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| Tornado Intercept Vehicle (TIV 1) | |
|---|---|
 TIV 1 from 2005 before the addition of stabilizing claws. | |
| Overview | |
| Designer | Sean Casey |
| Body and chassis | |
| Class | first generation storm research vehicle |
| Body style | modified 1997 Ford F-Super Duty cab and chassis |
| Layout | 2 wheel drive, 2 axles, 6 wheels |
| Powertrain | |
| Engine | 7.3 literPowerstroke Diesel |
| Transmission | ZF 5-speed manual |
| Dimensions | |
| Height | 14 feet (4.3 m) |
| Curb weight | 14,000 lb (6,400 kg) |
TheTornado Intercept Vehicle 1 (TIV 1) andTornado Intercept Vehicle 2 (TIV 2) are vehicles used to film with anIMAX camera from very close to or within a tornado. They were designed byfilm directorSean Casey. Both TIVs have "intercepted" numerous tornadoes, including the June 12, 2005, Jayton, Texas tornado, the June 5, 2009, Goshen County, Wyoming tornado, and the strongest intercept, made by TIV 2, the May 27, 2013, Lebanon, Kansas tornado.
The Tornado Intercept Vehicle 1 (TIV 1) is a heavily modified1997 Ford F-Series F-Super Duty cab & chassis truck used as astorm chasing platform and built by Sean Casey.[1] This heavily armored vehicle can drive into a weak to relatively strongtornado (EF0 to EF3)[citation needed] to film it and take measurements. Work began on the TIV in 2002 and took around eight months to finish, at a total cost of around US$81,000. TIV's armored shell consists of 1/8–1/4 inch steel plate welded to a two-inch square steel tubing frame. The windows are bullet resistantpolycarbonate, measuring 1.5 in (38 mm) thick on the windshield and 0.5 in (13 mm) thick on the sides.[2] The TIV weighs approximately 14,000 lb (6,400 kg) fully loaded[3] and is powered by a 7.3 litre Ford Powerstroketurbocharged diesel engine manufactured byNavistar-International, otherwise known as the NavistarT444E.[citation needed]
Before an intercept the front of the vehicle is angled downwards, and four hydraulic claws are lowered into the ground to stabilize the vehicle.[4] The vehicle's top speed is 80 mph (130 km/h).[5] The TIV has a fuel capacity of 60 US gallons (230 L), giving it a range of around 500 miles (800 km). The TIV is featured in a series calledStorm Chasers which began airing on theDiscovery Channel in October 2007.[6][7] TIV was succeeded in 2008 by TIV 2, but returned to service to finish out the first few chases of the 2008 storm chasing season after TIV 2 suffered mechanical problems. In a June 2011 interview with NPR'sAll Things Considered, Casey said that TIV was still in service and is designated as the backup vehicle in the event TIV 2 breaks down during a shoot.[8]
After no longer needing the vehicle, Casey abandoned the vehicle on a central Kansas farm.[9] Casey placed the TIV as a prize for a scavenger hunt, where the first one to find the TIV would be able to keep it.[10] Wichita-based storm chaser Robert Clayton found the vehicle in 2020, after searching for it onGoogle Earth.[11]
| Tornado Intercept Vehicle 2 | |
|---|---|
 TIV 2 from 2012 | |
| Overview | |
| Designer | Sean Casey |
| Body and chassis | |
| Class | second generation storm research vehicle |
| Layout | 6x6 (2008), 6x4 (2009–present), 3 axles, 10 wheels |
| Powertrain | |
| Engine | modified 6.7 liter turbocharged Cummins Diesel |
| Transmission | automatic |
| Dimensions | |
| Curb weight | 16,500 lb (7,500 kg) (2008), 14,300 lb (6,500 kg) (2009–present) |
Casey and his team developed and built the second Tornado Intercept Vehicle, dubbed TIV 2, to be featured in their next IMAX movie and theStorm Chasers series.[12] Work began in September 2007 by forty welding students at theGreat Plains Technology Center inLawton, Oklahoma and was completed in time for the 2008 tornado chase season. TIV 2 was designed to address some of the problems experienced with the original TIV, namely its low ground clearance, lack offour-wheel drive, and low top speed. The TIV 2 has the ability to withstand wind speeds up to 130 mph (210 km/h) not deployed. Deployed, it can withstand a 250 mph (400 km/h) headwind. It is based on aDodgeRam 3500 that was strengthened and converted tosix-wheel drive by adding a thirdaxle.
After season two, the six-wheel drive system was modified to four-wheel drive.[citation needed] It is powered by a 6.7-literCummins turbocharged diesel engine, modified withpropane and water injection to produce 625 horsepower (466 kW). This gives TIV 2 an estimated top speed of over 100 mph (160 km/h). Its fuel capacity is 92 US Gallons (348 L), giving TIV 2 an approximate range of around 750 miles (1,210 km). The body of TIV 2 is constructed of a 1/8-inch steel skin welded over a 2 in (51 mm) square tubing steel frame. The windows in TIV 2 are all bullet-resistant 1.63 in (41 mm) interlayeredpolycarbonate sheets andtempered glass. TIV 2 also features an IMAX filming turret similar to the one on the original TIV. The original TIV's air ride suspension mechanism was not used on TIV 2 in favor of six hydraulic skirts that drop down to deflect wind over the TIV to stabilize it and protect the underside from debris. It was also not originally equipped with hydraulic spikes.[citation needed]
TIV 2 debuted on the second season ofStorm Chasers, which began airing on the Discovery Channel in October 2008. Its initial performance did not go well, as it was plagued by mechanical failures, including several broken axles, which forced Casey to abandon TIV 2 and return to chasing in the original TIV until TIV 2's issues could be resolved.[7][13] Despite Discovery Channel showing that TIV 2 was out of commission for the majority of the season, TIV 2 could be seen chasing through to the end of the season, including the May 29, 2008 Kearney, NE tornado, though it was not shown in the series.
In the fall of 2008, TIV 2 received several modifications, mostly focused on reducing the vehicle's 16,500 lb (7,500 kg) weight. To achieve this, less important areas of TIV 2's armor were converted fromsteel toaluminum while more vital areas were reinforced with supplementalcomposite armor consisting of thin layers of steel,Kevlar,polycarbonate, and rubber. In all, the weight reduction measures brought TIV 2's weight down to 14,300 lb (6,500 kg). The safety systems were also improved, with the three front wind flaps being consolidated into one skirt, and new hydraulic stabilizing spikes to further increase stability in high winds. Other modifications included additional doors that provided every seat position with an exit (wind skirts up or down), and a redesigned IMAX turret with 50% more windows. The third axle was disconnected from the drive train, thus changing TIV 2 to a 6×4 from its 6×6 design. The third axle now acts as a brace for the vehicle's weight.[7]
The TIV 2 appeared again before the halfway point of the third season ofStorm Chasers. In between seasons three and four ofStorm Chasers, TIV 2 also appeared in an episode of another Discovery Channel series,Mythbusters, wherein both the TIV 2 and theSRV Dominator vehicle operated byReed Timmer ofTornadoVideos.Net[14] were tested to determine their endurance to storm-force winds by being parked behind aBoeing 747 with the engines at full throttle. When tested at a wind speed of 160 mph (260 km/h), the TIV 2 had the driver's door pulled open, though this was due to human error, as Casey forgot to lock the door prior to the test. When tested again at 250 mph (400 km/h) (equivalent to an EF5 tornado), the TIV 2 suffered no ill effects other than the anchoring spikes being slightly bent; the Dominator ended up being blown approximately 50 feet (15 m), although it remained upright.[15] TIV 2 would intercept a tornado near La Grange, WY in 2009 which would be the intercept shot Casey needed for his IMAX film. Future chases in TIV 2 would be for b-roll footage of the TIV 2 and for his new IMAX film.
In 2011, asiren was added to the vehicle to allow the TIV 2 to act as a mobile warning system for civilians in the path of incoming tornadoes, after several incidents earlier that year where the TIV 2 team was unable to effectively warn locals of the imminent danger of the tornadoes they were tracking, especially during the2011 Super Outbreak.[16] On April 27, 2011, the TIV 2 team intercepted an EF4 tornado that hit nearEnterprise, Mississippi. While not in the path but 200 yards from it, it was the first tornado he shot with his new stereoscopic IMAX camera. Casey removed the rear flap in early 2012 and built a new set of two hydraulic spikes that go into the ground during an intercept.
On May 27, 2013, TIV 2 intercepted alarge tornado nearLebanon, Kansas. The vehicle was struck by large debris from a nearby farm and suffered damage to the roof-mountedanemometer and at least two breaches of the crew compartment when the roof hatch and one of the doors were blown open. Before the anemometer was disabled, it recorded winds of 150 to 175 mph (241 to 282 km/h), placing the tornado in theEF3 to EF4 range.[17]
On October 21, 2019, Casey listed the TIV 2 onCraigslist for US$35,000[18] and it was later sold to storm chaser Ryan Shepard.[19] The TIV 2 was fully restored and back on the road again in the 2021 storm season, where it made multiple close intercepts on June 10 in western North Dakota. It is under sponsorship of Storm of Passion and Live Storm Chasers.[20]
The Subanator is modified 2010Subaru Outback 3.6R designed to film up-close and near tornadoes. Unlike the previous Tornado Intercept Vehicles which were a fully-custom design, The Subanator is based on a stock vehicle and is not intended to go directly into thefunnel. The modifications include covering the original plastic body panels with a spray-onbedliner, swapping the windshield and both front windows for armored polycarbonate, installing a hail-guard, and lastly having four spikes in total for added stability while filming in high winds. During deployment, the front and rear spikes are lowered by a third hydraulic located in-between and once fully lowered, the spikes dig into the ground and anchor the vehicle.
On March 6, 2023, Sean Casey announced on his Instagram page that his newly purchased Subaru would be converted into a weather chasing platform with the goal being in less than 30 days.[21] He would begin to post regular updates on the progress of the vehicle with the last one being on March 26, 2023, stating that the last layer of polycarbonate had been finished. While updates directly from Sean stopped, he was regularly spotted chasing in Subanator during the 2023 & 2024 tornado season by other chasers, and it was speculated that Sean was involved in gathering footage for the filmTwisters.[22] Finally on February 13, 2025, It was officially confirmed that Sean Casey had sold Subanator to storm chaser Chad Crilley, it is still unknown if Sean will continue to storm chase or if he's forever done.[23]
Although primarily designed to shoot film from near or within tornadoes, the TIVs have at times been outfitted withmeteorological instrumentation atop masts to complement theDoppler on Wheels (DOW) radar trucks of the Center for Severe Weather Research run by atmospheric scientist and inventorJoshua Wurman.[24]