| Ukrainische Hilfspolizei Ukrainian Auxiliary Police | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Active | 27 July 1941 |
| Countries | German-occupied Europe includingReichskommissariat Ukraine andDistrict of Galicia |
| Allegiance |  Nazi Germany |
| Role | Auxiliary police, were responsible for mass murder and extermination of theJewish people inUkrainian Soviet Socialist Republic |
TheUkrainian Auxiliary Police (German:Ukrainische Hilfspolizei;Ukrainian:Українська допоміжна поліція,romanized: Ukrainska dopomizhna politsiia) was the official title of the local police formation (a type ofhilfspolizei) set up by Nazi Germany during World War II inEastern Galicia andReichskommissariat Ukraine, shortly after the German occupation of the WesternUkrainian SSR inOperation Barbarossa.[1]
The Ukrainian Auxiliary Police was created byHeinrich Himmler in mid-August 1941 and put under the control of GermanOrdnungspolizei withinGeneral Government.[1] The actualReichskommissariat Ukraine was formed officially on 20 August 1941.[2] The uniformed force was composed in large part of the former members of theUkrainian People's Militia created by theOrganization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) in June.[3] There were two categories of German-controlled Ukrainian armed organisations. The first comprised mobile police units most often calledSchutzmannschaft,[1] orSchuma, organized on the battalion level and which engaged in the murder of Jews and insecurity warfare in most areas of Ukraine. It was subordinated directly to the German Commander of theOrder Police for the area.[4]
The second category was the local police force (approximately, a constabulary), called simply the Ukrainian Police (UP) by the German administration, which theSS raised most successfully in theDistrict of Galicia (formed 1 August 1941) extending south-east from theGeneral Government. Notably, the District of Galicia was a separate administrative unit from the actualReichskommissariat Ukraine. They were not connected with each other politically.[4]
The UP formations appeared as well further east in German-occupied Soviet Ukraine in significant towns and cities such as Kyiv. The urban based forces were subordinated to the city's German Commander of State protection police (Schutzpolizei orSchupo); the rural police posts were subordinated to the area German Commander of Gendarmerie. The Schupo and Gendarmerie structures were themselves subordinated to the area Commander of Order Police.[5]
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The local municipal police force (UP) in the occupied Ukrainian SSR came into existence right after the commencement ofOperation Barbarossa. It was the result of an order issued on 27 July 1941 by the German commander in chief of the Order Police in occupiedKraków. The Ukrainian auxiliary police in the newDistrict of Galicia fell under the command of the German office for the General Government.[6]
An actual ethnic Ukrainian command centre did not exist. The top Ukrainian police officer, Vladimir Pitulay, rose to the rank of major and became the district commandant (Major der Ukrainische Polizei und Kommandeur) inLemberg (now Lviv). A police school was established in Lviv by the district SS-and-Police Leader in order to meet plans for growth. The school director was Ivan Kozak.[7] The total number of enlisted men in the new politically independentDistrict of Galicia amounted 5,000 people (out of the planned 6000, as the police was perceived negatively in Galicia due to German actions in Ukraine) including 120 low-level officers who served there.[7] The units were used primarily to keep order and carry out constabulary duties.[8] Their actions were restricted by other police groups such as theSonderdienst, made up ofVolksdeutsche; theKripo (Criminal police);Bahnschutz (railroad and transport police); and theWerkschutz, who kept order and guarded industrial plants. They were supported by the Ukrainian Protection Police and the Ukrainian Order Police.[8]
In the newly formedReichskommissariat Ukraine the auxiliary police forces were generally namedSchutzmannschaft,[9][10] and amounted to more than 35,000 men throughout all of the occupied territories, with 5000 in Galicia.[11] The names of battalions reflected their geographic jurisdiction.[6] The make-up of the officercorps was representative of Germany's foreign policy. ProfessorWendy Lower fromTowson University wrote that although Ukrainians greatly outnumbered other non-Germans in the auxiliary police, only the ethnically GermanVolksdeutsche from Ukraine were given the leadership roles.[12] Many of those who joined the ranks of the police had served as militiamen under Soviet rule since the invasion of Poland in 1939.[13] ProfessorTadeusz Piotrowski wrote that the majority ofUkrainische Hilfspolizei in Galicia came fromOUN-B,[14] which was confirmed by ProfessorJohn-Paul Himka as an important transitional stage of OUN involvement in the Holocaust.[15] According to Andrew Gregorovich, the ethnic composition of Auxiliary Police reflected the demographics of the land and included not only Ukrainians but also Russians from among the Soviet POWs, Poles drafted from the local population, and GermanVolksdeutsche of all nationalities.[16] However,Browning (Ordinary Men) and Lower both insist that, for the German administration, nobody but the "Ukrainians and local ethnic Germans could be relied upon to assist with the killing".[17][18] Also, according to Aleksandr Prusin most members were ethnically Ukrainian, hence the name or the force.[19]
In some cases, the personnel of the Ukrainian auxiliary police depended on the institution to which it subordinated. For example, in Kyiv, superior posts in the Ukrainian guard police (Schutzmannschaft-Einzeldienst) hierarchy were frequently held byUkrainian People's Army veterans and members ofOUN-M; the inferior positions were occupied by the local inhabitants and POWs. On the contrary, the OUN had no influence on the Ukrainian criminal police (Sicherheitsschutzmannschaft), which consisted of former Soviet jurists,communists,militsioners, andVolksdeutsche. Moreover, some of them hunted for "colleagues" after the German authorities started anti-OUN repression on the edge of 1941-42. Despite ideological differences, the personnel of these two police institutions cooperated in the arrests of Jews, communists, and other "political enemies" of the German authorities.[20] The total number of allSchutzmannschaft employees in Kyiv fluctuated between 1,800 - 2,000 (March 1943).[21]
The auxiliary police were directly under the command of theGermanic SS, theEinsatzgruppen, and military administration.[22]
The Ukrainian auxiliary police played a vital role in the execution of the Holocaust.[23] Professor Alexander Statiev of the CanadianUniversity of Waterloo writes that Ukrainian Auxiliary Police were the major perpetrator of theHolocaust in the Soviet Union based on native origins, and those police units participated in the extermination of 150,000 Jews in the area ofVolhynia alone.[24] German historianDieter Pohl inThe Shoah in Ukraine writes that the auxiliary police was active during killing operations by the Germans already in the first phases of the German occupation.[25] The auxiliary police registered the Jews, conducted raids and guarded ghettos, loaded convoys to execution sites and cordoned them off. There is a possibility that some 300 auxiliary policemen from Kyiv helped organize the massacre inBabi Yar.[25] They also took part in the massacre inDnipro, where the field command noted that the cooperation ran "smoothly in every way". Cases where local commandants ordered murder of Jews using police force are known.[25] In killings of Jews inKryvyi Rih the "entire Ukrainian auxiliary police" was put to use.[25]
Defining nationality of Ukrainian policemen using present-day classifications is problematic[citation needed], because in German-occupied eastern Poland (see:District of Galicia) there was no perception ofde jure Ukrainian independent statehood. Some UkrainianHilfspolizei who harbored a pathological hatred for Poles and Jews – resulting in acts of mass murder – remained formally and legally Polish from the time beforethe invasion until much later. Thirty years after the war ended, one former Ukrainian policeman, Jan Masłowski (a.k.a. Iwan Maslij), was recognized inRakłowice nearWrocław by Polish survivors of massacres committed byUkrainische Hilfspolizei in the towns ofSzczepiatyn,Dyniska,Tarnoszyn,Niemstów, andKorczów. He was sentenced to death in Poland in 1978. After being denied clemency, Maslij was hanged atMokotów Prison on 20 August 1979.[26][27]
On 13 November 1942, members of theUkrainische Hilfspolizei robbed and executed 32 Poles and 1 Jew in the village of Obórki (pl), located in prewarWołyń Voivodeship. After the crime the village was burned down.[28] On 16 December 1942, the Ukrainian policemen, led by Germans, killed 360 Poles in Jezierce (formerpowiatRivne).[28][29]
InLviv, in late February and March 1944, theUkrainische Hilfspolizei arrested a number of young men of Polish nationality. Many of them were later found dead and theirIdentity documents stolen. TheGovernment Delegation for Poland started negotiations with theOUN-B. When they failed,Kedyw began an action called "Nieszpory" (Vespers) where 11 policemen were shot in retaliation and the murders of young Poles in Lviv stopped.[30]
For many who joined the police force, enlistment served as an opportunity to receive military training and direct access to weapons.Bandera'sOUN leadership on 20 March 1943 issued secret instructions ordering their members who had joined the German auxiliary police to desert with their weapons and join with themilitary detachment of OUN (B) units inVolyn. The number of trained and armed policemen who in spring 1943 joined the ranks of the futureUkrainian Insurgent Army were estimated to be 10,000. This process in some places involved engaging in armed conflict with German forces as they tried to prevent desertion.[31]
By 1942, after the military administration was replaced with the regular Gendarmerie in occupied East, the strength of theSchutzmannschaft had increased tenfold. However, the new recruits were mostly not in the battalions. Instead, they took up the individual post duty as militias in place of former localOrdnungsdienst. The actual Security Battalions (or Schumas,German:Schutzmannschaft Bataillone) comprised only one-third of the overall strength of the formation.[32] As a matter of course, the static police wore black uniforms from the pre-war German stock which was no longer used and kept in storage. The black uniforms of the formerAllgemeine-SS including their characteristic field caps were simply stripped of German insignia and given toSchutzmannschaft to use with the new patches. Gradually, the mobile units were issued field-grey uniforms (pictured).[33] The desired size of each battalion was about 500 soldiers divided into three companies of 140-150 men each, with 50 staff members.[34][35] The logistical problems with securing enough uniforms for all of them continued until late 1942. For the weapons, the most widely used were captured Russian military rifles and pistols. Machine guns remained scarce until the latter stages of the war.[36]
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Most battalions were assigned block numbers based on ethnic and national makeup for ease of recognition. Those in Russia South and the heart of Ukraine were numbered from 101 to 200. The ones operating in Russia Center and in Byelorussia were numbered from 51 to 100.[35] An exception wasBattalion 201, which was formed not in Galicia but inFrankfurt an der Oder in October 1941, from members of the disbandedNachtigall Battalion, formed originally byOUN-B.[37]
| Bn. № | Formation | Disbandment | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 51 | May 1943 | ||
| 53 | August 1942 | ||
| 54 | September 1942 | ||
| 55 | August 1942 | ||
| 57 | Since July 1944, part ofSchutzmannschaft-Brigade Siegling; in August, as30th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS.[34][38] | ||
| 61 | |||
| 62 | |||
| 63 |
| Bn. № | Formation | Disbandment | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 101 | July 1942 | ||
| 102 | July 1942 | ||
| 103 | July 1942 | ||
| 104 | July 1942 | ||
| 105 | November 1942 | ||
| 106 | November 1942 | ||
| 108 | July 1942 | ||
| 109 | July 1942 | ||
| 110 | July 1942 | ||
| 111 | July 1942 | ||
| 113 | July 1942 | ||
| 114 | July 1942 | ||
| 115 | July 1942 | Transferred to Belarus right away.[39] | |
| 116 | July 1942 | July 1942 | |
| 117 | July 1942 | July 1942 | |
| 118 | July 1942 | Formed with former Soviet officers at the helm who were soon dispatched in Kyiv to form other battalions. In December 1942, transferred to Minsk.[39] | |
| 119 | November 1942 | ||
| 120 | November 1942 | ||
| 121 | November 1942 | ||
| 122 | July 1942 | ||
| 123 | July 1942 | ||
| 124 | July 1942 | ||
| 125 | November 1942 | ||
| 129 | July 1942 | ||
| 130 | July 1942 | ||
| 131 | July 1942 | ||
| 134 | November 1942 | ||
| 136 | November 1942 | ||
| 137 | October 1942 | ||
| 138 | October 1942 | ||
| 139 | October 1942 | ||
| 140 | October 1942 | ||
| 143 | August 1942 | ||
| 144 | August 1942 | ||
| 145 | August 1942 | ||
| 146 | August 1942 | ||
| 155 | November 1942 | ||
| 156 | November 1942 | ||
| 157 | November 1942 | ||
| 158 | November 1942 |
{{cite book}}:|work= ignored (help)Also:PDF cache archived by WebCite.
{{cite web}}:External link in|quote={{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)ГОЛОКОСТ І СУЧАСНІСТЬ *№ 1, 2007. Національна бібліотека України. Retrieved from theInternet Archive on 11 June 2013.(in Russian)The Ukrainian police played a very important role in the third phase of the Holocaust, during which most of the Jews in eastern Galicia and Volhynia were killed.
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