The U.S. Army is part of theDepartment of the Army, which is one of the three military departments of theDepartment of Defense. The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant, thesecretary of the Army (SECARMY), and by a chiefmilitary officer, thechief of staff of the Army (CSA) who is also a member of theJoint Chiefs of Staff. It is the largest military branch, and in thefiscal year 2022, the projected end strength for theRegular Army (USA) was 480,893 soldiers; theArmy National Guard (ARNG) had 336,129 soldiers and theU.S. Army Reserve (USAR) had 188,703 soldiers; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,005,725 soldiers.[20] The Army's mission is "to fight and win our Nation's wars, by providing prompt, sustained land dominance, across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict, in support ofcombatant commanders".[21] The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States of America.
Preserving the peace and security and providing for the defense of the United States, the Commonwealths and possessions, and any areas occupied by the United States
Supporting the national policies
Implementing the national objectives
Overcoming any nations responsible for aggressive acts that imperil the peace and security of the United States
The Continental Army was created on 14 June 1775 by theSecond Continental Congress[26] as a unified army for the colonies to fightGreat Britain, withGeorge Washington appointed as its commander.[4][27][28][29] The army was initially led by men who had served in theBritish Army or colonial militias and who brought much of British military heritage with them. As the Revolutionary War progressed,French aid, resources, and military thinking helped shape the new army. A number of European soldiers came on their own to help, such asFriedrich Wilhelm von Steuben, who taughtPrussian Army tactics and organizational skills.
The Army fought numerous pitched battles, and sometimes usedFabian strategy andhit-and-run tactics in the South in 1780 and 1781; under Major GeneralNathanael Greene, it hit where the British were weakest to wear down their forces. Washington led victories against the British atTrenton andPrinceton, but lost a series of battles in theNew York and New Jersey campaign in 1776 and thePhiladelphia campaign in 1777. With a decisive victory atYorktown and the help of the French, the Continental Army prevailed against the British.
After the war, the Continental Army was quickly given land certificates and disbanded in a reflection of therepublican distrust of standing armies.State militias became the new nation's sole ground army, excepta regiment to guard theWestern Frontier and one battery ofartillery guardingWest Point's arsenal. However, because of continuing conflict withNative Americans, it was soon considered necessary to field a trained standing army. TheRegular Army was at first very small and after GeneralSt. Clair's defeat at the Battle of the Wabash,[30] where more than 800 soldiers were killed, the Regular Army was reorganized as theLegion of the United States, established in 1791 and renamed the United States Army in 1796.
In 1798, during theQuasi-War with France, theU.S. Congress established a three-year "Provisional Army" of 10,000 men, consisting of twelveregiments ofinfantry and six troops of lightdragoons. In March 1799, Congress created an "Eventual Army" of 30,000 men, including three regiments ofcavalry. Both "armies" existed only on paper, but equipment for 3,000 men and horses was procured and stored.[31]
GeneralAndrew Jackson standing on the parapet of his makeshift defenses as his troops repulse attackingHighlanders during thedefense of New Orleans, the final major and most one-sided battle of theWar of 1812, mainly fought by militia and volunteers.
The War of 1812 was the second and last war between the United States and Great Britain. The war was split between a Northern, Southern, and naval campaign.[32] While a large part of the war was fought between the United States and Great Britain, there were a variety of native tribes that fought on both sides of the conflict. The result of the war is theTreaty of Ghent and is generally considered to be inconclusive, and brought upon a period of peace between the United States and Great Britain that has lasted for over two centuries.[33]
There was a long period of war between the United States and theSeminoles that lasted over 50 years. The usual strategies utilized against Native American tribes were to seize winter food supplies and to form alliances with enemies of a tribe. These were not viable options against the Seminoles, largely due to the fact of lack of climate variability in Florida and because of the long history of warring between the Seminole tribe and other tribes in the Florida region.[34]
TheAmerican Civil War was the costliest war for the U.S. in terms of casualties. After mostslave states, located in the southern U.S., formed theConfederate States, theConfederate States Army, led by former U.S. Army officers, mobilized a large fraction of Southern white manpower. Forces of the United States (the "Union" or "the North") formed theUnion Army, consisting of a small body of regular army units and a large body of volunteer units raised from every state, north and south, exceptSouth Carolina.[36]
For the first two years, Confederate forces did well in set battles but lost control of the border states.[37] The Confederates had the advantage of defending a large territory in an area where disease caused twice as many deaths as combat. The Union pursued a strategy of seizing the coastline, blockading the ports, and taking control of the river systems. By 1863, the Confederacy was being strangled. Its eastern armies fought well, but the western armies were defeated one after another until the Union forces captured New Orleans in 1862 along with the Tennessee River. In theVicksburg Campaign of 1862–1863, GeneralUlysses Grant seized theMississippi River and cut off the Southwest. Grant took command of Union forces in 1864 and after a series of battles with very heavy casualties, he had GeneralRobert E. Lee under siege in Richmond as GeneralWilliam T. Sherman captured Atlanta andmarched through Georgia andthe Carolinas. The Confederate capital was abandoned in April 1865 and Lee subsequently surrendered his army at Appomattox Court House. All other Confederate armies surrendered within a few months.
The war remains the deadliest conflict in U.S. history, resulting in the deaths of 620,000 men on both sides. Based on 1860 census figures, 8% of all white males aged 13 to 43 died in the war, including 6.4% inthe North and 18% inthe South.[38]
Following the Civil War, the U.S. Army had the mission of containing western tribes of Native Americans on theIndian reservations. They set up many forts, and engaged in the last of theAmerican Indian Wars. U.S. Army troops also occupied several Southern states during theReconstruction Era to protectfreedmen.
Starting in 1910, the army began acquiringfixed-wing aircraft.[39] In 1910, during theMexican Revolution, the army was deployed to U.S. towns near the border to ensure the safety of lives and property. In 1916,Pancho Villa, a major rebel leader, attackedColumbus, New Mexico, prompting aU.S. intervention in Mexico until 7 February 1917. They fought the rebels and the Mexican federal troops until 1918.
U.S. Army troops assaulting a German bunker inFrance,c. 1918U.S. Army unit before heading to France during World War I
TheUnited States joined World War I as an "Associated Power" in 1917 on the side ofBritain,France,Russia,Italy and the otherAllies. U.S. troops were sent to theWestern Front and were involved in the last offensives that ended the war. With the armistice in November 1918, the army once again decreased its forces.
In 1939, estimates of the Army's strength ranged between 174,000 and 200,000 soldiers, smaller than that ofPortugal's, which ranked it 17th or 19th in the world in size. GeneralGeorge C. Marshall became Army chief of staff in September 1939 and set about expanding and modernizing the Army in preparation for war.[40][41]
The United States joinedWorld War II in December 1941 after theJapaneseattack on Pearl Harbor. Some 11 million Americans were to serve in various Army operations.[42][43] On theEuropean front, U.S. Army troops formed a significant portion of the forces that landed in French North Africa andtook Tunisia and thenmoved on to Sicily and laterfought in Italy. In the June 1944landings in northern France and in the subsequentliberation of Europe and defeat ofNazi Germany, millions of U.S. Army troops played a central role. In 1947, the number of soldiers in the US Army had decreased from eight million in 1945 to 684,000 soldiers and the total number of active divisions had dropped from 89 to 12. The leaders of the Army saw this demobilization as a success.[44]
The end of World War II set the stage for the East–West confrontation known as theCold War. With the outbreak of theKorean War, concerns over the defense of Western Europe rose. Two corps,V andVII, were reactivated underSeventh United States Army in 1950 and U.S. strength in Europe rose from one division to four. Hundreds of thousands of U.S. troops remained stationed in West Germany, with others inBelgium, theNetherlands and theUnited Kingdom, until the 1990s in anticipation of a possibleSoviet attack.[45]: minute 9:00–10:00
During the Cold War, U.S. troops and their allies foughtcommunist forces in Korea andVietnam. The Korean War began in June 1950, when the Soviets walked out of a UN Security Council meeting, removing their possible veto. Under aUnited Nations umbrella, hundreds of thousands of U.S. troops fought to prevent the takeover ofSouth Korea byNorth Korea and later to invade the northern nation. After repeated advances and retreats by both sides and the ChinesePeople's Volunteer Army's entry into the war, theKorean Armistice Agreement returned the peninsula to the status quo in July 1953.
TheVietnam War is often regarded as a low point for the U.S. Army due to the use ofdrafted personnel, the unpopularity of the war with the U.S. public and frustrating restrictions placed on the military by U.S. political leaders. While U.S. forces had been stationed inSouth Vietnam since 1959, in intelligence and advising/training roles, they were not deployed in large numbers until 1965, after theGulf of Tonkin Incident. U.S. forces effectively established and maintained control of the "traditional" battlefield, but they struggled to counter theguerrilla hit and run tactics of the communistViet Cong and thePeople's Army of Vietnam (NVA).[46][47]
During the 1960s, the Department of Defense continued to scrutinize the reserve forces and to question the number of divisions and brigades as well as the redundancy of maintaining two reserve components, theArmy National Guard and theArmy Reserve.[48] In 1967, Secretary of DefenseRobert McNamara decided that 15 combat divisions in the Army National Guard were unnecessary and cut the number to eight divisions (one mechanized infantry, two armored, and five infantry), but increased the number of brigades from seven to 18 (one airborne, one armored, two mechanized infantry and 14 infantry). The loss of the divisions did not sit well with the states. Their objections included the inadequate maneuver element mix for those that remained and the end to the practice of rotating divisional commands among the states that supported them. Under the proposal, the remaining division commanders were to reside in the state of the division base. However, no reduction in total Army National Guard strength was to take place, which convinced the governors to accept the plan. The states reorganized their forces accordingly between 1 December 1967 and 1 May 1968.
U.S. Army soldiers preparing to takeLa Comandancia in the El Chorrillo neighborhood ofPanama City duringOperation Just Cause
The Total Force Policy was adopted by Chief of Staff of the Army GeneralCreighton Abrams in the aftermath of the Vietnam War and involved treating the three components of the army – theRegular Army, theArmy National Guard and theArmy Reserve as a single force.[49] General Abrams' intertwining of the three components of the army effectively made extended operations impossible without the involvement of both the Army National Guard and Army Reserve in a predominantly combat support role.[50] The army converted to an all-volunteer force with greater emphasis on training to specific performance standards driven by the reforms of GeneralWilliam E. DePuy, the first commander ofUnited States Army Training and Doctrine Command. Following the Camp David Accords that was signed by Egypt, Israel that was brokered by presidentJimmy Carter in 1978, as part of the agreement, both the United States andEgypt agreed that there would be a joint military training led by both countries that would usually take place every 2 years, that exercise is known asExercise Bright Star.
By 1989Germany was nearing reunification and the Cold War was coming to a close. Army leadership reacted by starting to plan for a reduction in strength. By November 1989 Pentagon briefers were laying out plans to reduce army end strength by 23%, from 750,000 to 580,000.[51] A number of incentives such as early retirement were used.
After Operation Desert Storm, the army did not see major combat operations for the remainder of the 1990s but did participate in a number of peacekeeping activities. In 1990 the Department of Defense issued guidance for "rebalancing" after a review of the Total Force Policy,[55] but in 2004,USAF Air War College scholars concluded the guidance would reverse the Total Force Policy which is an "essential ingredient to the successful application of military force".[56]
On 11 September 2001, 53 Army civilians (47 employees and six contractors) and 22 soldiers were among the 125 victims killed inthe Pentagon in aterrorist attack whenAmerican Airlines Flight 77 commandeered by fiveAl-Qaedahijackers slammed into the western side of the building, as part of theSeptember 11 attacks.[57] In response to the 11 September attacks and as part of theGlobal War on Terror, U.S. andNATO forcesinvaded Afghanistan in October 2001, displacing theTaliban government. The U.S. Army also led the combined U.S. and alliedinvasion of Iraq in 2003; it served as the primary source for ground forces with its ability to sustain short and long-term deployment operations. In the following years, the mission changed from conflict between regular militaries tocounterinsurgency, resulting in the deaths of more than 4,000 U.S. service members (as of March 2008) and injuries to thousands more.[58][59] 23,813 insurgents were killed in Iraq between 2003 and 2011.[60]
Until 2009, the army's chief modernization plan, its most ambitious since World War II,[61] was theFuture Combat Systems program. In 2009, many systems were canceled, and the remaining were swept into theBCT modernization program.[62] By 2017, the Brigade Modernization project was completed and its headquarters, the Brigade Modernization Command, was renamed the Joint Modernization Command, or JMC.[63] In response toBudget sequestration in 2013, Army plans were to shrink to 1940 levels,[64] although actual Active-Army end-strengths were projected to fall to some 450,000 troops by the end of FY2017.[65][66] From 2016 to 2017, the Army retired hundreds ofOH-58 Kiowa Warrior observation helicopters,[67] while retaining its Apache gunships.[68] The 2015 expenditure for Army research, development and acquisition changed from $32 billion projected in 2012 for FY15 to $21 billion for FY15 expected in 2014.[69]
By 2017, a task force was formed to address Army modernization,[70] which triggered shifts of units:CCDC, andARCIC, from withinArmy Materiel Command (AMC), andArmy Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC), respectively, to a new Army Command (ACOM) in 2018.[71] AFC's mission is modernization reform: to design hardware, as well as to work within the acquisition process which defines materiel for AMC. TRADOC's mission is to define the architecture and organization of the Army, and to train and supply soldiers to FORSCOM.[72]: minutes 2:30–15:00 [45]AFC's cross-functional teams (CFTs) are Futures Command's vehicle for sustainablereform of the acquisition process for the future.[73] In order to support the Army's modernization priorities, its FY2020 budget allocated $30 billion for the top six modernization priorities over the next five years.[74] The $30 billion came from $8 billion in cost avoidance and $22 billion in terminations.[74]
The task of organizing the U.S. Army commenced in 1775.[76] In the first one hundred years of its existence, the United States Army was maintained as a small peacetime force to man permanentforts and perform other non-wartime duties such asengineering and construction works. During times of war, the U.S. Army was augmented by the much largerUnited States Volunteers which were raised independently by various state governments. States also maintained full-timemilitias which could also be called into the service of the army.
By the twentieth century, the U.S. Army had mobilized the U.S. Volunteers on four occasions during each of the major wars of the nineteenth century. During World War I, the "National Army" was organized to fight the conflict, replacing the concept of U.S. Volunteers.[77] It was demobilized at the end of World War I and was replaced by the Regular Army, the Organized Reserve Corps, and the state militias. In the 1920s and 1930s, the "career" soldiers were known as the "Regular Army" with the "Enlisted Reserve Corps" and "Officer Reserve Corps" augmented to fill vacancies when needed.[78]
In 1941, the "Army of the United States" was founded to fight World War II.[79] The Regular Army, Army of the United States, the National Guard, and Officer/Enlisted Reserve Corps (ORC and ERC) existed simultaneously. After World War II, the ORC and ERC were combined into theUnited States Army Reserve. The Army of the United States was re-established for theKorean War andVietnam War and was demobilized upon the suspension of thedraft.[78]
The U.S. Army is also divided intoseveral branches and functional areas. Branches include officers, warrant officers, and enlisted Soldiers while functional areas consist of officers who are reclassified from their former branch into a functional area. However, officers continue to wear thebranch insignia of their former branch in most cases, as functional areas do not generally have discrete insignia. Some branches, such asSpecial Forces, operate similarly to functional areas in that individuals may not join their ranks until having served in another Army branch. Careers in the Army can extend into cross-functional areas for officers,[81] warrant officers, enlisted, and civilian personnel.
Before 1933, the Army National Guard members were considered state militia until they were mobilized into the U.S. Army, typically at the onset of war. Since the 1933 amendment to theNational Defense Act of 1916, all Army National Guard soldiers have held dual status. They serve as National Guardsmen under the authority of the governor of their state or territory and as reserve members of the U.S. Army under the authority of the president, in the Army National Guard of the United States.[83]
Since the adoption of the total force policy, in the aftermath of the Vietnam War, reserve component soldiers have taken a more active role in U.S. military operations. For example, Reserve and Guard units took part in theGulf War, peacekeeping inKosovo, Afghanistan, and the2003 invasion of Iraq.
U.S. Army soldiers of the 1st Battalion,175th Infantry Regiment, Maryland Army National Guard conducting an urban cordon and search exercise as part of the army readiness and training evaluation program in the mock city of Balad atFort Dix,New JerseyU.S. soldiers from the6th Infantry Regiment taking up positions on a street corner during a foot patrol inRamadi,IraqThe1st Cavalry Division's combat aviation brigade performing a mock charge with the horse detachmentU.S. Army Special Forces soldiers from the3rd Special Forces Group patrolling a field in the Gulistan district ofFarah, Afghanistan
The U.S. Army is made up of three components: the active component, the Regular Army; and two reserve components, the Army National Guard and the Army Reserve. Both reserve components are primarily composed of part-time soldiers who train once a month – known asbattle assemblies or unit training assemblies (UTAs) – and conduct two to three weeks of annual training each year. Both the Regular Army and the Army Reserve are organized underTitle 10 of the United States Code, while the National Guard is organized underTitle 32. While the Army National Guard is organized, trained, and equipped as a component of the U.S. Army, when it is not in federal service it is under the command of individual state and territorial governors. However, theDistrict of Columbia National Guard reports to the U.S. president, not thedistrict's mayor, even when not federalized. Any or all of theNational Guard can be federalized by presidential order and against the governor's wishes.[118]
The U.S. Army is led by a civiliansecretary of the Army, who has the statutory authority to conduct all the affairs of the army under the authority, direction, and control of thesecretary of defense.[119] Thechief of staff of the Army, who is the highest-ranked military officer in the army, serves as the principal military adviser and executive agent for the secretary of the Army, i.e., its service chief; and as a member of theJoint Chiefs of Staff, a body composed of the service chiefs from each of the four military services belonging to the Department of Defense who advise thepresident of the United States, the secretary of defense and theNational Security Council on operational military matters, under the guidance of thechairman andvice chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.[120][121] In 1986, theGoldwater–Nichols Act mandated that operational control of the services follows a chain of command from the president to the secretary of defense directly to theunified combatant commanders, who have control of all units in their geographic or functional area of responsibility, thus the secretaries of the military departments (and their respective service chiefs underneath them) only have the responsibility to organize, train and equip their service components. The army provides trained forces to the combatant commanders for use as directed by the secretary of defense.[122]
In 2013, the army shifted to six geographical commands that align with the six geographical unified combatant commands (CCMD):
The army also transformed its base unit fromdivisions tobrigades. Division lineage will be retained, but the divisional headquarters will be able to command any brigade, not just brigades that carry their divisional lineage. The central part of this plan is that each brigade will be modular, i.e., all brigades of the same type will be exactly the same and thus any brigade can be commanded by any division. As specified before the 2013 end-strength re-definitions, the three major types of brigade combat teams are:
Armored brigades, with a strength of 4,743 troops as of 2014.
Stryker brigades, with a strength of 4,500 troops as of 2014.
Infantry brigades, with a strength of 4,413 troops as of 2014.
In addition, there are combat support and service support modular brigades. Combat support brigades includeaviation (CAB) brigades, which will come in heavy and light varieties,fires (artillery) brigades (now transforms to division artillery) andexpeditionary military intelligence brigades.Combat service support brigades includesustainment brigades and come in several varieties and serve the standard support role in an army.
The U.S. Army's conventional combat capability currently consists of 11 active divisions and 1 deployable division headquarters (7th Infantry Division) as well as several independent maneuver units.
From 2013 through 2017, the Army sustained organizational and end-strength reductions after several years ofgrowth. In June 2013, the Army announced plans to downsize to 32 active brigade combat teams by 2015 to match a reduction in active-duty strength to 490,000 soldiers. Army Chief of Staff Raymond Odierno projected that the Army was to shrink to "450,000 in the active component, 335,000 in the National Guard, and 195,000 in U.S. Army Reserve" by 2018.[124] However, this plan was scrapped by the incoming Trump administration, with subsequent plans to expand the Army by 16,000 soldiers to a total of 476,000 by October 2017. The National Guard and the Army Reserve will see a smaller expansion.[125][126]
The Army's maneuver organization was most recently altered by the reorganization ofUnited States Army Alaska into the11th Airborne Division, transferring the 1st and 4th Brigade Combat Teams of the25th Infantry Division under a separate operational headquarters to reflect the brigades' distinct, Arctic-oriented mission. As part of the reorganization, the 1–11 (formerly 1–25) Stryker Brigade Combat Team will reorganize as an Infantry Brigade Combat Team.[127] Following this transition, the active component BCTs will number 11 Armored brigades, 6 Stryker brigades, and 14 Infantry brigades.
Within the Army National Guard and United States Army Reserve, there are a further eight divisions, 27 brigade combat teams, additional combat support and combat service support brigades, and independent cavalry, infantry, artillery, aviation, engineer, and support battalions. The Army Reserve in particular provides virtually all psychological operations and civil affairs units.
2 Stryker BCTs, 1 mechanized brigade from theROK Army,[137] 12nd Infantry Division Artillery (United States) (under administrative control of 7th ID), 1 sustainment brigade, and a stateside Stryker BCT from another active division that is rotated in on a regular basis.
Commands, organizes, mans, trains, resources, and equips Army special operations aviation units to provide responsive, special operations aviation support to special operations forces consisting of five units, including the160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne).[144]
In addition to a regimental headquarters, a special troops battalion, and a military intelligence battalion, the 75th Ranger Regiment has three maneuver battalions of elite airborne infantry specializing in large-scale, joint forcible entry operations and precision targeting raids. Additional capabilities includespecial reconnaissance,air assault, and direct action raids seizing key terrain such as airfields, destroying or securing strategic facilities, and capturing or killing enemies of the Nation. The Regiment also helps develop the equipment, technologies, training, and readiness that bridge the gap between special operations and traditional combat maneuver organizations.[145]
Selects and trains special forces, civil affairs, and psychological operations soldiers, consisting of two groups and other various training units and offices.[146]
The Army's Talent Management Task Force (TMTF) has deployed IPPS-A,[155] theIntegrated Personnel and Pay System - Army, an app which serves the National Guard, and on 17 January 2023 the Army Reserve and Active Army.[156] Soldiers were reminded to update their information using the legacy systems to keep their payroll and personnel information current by December 2021. IPPS-A is the Human Resources system for the Army, is available for download for Android, or the Apple store.[157] It will be used for future promotions and other personnel decisions. Among the changes are:
BCAP, the Battalion Commander Assessment Program. In January 2020, over 800 majors and lieutenant colonels from all over the Army converged on Fort Knox to take part in a five-day program to select the next battalion commanders for the Army (beginning in FY2021). This process replaces the former selection process which was based solely on rank and individual reviews of past performance. From now on, more consideration will be given to an individual officer's personal preference, as part of 25 other selection criteria.[158] "Promotion boards will now be able to see almost all substantiated adverse information".[159] The promotion boards will be able to see anything in an officer's human resource record. Officers are encouraged to become familiar with their human resource record, and to file rebuttals to adverse information.[159]
Depending on the success of this initiative, other assessment programs could be instituted as well, for promotion to sergeants major,[160] and for assessment of colonels for command.[161]
Below are the U.S. Army ranks authorized for use today and their equivalent NATO designations. Although no living officer currently holds the rank ofGeneral of the Army, it is still authorized by Congress for use in wartime.
Most army commissioned officers (those who are generalists)[166] are promoted based on an "up or out" system. A more flexible talent management process is underway.[166] TheDefense Officer Personnel Management Act of 1980 establishes rules for the timing of promotions and limits the number of officers that can serve at any given time.[167]
Army regulations call for addressing all personnel with the rank of general as "General (last name)" regardless of the number of stars. Likewise, both colonels and lieutenant colonels are addressed as "Colonel (last name)" and first and second lieutenants as "Lieutenant (last name)".[168]
Warrant officers[162] are single track, specialty officers with subject matter expertise in a particular area. They are initially appointed as warrant officers (in the rank of WO1) by thesecretary of the Army, but receive theircommission upon promotion to chief warrant officer two (CW2).
By regulation, warrant officers are addressed as "Mr. (last name)" or "Ms. (last name)" by senior officers and as "sir" or "ma'am" by all enlisted personnel.[168] However, many personnel address warrant officers as "Chief (last name)" within their units regardless of rank.
Sergeants and corporals are referred to as NCOs, short fornon-commissioned officers.[162][169] This distinguishes corporals from the more numerous specialists who have the same pay grade but do not exercise leadership responsibilities. Beginning in 2021, all corporals will be required to conductstructured self-development for the NCO ranks, completing thebasic leader course (BLC), or else be laterally assigned as specialists. Specialists who have completed BLC and who have been recommended for promotion will be permitted to wear corporal rank before their recommended promotion as NCOs.[170]
Privates and privates first class (E3) are addressed as "Private (last name)", specialists as "Specialist (last name)", corporals as "Corporal (last name)" and sergeants, staff sergeants, sergeants first class and master sergeants all as "Sergeant (last name)". First sergeants are addressed as "First Sergeant (last name)" and sergeants major and command sergeants major are addressed as "Sergeant Major (last name)".[168][171]
Training in the U.S. Army is generally divided into two categories – individual and collective. Because of COVID-19 precautions, the first two weeks ofbasic training — not including processing and out-processing – incorporate social distancing and indoor desk-oriented training. Once the recruits have tested negative for COVID-19 for two weeks, the remaining 8 weeks follow the traditional activities for most recruits,[173] followed by Advanced Individualized Training (AIT) where they receive training for theirmilitary occupational specialties (MOS).[174] Some individual's MOSs range anywhere from 14 to 20 weeks of One Station Unit Training (OSUT), which combines Basic Training and AIT. The length of AIT school varies by the MOS. The length of time spent in AIT depends on the soldier's MOS. Certain highly technical MOS training requires many months (e.g., foreign language translators). Depending on the army's needs,Basic Combat Training for combat arms soldiers is conducted at several locations. Still, two of the longest-running are the Armor School and theInfantry School, both atFort Moore, Georgia. Sergeant Major of the Army Dailey notes that an infantrymen's pilot program forOne Station Unit Training (OSUT) extends 8 weeks beyond Basic Training and AIT, to 22 weeks. The pilot, designed to boost infantry readiness ended in December 2018. The new Infantry OSUT covered theM240 machine gun as well as theM249 squad automatic weapon.[175] The redesigned Infantry OSUT started in 2019.[176][177] Depending on the result of the 2018 pilot, OSUTs could also extend training in other combat arms beyond the infantry.[176] One Station Unit Training will be extended to 22 weeks for Armor by Fiscal Year 2021.[24] Additional OSUTs are expanding to Cavalry, Engineer, and Military Police (MP) in the succeeding Fiscal Years.[178]
A new training assignment for junior officers was instituted, that they serve as platoon leaders for Basic Combat Training (BCT) platoons.[179] These lieutenants will assume many of the administrative, logistical, and day-to-day tasks formerly performed by the drill sergeants of those platoons and are expected to "lead, train, and assist with maintaining and enhancing the morale, welfare and readiness" of the drill sergeants and their BCT platoons.[179] These lieutenants are also expected to stem any inappropriate behaviors they witness in their platoons, to free up the drill sergeants for training.[179]
A trainer with Company A, 1st Battalion 502nd Infantry Regiment, Task Force Strike,101st Airborne Division assisting Iraqi army ranger students during a room clearing drill at Camp Taji, Iraq on 18 July 2016
TheUnited States Army Combat Fitness Test (ACFT) was introduced in 2018 to 60 battalions spread throughout the Army.[180] The test and scoring system is the same for all soldiers, regardless of gender. It takes an hour to complete, including rest periods.[181] The ACFT supersedes the Army Physical Fitness Test (APFT),[182][183][184] as being more relevant to survival in combat.[180] Six events were determined to better predict which muscle groups of the body were adequately conditioned for combat actions:[181] three deadlifts,[185] a standing power throw of a ten-pound medicine ball,[186] hand-release pushups[187] (which replace the traditional pushup), a sprint/drag/carry 250 yard event,[188] three pull-ups with leg tucks (or a plank test in lieu of the leg tuck),[189][190] a mandatory rest period, and a two-mile run.[191] As of 1 October 2020 all soldiers from all three components (Regular Army, Reserve, and National Guard)[192] are subject to this test.[193][194] The ACFT now tests all soldiers in basic training as of October 2020. The ACFT became the official test of record on 1 October 2020; before that day, every Army unit was required to complete a diagnostic ACFT[195] (All Soldiers with valid APFT scores can use them until March 2022. The Holistic Health and Fitness (H2F) System is one way that soldiers can prepare.).[196][197][198] The ACFT movements directly translate to movements on the battlefield.[177]Following their basic and advanced training at the individual level, soldiers may choose to continue their training and apply for an "additional skill identifier" (ASI). The ASI allows the army to take a wide-ranging MOS and focus it on a more specific MOS. For example, a combat medic, whose duties are to provide pre-hospital emergency treatment, may receive ASI training to become a cardiovascular specialist, a dialysis specialist, or even a licensed practical nurse. For commissioned officers, training includes pre-commissioning training, known as Basic Officer Leader Course A, either atUSMA or viaROTC, or by completingOCS. After commissioning, officers undergo branch-specific training at the Basic Officer Leaders Course B, (formerly called Officer Basic Course), which varies in time and location according to their future assignments. Officers will continue to attend standardized training at different stages of their careers.[199]
U.S. Army soldiers familiarizing with the latest INSAS 1B1 during exercise Yudh Abhyas 2015
Collective training at the unit level takes place at the unit's assigned station, but the most intensive training at higher echelons is conducted at the three combat training centers (CTC); theNational Training Center (NTC) atFort Irwin, California, theJoint Readiness Training Center (JRTC) atFort Johnson, Louisiana and theJoint Multinational Training Center (JMRC) at the Hohenfels Training Area inHohenfels and Grafenwöhr,[200] Germany.ReARMM is the Army Force Generation process approved in 2020 to meet the need to continuously replenish forces for deployment at the unit level and for other echelons as required by the mission. Individual-level replenishment still requires training at a unit level, which is conducted at the continental U.S. (CONUS) replacement center (CRC) atFort Bliss, in New Mexico and Texas before their individual deployment.[201]
Chief of Staff Milley notes that the Army is suboptimized for training in cold-weather regions, jungles, mountains, or urban areas. In contrast, the Army does well when training for deserts or rolling terrain.[202]: minute 1:26:00 Post 9/11, Army unit-level training was for counter-insurgency (COIN); by 2014–2017, training had shifted to decisive action training.[203]
The United States Army has faced recruiting challenges since the COVID-19 pandemic. The Army has implemented the Future Soldier Prep Course (FSPC) to address these issues. This program is designed to assist potential recruits who may initially need to meet the Army's physical fitness or academic standards.[204]
In the fiscal year ending 30 September 2023, approximately 13,000 of the 55,000 recruits, or 24%, participated in the FSPC. This indicates a significant reliance on the program to fill recruitment quotas.[204]
The FSPC offers both physical fitness and academic training. However, most participants enroll in the academic component, which focuses on subjects like basic math, English, and other essential skills.[204]
Thechief of staff of the Army has identified six modernization priorities, these being (in order): artillery, ground vehicles, aircraft, network, air/missile defense, and soldier lethality.[205]
The U.S. Army uses three types ofmortar for indirect fire support when heavier artillery may not be appropriate or available. The smallest of these is the 60 mmM224, normally assigned at the infantry company level.[217] At the next higher echelon, infantry battalions are typically supported by a section of 81 mmM252 mortars.[218] The largest mortar in the army's inventory is the 120 mmM120/M121, which is usually employed by mechanized units.[219]
Fire support for light infantry units is provided by towed howitzers, including the 105 mmM119A1[220] and the 155 mmM777.[221]
The U.S. Army utilizes a variety of direct-fire rockets and missiles to provide infantry with an Anti-Armor Capability. TheAT4 is an unguided projectile that can destroy armor and bunkers at ranges up to 500 meters.[222] TheFIM-92 Stinger is a shoulder-launched, heat seeking anti-aircraft missile.[223] TheFGM-148 Javelin andBGM-71 TOW are anti-tank guided missiles.[224][225]
A U.S. soldier on patrol in Iraq with the support of aHumvee vehicle
U.S. Army doctrine puts a premium on mechanized warfare. It fields the highest vehicle-to-soldier ratio in the world as of 2009.[226] The army's most common vehicle is the High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle (HMMWV), commonly called theHumvee, which is capable of serving as a cargo/troop carrier, weapons platform and ambulance, among many other roles.[227] While they operate a wide variety of combat support vehicles, one of the most common types centers on the family ofHEMTT vehicles. TheM1A2 Abrams is the army'smain battle tank,[228] while theM2A3 Bradley is the standardinfantry fighting vehicle.[229] Other vehicles include theStryker,[230] theM113 armored personnel carrier[231] and multiple types ofMine Resistant Ambush Protected (MRAP) vehicles.[232]
While theUnited States Army Aviation Branch operates a fewfixed-wing aircraft, it mainly operates several types of rotary-wing aircraft. These include theAH-64 Apacheattack helicopter,[235] theUH-60 Black Hawk utility tactical transport helicopter[236] and theCH-47 Chinook heavy-lift transport helicopter.[237] Restructuring plans call for reduction of 750 aircraft and from seven to four types.[238] The Army is evaluating two fixed-wing aircraft demonstrators; ARES, and Artemis are under evaluation to replace the Guardrail ISR (Intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance) aircraft.[239] Under theJohnson-McConnell agreement of 1966, the Army agreed to limit its fixed-wing aviation role to administrative mission support (light unarmed aircraft which cannot operate from forward positions). ForUAVs, the Army is deploying at least one company of droneMQ-1C Gray Eagles to each Active Army division.[240]
On 11 November 2018, the Army announced a new version of 'Army Greens' based on uniforms worn during World War II that will become the standard garrison service uniform.[241] The blueArmy Service Uniform will remain as the dress uniform. The Army Greens are projected to be first fielded in the summer of 2020.[241][needs update]
The Ranger Honor Platoon marching in their tan berets and former service uniform
Theberet flash of enlisted personnel displays theirdistinctive unit insignia (shown above). The U.S. Army's black beret is no longer worn with the ACU for garrison duty, having been permanently replaced with the patrol cap. After years of complaints that it was not suited well for most work conditions, Army Chief of Staff GeneralMartin Dempsey eliminated it for wear with the ACU in June 2011. Soldiers who are currently in a unit in jump status still wear berets, whether the wearer is parachute-qualified or not (maroon beret), while members ofSecurity Force Assistance Brigades (SFABs) wear brown berets. Members of the 75th Ranger Regiment and the Airborne and Ranger Training Brigade (tan beret) and Special Forces (rifle green beret) may wear it with the Army Service Uniform for non-ceremonial functions. Unit commanders may still direct the wear of patrol caps in these units in training environments or motor pools.
The Army has relied heavily ontents to provide the various facilities needed while on deployment (Force Provider Expeditionary (FPE)).[205]: p.146 The most common tent uses for the military are as temporarybarracks (sleeping quarters),DFAC buildings (dining facilities),[242] forward operating bases (FOBs), after-action review (AAR), tactical operations center (TOC), morale, welfare and recreation (MWR) facilities, as well as security checkpoints. Furthermore, most of these tents are set up and operated through the support ofNatick Soldier Systems Center. Each FPE contains billeting, latrines, showers, laundry and kitchen facilities for 50–150 Soldiers,[205]: p.146 and is stored inArmy Prepositioned Stocks 1, 2, 4 and 5. This provisioning allows combatant commanders to position soldiers as required in theirArea of Responsibility, within 24 to 48 hours.
The U.S. Army is beginning to use a more modern tent called thedeployable rapid assembly shelter (DRASH). In 2008, DRASH became part of the Army's Standard Integrated Command Post System.[243]
^abcOn 5 January 2023 William A. LaPlante, US under-secretary of defense for acquisition and sustainment (USD (A&S)) directed the full implementation of the recommendations ofthe Naming Commission, DoD-wide.[128]
^First sergeant is considered a temporary and lateral rank and is senior to master sergeant. A first sergeant can revert to master sergeant upon leaving assignment.
^SP4 is sometimes encountered as an abbreviation for specialist instead of SPC. This is a holdover from when there were additional specialist ranks at pay grades E-5 to E-7.
^PVT is also used as an abbreviation for both private ranks when pay grade need not be distinguished.[172]
^Nese DeBruyne, Congressional Research Service (18 September 2018),American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics(PDF), Page 3, note j —,World War II: 10.42 million (1 December 1941-31 August 1945). Other sources count the Army of Occupation up to 31 December 1946. By 30 June 1947 the Army's strength was down to 990,000 troops.
^Wilson, John B. (1997).Maneuver and Firepower: The Evolution of Divisions and Separate Brigades. Washington, DC: Center of Military History, Chapter XII, for references see Note 48.
^Department of Defense, Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness, Military compensation background papers, Seventh edition, page 229. Department of Defense, 2005.
^US Army (2020) US Army soldier prepares for ACFT Learning how to retrain an injured body; using resistance bands (good for leg tucks); know your limits; use out-training (see video for sample); practice technique (good for deadlift, and power throw)
Bailey, Beth.America's Army: Making the All-Volunteer Force (2009)ISBN0674035364
Bluhm, Raymond K. Jr.; Andrade, Dale; Jacobs, Bruce; Langellier, John; Newell, Clayton R.; Seelinger, Matthew (2004).U.S. Army: A Complete History (Beaux Arts ed.). Arlington County, Virginia: The Army Historical Foundation. p. 744.ISBN978-0-88363-640-4.
Chambers, John Whiteclay, ed.The Oxford Guide to American Military History (1999), online at many libraries
Clark, J. P.Preparing for War: The Emergence of the Modern U.S. Army, 1815–1917 (Harvard UP, 2017), 336 pp.
Coffman, Edward M.The War to End All Wars: The American Military Experience in World War I (1998), a standard history
Kretchik, Walter E.U.S. Army Doctrine: From the American Revolution to the War on Terror (University Press of Kansas; 2011) 392 pages; studies military doctrine in four distinct eras: 1779–1904, 1905–1944, 1944–1962, and 1962 to the present.
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