Tuskahoma Tushka Homma (Choctaw)
Unincorporated community andcensus-designated place
Choctaw Capitol Building in Tuskahoma, Oklahoma, September 22, 2009
Motto:  The Red Warrior
Tuskahoma Location in the state of Oklahoma Show map of Oklahoma Tuskahoma Tuskahoma (the United States) Show map of the United States
Coordinates:34°37′04″N95°16′34″W / 34.61778°N 95.27611°W /34.61778; -95.27611
Country	United States
State	Oklahoma
County	Pushmataha
Area [1]
• Total	2.29 sq mi (5.92 km2)
• Land	2.26 sq mi (5.86 km2)
• Water	0.03 sq mi (0.07 km2)
Elevation [2]	659 ft (201 m)
Population  (2020)
• Total	102
• Density	45.09/sq mi (17.41/km2)
Time zone	UTC-6 (Central (CST))
• Summer (DST)	UTC-5 (CDT)
ZIP codes	74574
FIPS code	40-75300
GNIS feature ID	2629939[2]

Tuskahoma is anunincorporated community andcensus-designated place in northernPushmataha County,Oklahoma, United States, four miles east ofClayton. It was the former seat of theChoctaw Nation government prior to Oklahoma statehood. The population was 102 as of the2020 United States census.^[3]

AUnited States Post Office was established atTushka Homma, Indian Territory on February 27, 1885. On October 28, 1891, the spelling changed to Tushkahomma. On December 6, 1910 the official spelling changed to its present rendering, Tuskahoma. The community has also been served bypost office locations at nearbyCouncil House (1872–1880) andLyceum (1896–1900). Council House was at the Choctaw Capitol Building and Lyceum was at the former Choctaw Female Academy.^[4]

Tuskahoma is a compound word meaning 'red warrior' in theChoctaw language.^[5] The spelling was originally rendered asTvshka Homma in an 1852 Choctaw-English dictionary published by a missionary, the Rev. Cyrus Byington. The apparent lower-case "v" is actually a Greek letter,upsilon, which represents what Byington described as a "u short" sound.^[6] In recent years, the Choctaw Nation's official publications have switched to this spelling.^[7]

Tuskahoma was designated as (political) capital of theChoctaw Nation in 1882 when an Act of the Choctaw Nation dated October 20, 1882, established the community as the permanent seat of government. The nation's first capital after theTrail of Tears was atNanih [Nunih] Waiyah, two miles east of Tuskahoma. It was named afterNunih Waiyah, a sacred mound inMississippi where the Choctaw brought the bones of their ancestors to rest and established the tribe. The mound was built by an earlier people, but it became sacred to the Choctaw as well. Later, during a period of constitutional experimentation, the Choctaw shifted their capital from Nanih Waiyah toDoaksville,Skullyville,Fort Towson andBoggy Depot. The Choctaw wartime capital during theCivil War was at Armstrong Academy, also known asChahta Tamaha.^[8]

After the Choctaw Nation decided to make Tuskahoma the permanent capital, it constructed an appropriate building to house the government. A spaciousChoctaw Capitol Building was completed in the fall of 1884. It was two stories, brick, with agarret under its French mansard roof. Many called it the finest building in theIndian Territory. It included large rooms for the Senate, House of Representatives, and Supreme Court. Also included were an Executive Office for the Principal Chief, or Governor, of the Choctaw Nation, five smaller rooms for the national officers, and five committee rooms. It was heated by numerous fireplaces.^[5]

Almost immediately, a bustling town sprang up by the capitol building. Several hotels, boarding houses, barber shops,stores,blacksmith shop, photographer's tent, and homes were built. But when theSt. Louis and San Francisco Railway built its tracks through theKiamichi River valley in the mid-1880s, they ran two miles to the south of the capitol. Business flocked to the vicinity of the new Tuskahoma railroad station and the Capitol precinct was abandoned, except during sessions of the government.^[9]

This twist of history altered Tuskahoma's prominence. The Choctaw Nation constitution directed the constitutional officers, such as Principal Chief, National Secretary, National Treasurer, National Auditor and National Attorney to reside "at or near the seat of government", but this provision was never enforced. During the National Council's first session in its new capitol, the principal chief of the day, J.F. McCurtain, proposed building five homes on the site to accommodate the national officers, but this was never done.^[9]

In addition to serving as a government center, Tuskahoma was also intended to be a cultural center and was the location of the Choctaw Nation's national girls' school.Tuskahoma Female Academy [or Institute] opened in 1892 at nearby Lyceum, with Peter J. Hudson serving as superintendent. The academy, also known as the Choctaw Female Academy, occupied a classical-style two-story colonnaded building. It burned in 1925 and was not rebuilt. [Noted Choctaw educator Anna Lewis, who had attended the school, bought the site and used materials from the ruins to build her family home, which she called Nunih Waiyah.^[10]] From that time forward, Tuskahoma's role as a center of education ceased.^[11]

Tuskahoma's new site along the railroad prospered, and became a vibrant community and trading center. Banks, hotels,stores, churches, a school, and numerous homes lined its commercial district and residential streets. Its importance began to wane during the middle and later years of the 20th century, as commerce shifted to nearbyClayton or elsewhere, following the construction of highways and shifting of transport off the railroads.^[12]

Prior to Oklahoma's statehood, Tuskahoma and theChoctaw Capitol Building were inWade County, Choctaw Nation.^[13] More information on Tuskahoma may be found in thePushmataha County Historical Society.

Local transportation was revolutionized during the 1950s by the construction ofU.S. Highway 271, which provided paved all-weather highway connections to Clayton and the county seat atAntlers to the east and south, andTalihina,Wilburton andPoteau to the northeast.

TheKiamichi River, important as a source of water, is not navigable at Tuskahoma and has never played a role in local transportation. It did, however, cause the St. Louis and San Francisco Railway to place its station at Tuskahoma's present location, due to the trains’ need for a reliable water supply, rather than its original location at the Capitol.

TheKiamichi Mountains define life in the Tuskahoma region, which is one of Oklahoma's most scenic areas.^{[citation needed]} The Kiamichi River valley stretches to the east and west of the community. To the north lie the unusually serrated Potato Hills, with peaks topping out at approximately 1,000 feet in elevation. To the south is a scenic but imposing mountain wilderness, with summits topping off at approximately 1,600 feet in elevation. Here, roads do not penetrate and all transportation is via unimproved—but marked and fairly well maintained—timber company roads, including Clayton Trail, Hurd Creek Trail, K Trail, Cripple Mountain Trail and Black Fork Trail.

Unusual and striking geological features abound in the Tuskahoma region. Its valley—one of the prettiest in Oklahoma^{[according to whom?]}—is of special note. The Potato Hills, a group of tall outcroppings eroded from prehistoric mountains, are a regional landmark. To the north of Tuskahoma lies McKinley Rocks, a series of massive white boulders seemingly strewn across the top of a mountain. Access is difficult, causing aWPA survey crew to recommend during the 1930s that the site, while abounding in scenic beauty, should not become a state park due to lack of roads. The rocks, which afford views for miles in any direction, were first noted by a Choctaw survey party during the late 1890s. They are named in honor of the26th President of the United States,William McKinley.^[14]

TheChoctaw Nation of Oklahoma holds its annualLabor DayFestival (pow-wow) in Tuskahoma on the grounds of the Capitol building. Attendance ranges from 50,000 - 100,000 over the course of the festival, people coming from all corners of the United States. The festival features various events fromcountry andgospel music concerts to softball games, andpow-wows, arts and crafts, basketball games, strength contests, a carnival, animal shows, horseshoe games,bison tours, volleyball games, a swimming pool, tent and RV grounds, a 5K run, playgrounds, a museum, and numerous other events.

During recent years theChoctaw Capitol Building has been recognized as an architecturally and historically significant structure, and has been added to theNational Register of Historic Places listings in Pushmataha County, Oklahoma. It hosts the Choctaw Nation Labor Day Festival and provides the centerpiece for the festivities.

• Census-designated places in Oklahoma
• Unincorporated communities in Pushmataha County, Oklahoma
• Unincorporated communities in Oklahoma
• Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma
• Former colonial and territorial capitals in the United States
• Seats of government of American Indian reservations

• Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas
• Use mdy dates from July 2023
• Articles with short description
• Short description is different from Wikidata
• Articles containing Choctaw-language text
• Coordinates on Wikidata
• All articles with unsourced statements
• Articles with unsourced statements from August 2024
• All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases
• Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from August 2024