[wǎːn]	'sweet'	SeeLao phonology
Luxembourgish^[11]		zwee	[t͡swe̝ː]	'two'	Allophone of/v/ after/k,t͡s,ʃ/.^[12] SeeLuxembourgish phonology
Malay		wang	[waŋ]	'money'
Malayalam		ഉവ്വ/uvva	[uwːɐ]	'Yes'	/ʋ/ around rounded vowels for some speakers.
Mayan	Yucatec	witz	[wit͡s]	'mountain'
Mongol		гавал/ᠭᠠᠪᠠᠯᠠ	[ɢaw̜əɮ]	'skull'
Nepali		हावा/hawa	[ɦäwä]	'wind'	SeeNepali phonology
Odia^[13]		ଅଗ୍ରୱାଲ୍/ogrowal	[ɔgɾɔwäl]	'Agrawal'
Pashto		ﻭﺍﺭ/war	[wɑr]	'one time'
Persian	Dari	وَرزِش/warziš	[warzɪʃ]	'sport'	may approach/ʋ/ in some regional dialects.
Persian	Iranian Persian	نَو/now	[now]	'new'	Only as a diphthong or colloquially.
Polish^[14]		łaska	[ˈwäskä]^ⓘ	'grace'	SeePolish phonology. Corresponds to[ɫ] in older pronunciation and eastern dialects
Portuguese^[15]	Most dialects	quando	[ˈkwɐ̃du]	'when'	Post-lexically after/k/ and/ɡ/. SeePortuguese phonology
	Most dialects	boa	[ˈbow.wɐ]	'good' (f.)	Epenthetic glide or allophone of/u/, following a stressed rounded vowel and preceding an unrounded one.^[16]
	GeneralBrazilian	qual	[ˈkwaw]	'which'	Allophone of/l/ in coda position for most Brazilian dialects.^[15]
Romanian		dulău	[d̪uˈl̪əw]	'mastiff'	SeeRomanian phonology
Russian		волк/volk	[wou̯k]	'wolf'	Southern dialects.
Serbo-Croatian	Croatian^[17]	vuk	[wûːk]	'wolf'	Allophone of/ʋ/ before/u/.^[17] SeeSerbo-Croatian phonology
Seri		cmiique	[ˈkw̃ĩːkːɛ]	'person'	Allophone of/m/
Slovene^[18]^[19]		cerkev	[ˈt͡sèːrkəw]	'church'	Allophone of/ʋ/ in the syllable coda.^[18]^[19] Voiceless[ʍ] before voiceless consonants. SeeSlovene phonology
Sotho		sewa	[ˈsewa]	'epidemic'	SeeSesotho phonology
Svan		კუ̂ენ/k'wen	[kʼwen]	'marten'
Spanish^[20]		cuanto	[ˈkwãn̪t̪o̞]	'as much'	SeeSpanish phonology
Swahili		mwanafunzi	[mwɑnɑfunzi]	'student'
Swedish	Central Standard^[21]				Labialized approximant consonant; allophone of/ɡ/ in casual speech before the protruded vowels/ɔ,oː/. SeeSwedish phonology
Tagalog		araw	[ˈɐɾaw]	'day'	SeeTagalog phonology
Thai		แหวน/waen	[wɛ̌ːn]	'ring'	SeeThai phonology
Vietnamese^[22]	Standard	uỷ	[ʔwi˧˩]	'to delegate'	SeeVietnamese phonology
Vietnamese^[22]	Southern	quê	[wej˧˧]	'hometown'
Ukrainian		любов/lübov	[lʲubɔw]	'love'	SeeUkrainian phonology
Welsh		gwae	[ɡwaɨ]	'woe'	SeeWelsh phonology
West Frisian		skowe	[skoːwə]	'to shove'

Notes

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^Instead of "pre-velar", it can be called "advanced velar", "fronted velar", "front-velar", "palato-velar", "post-palatal", "retracted palatal" or "backed palatal".

^Guidelines for Transcription of English Consonants and Vowels(PDF);see the examples on the fifth page.
^Ohala & Lorentz (1977), p. 577.
^Watson (2002), p. 13.
^Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 55.
^"Recording dialect from Egmond aan Zee (Bergen), North Holland)".www.meertens.knaw.nl. Retrieved26 January 2022.
^"Recording and video from dialect of Katwijk, South Holland".YouTube. Retrieved26 January 2022.
^Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 75.
^Pukui & Elbert (1986), p. xvii.
^Ladefoged (2005), p. 141.
^Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 117.
^Gilles & Trouvain (2013), pp. 67, 69.
^Gilles & Trouvain (2013), p. 69.
^Masica (1991), p. 107.
^Jassem (2003), p. 103.
^^a ^bBarbosa & Albano (2004), p. 230.
^France (2004).
^^a ^bLandau et al. (1999), p. 68.
^^a ^bŠuštaršič, Komar & Petek (1999), p. 136.
^^a ^bGreenberg (2006), p. 18.
^Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 256.
^Engstrand (2004), p. 167.
^Thompson (1959), pp. 458–461.

References

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Barbosa, Plínio A.; Albano, Eleonora C. (2004), "Brazilian Portuguese",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,34 (2):227–232,doi:10.1017/S0025100304001756
Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,22 (1–2):53–56,doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618,S2CID 249411809
Engstrand, Olle (2004),Fonetikens grunder (in Swedish), Lund: Studenlitteratur,ISBN 91-44-04238-8
Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L. (1993), "French",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,23 (2):73–76,doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874,S2CID 249404451
France, Angela (2004)."Problemas na variante tensa da fala carioca" [Problems with tense variant of carioca speech].DELTA: Documentação de Estudos em Lingüística Teórica e Aplicada (in Portuguese).20 (spe). São Paulo:33–58.doi:10.1590/S0102-44502004000300005.ISSN 0102-4450.
Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,43 (1):67–74,doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278
Greenberg, Mark L. (2006),A Short Reference Grammar of Standard Slovene, Kansas: University of Kansas
Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,33 (1):103–107,doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
Ladefoged, Peter (2005),Vowels and Consonants (2nd ed.), Blackwell
Landau, Ernestina; Lončarić, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian",Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69,ISBN 0-521-65236-7
Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003),"Castilian Spanish",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,33 (2):255–259,doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
Ohala, John; Lorentz, James (1977),"Story of [w]: An exercise in the phonetic explanation for sound patterns"(PDF),Berkeley Linguistics Society annual meeting 3 proceedings, pp. 577–599
Pukui, Mary Kawena; Elbert, Samuel H. (1986),Hawaiian Dictionary, Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press,ISBN 0-8248-0703-0
Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,34 (1):117–121,doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
Šuštaršič, Rastislav; Komar, Smiljana; Petek, Bojan (1999), "Slovene",Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 135–139,doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874,ISBN 0-521-65236-7,S2CID 249404451
Thompson, Laurence (1959), "Saigon phonemics",Language,35 (3):454–476,doi:10.2307/411232,JSTOR 411232
Watson, Janet (2002),The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, New York: Oxford University Press
Masica, Colin (1991).The Indo-Aryan Languages. Cambridge Language Surveys. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.ISBN 978-0-521-29944-2.

External links

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List of languages with[w] onPHOIBLE

International Phonetic Alphabet(chart)

IPA topics

IPA	International Phonetic Association History of the alphabet Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA) Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS) Journal of the IPA (JIPA)
Special topics	Cursive forms Case variants Obsolete and nonstandard symbols Naming conventions Sinological extensions World Orthography IPA chart for English dialects
Encodings	ASCII encodings SAMPA X-SAMPA Kirshenbaum TIPA Phonetic symbols in Unicode IPA number IPA Braille

Consonants

Pulmonic consonants

Place →	Labial					Coronal										Dorsal					Laryngeal
Manner ↓	Bilabial		Labiodental		Linguolabial		Dental		Alveolar		Postalveolar		Retroflex		Palatal		Velar		Uvular		Pharyngeal/epiglottal		Glottal
Nasal	m̥	m	ɱ̊	ɱ		n̼			n̥	n			ɳ̊	ɳ	ɲ̊	ɲ	ŋ̊	ŋ	ɴ̥	ɴ
Plosive	p	b	p̪	b̪	t̼	d̼			t	d			ʈ	ɖ	c	ɟ	k	ɡ	q	ɢ	ʡ		ʔ
Sibilant affricate									ts	dz	t̠ʃ	d̠ʒ	tʂ	dʐ	tɕ	dʑ
Non-sibilant affricate	pɸ	bβ	p̪f	b̪v			t̪θ	d̪ð	tɹ̝̊	dɹ̝	t̠ɹ̠̊˔	d̠ɹ̠˔			cç	ɟʝ	kx	ɡɣ	qχ	ɢʁ	ʡʜ	ʡʢ	ʔh
Sibilantfricative									s	z	ʃ	ʒ	ʂ	ʐ	ɕ	ʑ
Non-sibilant fricative	ɸ	β	f	v	θ̼	ð̼	θ	ð	θ̠	ð̠	ɹ̠̊˔	ɹ̠˔	ɻ̊˔	ɻ˔	ç	ʝ	x	ɣ	χ	ʁ	ħ	ʕ	h	ɦ
Approximant				ʋ						ɹ				ɻ		j		ɰ						ʔ̞
Tap/flap		ⱱ̟		ⱱ		ɾ̼			ɾ̥	ɾ			ɽ̊	ɽ						ɢ̆		ʡ̆
Trill	ʙ̥	ʙ							r̥	r			ɽ̊r̥	ɽr					ʀ̥	ʀ	ʜ	ʢ
Lateral affricate									tɬ	dɮ			tꞎ	d𝼅	c𝼆	ɟʎ̝	k𝼄	ɡʟ̝
Lateral fricative									ɬ	ɮ			ꞎ	𝼅	𝼆	ʎ̝	𝼄	ʟ̝
Lateral approximant										l				ɭ		ʎ		ʟ		ʟ̠
Lateral tap/flap									ɺ̥	ɺ			𝼈̊	𝼈		ʎ̆		ʟ̆

Symbols to the right in a cell arevoiced, to the left arevoiceless.Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

Non-pulmonic consonants

		BL	LD	D	A	PA	RF	P	V	U	EG
Ejective	Stop	pʼ			tʼ		ʈʼ	cʼ	kʼ	qʼ	ʡʼ
	Affricate		p̪fʼ	t̪θʼ	tsʼ	t̠ʃʼ	tʂʼ	tɕʼ	kxʼ	qχʼ
	Fricative	ɸʼ	fʼ	θʼ	sʼ	ʃʼ	ʂʼ	ɕʼ	xʼ	χʼ
	Lateral affricate				tɬʼ			c𝼆ʼ	k𝼄ʼ	q𝼄ʼ
	Lateral fricative				ɬʼ
Click (top: velar; bottom: uvular)	Tenuis	kʘ qʘ		kǀ qǀ	kǃ qǃ		k𝼊 q𝼊	kǂ qǂ
	Voiced	ɡʘ ɢʘ		ɡǀ ɢǀ	ɡǃ ɢǃ		ɡ𝼊 ɢ𝼊	ɡǂ ɢǂ
	Nasal	ŋʘ ɴʘ		ŋǀ ɴǀ	ŋǃ ɴǃ		ŋ𝼊 ɴ𝼊	ŋǂ ɴǂ	ʞ
	Tenuislateral				kǁ qǁ
	Voiced lateral				ɡǁ ɢǁ
	Nasal lateral				ŋǁ ɴǁ
Implosive	Voiced	ɓ			ɗ		ᶑ	ʄ	ɠ	ʛ
Implosive	Voiceless	ɓ̥			ɗ̥		ᶑ̊	ʄ̊	ɠ̊	ʛ̥