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Vasily I of Moscow

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Grand Prince of Moscow from 1389 to 1425

In this name that followsEast Slavic naming customs, thepatronymic is Dmitriyevich.

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Vasily I
Vasily I andSophia of Lithuania on theLarge Sakkos of Photius, 1410s
Grand Prince of Vladimir and Moscow
Reign	19 May 1389 – 27 February 1425
Predecessor	Dmitry I
Successor	Vasily II

Born	30 December 1371 Moscow
Died	27 February 1425(1425-02-27) (aged 53) Moscow
Burial	Archangel Cathedral
Consort	Sophia of Lithuania
Issue more...	Anna, Byzantine Empress Vasily II of Moscow
Dynasty	Rurik
Father	Dmitry Donskoy
Mother	Eudoxia Dmitriyevna
Religion	Russian Orthodox

Vasily I Dmitriyevich (Russian:Василий I Дмитриевич; 30 December 1371 – 27 February 1425) wasGrand Prince of Vladimir and Moscow from 1389.^[1]^[2] He was the heir ofDmitry Donskoy, who reigned from 1359 to 1389.

He entered an alliance with theGrand Duchy of Lithuania in 1392 and marriedSophia, the only daughter ofVytautas, though the alliance turned out to be fragile, and they waged war against each other in 1406–1408.

The raid on theVolga region in 1395 by theTurco-Mongol emir Timur resulted in a state of anarchy for theGolden Horde and the independence ofMoscow. In 1412, Vasily resumed submission to the Horde.

Family and early life

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Vasily was the oldest son ofDmitry Donskoy andGrand Princess Eudoxia, daughter of Grand PrinceDmitry Konstantinovich ofNizhny Novgorod.

Reign

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Vasily I visiting his father-in-law,Vytautas the Great.

While still a young man, Vasily, who was the eldest son of Grand Prince Dmitry Donskoy (ruled Moscow 1359–89), travelled to the Tatar khan Tokhtamysh (1383) to obtain the Khan'syarlik (patent) for his father for the title of grand prince of Vladimir. Diplomatically overcoming the challenge of the prince of Tver, who also sought the patent, Vasily succeeded in his mission. But he was subsequently kept atTokhtamysh's court as a hostage until 1386 when, taking advantage of Tokhtamysh's conflict with his suzerain Timur Lenk (Tamerlane), he escaped and returned to Moscow.^[3]

With Tokhtamysh's permission, Vasily I took overNizhny Novgorod-Suzdal in 1393.^[4] Nizhny Novgorod was given to Vasily by the Khan of the Golden Horde in exchange for the help Moscow had given against one of his rivals.^[5] He also tookMurom.^{[citation needed]} In 1397–1398Kaluga,Vologda,Veliki Ustyug and the lands of theKomi peoples were annexed.^{[citation needed]}

To prevent Muscovy from being attacked by theGolden Horde, Vasily I entered into analliance with theGrand Duchy of Lithuania in 1392 and marriedSophia of Lithuania, the only daughter ofVytautas the Great. The alliance turned out to be fragile, and they waged war against each other in 1406–1408. Vytautas had positioned himself as an unifier of all Rus’ lands, the Polish historianKoneczny spoke of the potentiality "that could have been realised had the program of the subjugation of all of Rus’ been implemented". Furthermore, he saw the potentiality of theGrand Duchy of Lithuania becoming an empire by virtue of all of Rus’ being under Lithuanian domination.^[6] Vytautas, thus attacked Novgorod and Pskov, clashing with his son-in-law Vasily but later making peace. This peace allowed Vytautas to strike against the Teutonic order at theBattle of Grunwald. However, the terms of theUnion of Horodlo negotiated by Polish KingJogaila, which discriminated against Orthodox Christians, caused Lithuania to lose its influence over the Russian states.^[7]

Mongol emirTimur raided the Slavic lands in 1395; he ruined theVolga region but did not penetrate as far asMoscow. Timur's raid was of service to the Muscovite prince as it damaged theGolden Horde, which for the next twelve years was in a state of anarchy. During the whole of this time no tribute was paid to thekhan,Olug Moxammat, though vast sums of money were collected in the Moscow treasury for military purposes.^[8]

In 1408Edigu burntNizhny Novgorod,Gorodets,Rostov, and many other towns but failed to takeMoscow, though he had still burnt it. In 1412, however, Vasily found it necessary to pay the long-deferred visit of submission to the Horde.^[8]

The growing influence of Moscow abroad was underlined by the fact that Vasily married his daughter Anna to EmperorJohn VIII Palaeologus ofByzantium.^{[citation needed]}

Domestic policy

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Lazar the Serb showing Vasily the clock.

During his reign,feudal landownership kept growing. With the growth of princely authority in Moscow, thejudicial powers of landowners were partially diminished and transferred to Vasily's deputies and heads ofvolosts.^{[citation needed]}

Chronicles speak of a monk calledLazar the Serb who arrived from Serbia, inventing and building a clock on a tower in the Grand Prince'sTerem Palace in Moscow behind theCathedral of the Annunciation at the request of Vasily I, in 1404. It was the first evermechanical clock in Moscow and the first in any Russian city.^[9] It was among the first ten such advanced clocks in Europe, and was regarded as a technical miracle at the time.^[10]^[11]

The most important ecclesiastical event of the reign was the elevation of the Bulgarian,Gregory Tsamblak, to the metropolitan see of Kiev byVytautas, grand-duke of Lithuania; the immediate political consequence of which was the weakening of the hold of Moscow on southwestern Rus'.^[8]

Marriage and children

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Vasily marriedSophia of Lithuania, the only child ofVytautas the Great and his wife,Anna. They had nine known children, five boys (of which only one survived to mature adulthood) and four girls:

Anna of Moscow (1393 – August 1417), wife ofJohn VIII Palaiologos, died ofbubonic plague
Yury Vasilievich (30 March 1395 – 30 November 1400)
Ivan Vasilievich (15 January 1397 – 20 July 1417), died on the way fromKolomna toMoscow as a result of "pestilence", just six months after marrying the daughter of Prince Ivan Vladimirovich ofPronsk and receiving the inheritance ofNizhny Novgorod
Anastasia Vasilievna (d. 1470), wife of Vladymir Alexander, Prince ofKiev. Her husband was a son of Vladymir, Prince of Kiev. His paternal grandparents wereAlgirdas andMaria of Vitebsk.
Daniil Vasilievich (6 December 1400 – May 1402), died of pestilence
Vasilisa Vasilievna, wife of Alexander Ivanovich "Brukhaty", Prince ofSuzdal, and Alexander Daniilovich "Vzmetenj", Prince of Suzdal.
Simeon Vasilievich (13 January – 7 April 1405), died of pestilence
Maria Vasilievna, wife of Yuri Patrikievich. Her husband was a son ofPatrikas, Prince ofStarodub, and his wife, Helena. His paternal grandfather wasNarimantas.
Vasily II of Moscow (10 March 1415 – 27 March 1462)

Sophia also suffered many miscarriages:^{[citation needed]}

A miscarriage of a daughter in the 4th month of pregnancy (19 December 1391).
A miscarriage of a daughter in the 6th month of pregnancy (16 August 1392).
A miscarriage in the 1st month of pregnancy (22 January 1394).
A miscarriage of a son in the 4th and a half-month of pregnancy (17 January 1396).
A miscarriage in the 1st month of pregnancy (4 December 1398).
A miscarriage in the 1st month of pregnancy (30 January 1399).
A miscarriage in the 1st month of pregnancy (30 March 1401).
A miscarriage of a son in the 5th and a half-month of pregnancy (11 January 1403).
A miscarriage of a son in the 4th and a half-month of pregnancy (20 March 1406).
A miscarriage in 1410.
A miscarriage in 1412.
A miscarriage in 1414.
A miscarriage in 1416.
A miscarriage in 1418.
A miscarriage in 1420.

Ancestry

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Ancestors of Vasily I of Moscow

16.Daniel of Moscow

8.Ivan I of Moscow (=30)

17. Maria

4.Ivan II of Moscow

18. Alexander Glebovich, Prince of Smolensk

9. Yelena of Smolensk (=31)

2.Dmitry Donskoy

10. Vasily Velyaminov

5.Alexandra Velyaminova

1.Vasily I of Moscow

24. Vasiliy Andreyeev Prince of Suzdal (son ofAndrey II of Vladimir)

12. Konstantin Vasilievich, Grand Duke of Suzdal

25. Helen

6.Dmitry of Suzdal

13. Helena

3.Eudoxia of Moscow

28. Vasili Konstantinovich, Prince of Rostov

14. Konstantin Vasilievich, Prince of Rostov

7. Vasilisa of Rostov

30.Ivan I of Moscow (=8)

15. Maria of Moscow

31. Yelena of Smolensk (=9)

References

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^Encyclopedia of Russian history. New York: Thomson Gale. 2004. p. 127.ISBN 9780028656939.
^Fennell, John (1995).A history of the Russian church to 1448 (1. publ ed.). London: Longman. p. 264.ISBN 0582080673.
^Vasily I. (2017). Britannica Online Academic Edition, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc
^Halperin 1987, p. 75.
^Richard Pipes, Russia under the old regime, p. 80
^An Unproclaimed Empire: The Grand Duchy of Lithuania by Norkus, Zenonas pg. 50
^Marat Shaikhutdinov (2021).Between East and West: The Formation of the Moscow State. Academic Studies Press. pp. 114–117.ISBN 9781644697139.
^^a ^b ^c One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Bain, Robert Nisbet (1911). "Basil s.v. Basil I. Dmitrevich". InChisholm, Hugh (ed.).Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 468.
^Williams, Edward V. (2014).The Bells of Russia History and Technology. Princeton University Press. pp. 70–71.
^Radetić, M. (December 4, 2004)."Šest vekova Lazarevog sata". Novosti.
^Tošić, Gordana; Tadić, Milutin (2004).Hilandarski monah Lazar, prvi srpski časovničar. Kalenić.ISBN 9788684183066.