 | |
| Location | Tokyo, Japan |
|---|---|
| Motto | United by Emotion[a] |
| Nations | 162 (including theRPT[2] andRPC teams)[b] |
| Athletes | 4,403[2] |
| Events | 539 in 22sports |
| Opening | 24 August 2021 |
| Closing | 5 September 2021 |
| Opened by | |
| Closed by | |
| Cauldron | |
| Stadium | Japan National Stadium[c] |
Summer Winter 2020 Summer Olympics | |
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| Part of a series on |
| 2020 Summer Paralympics |
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The2020 Summer Paralympics (Japanese:東京2020パラリンピック競技大会,Hepburn:Tōkyō Nizeronizero Pararinpikku Kyōgi Taikai), branded as theTokyo 2020 Paralympic Games, were an internationalmulti-sportparasports event held from 24 August to 5 September 2021 inTokyo, Japan. They were the 16thSummer Paralympic Games as organized by theInternational Paralympic Committee (IPC).
Originally scheduled to take place from 25 August to 6 September 2020, both the2020 Summer Olympics and Paralympics were postponed by a year in March 2020 due to theCOVID-19 pandemic, with the rescheduled Games still referred to asTokyo 2020 for marketing and branding purposes. As with the Olympics, the Games were largely heldbehind closed doors with no outside spectators due to a state of emergency in theGreater Tokyo Area and other prefectures. The Games were the second Summer Paralympics hosted by Tokyo since1964, and the third Paralympics held in Japan overall since the1998 Winter Paralympics inNagano. Due to the postponement of the Paralympics because of the COVID-19 pandemic, it was also the first (and only) Paralympic Games to be held in an odd-numbered year and the first Summer Paralympics to be held in anon-leap year.
The Games featured 539 medal events in 22 sports, withbadminton andtaekwondo both making their Paralympic debut to replacefootball 7-a-side andsailing.China topped the medal table for the fifth consecutive Paralympics, with 96 golds and 207 total medals.Great Britain finished second for the ninth time, with 41 golds and 124 total medals. TheUnited States finished third, with 37 golds, their best finish since the2008 games, and 104 total medals. TheRussian Paralympic Committee finished fourth, with a total of 36 golds and 118 total medals, putting them in third place when ranked by total medals.
The host of the 2020 Summer Olympics would also host the 2020 Summer Paralympics, according to a 2001 agreement between the International Paralympic Committee and the International Olympic Committee. At the 125th IOC Session, Tokyo was awarded the 2020 Summer Olympics and Paralympics via a tie-breaker in the second round of voting.
Ahead of the2016 Summer Paralympics closing ceremony, Governor of TokyoYuriko Koike advocated for the city to improve itsaccessibility as a legacy project for the Games. She cited narrow roadways with no sidewalks, buildings constructed with narrow doorways, and low ceilings, as challenges that needed to be overcome. In particular, she called for a transition to underground power lines to facilitate the widening of roads.[4][5][6]
A number ofToyota e-Paletteself-driving vehicles had been adapted to provide transport to athletes in the Paralympic Games village. On 27 August, however, the use of the vehicles was suspended after one collided with an athlete[7] before all vehicles were re-used 3 days later.[8][9]
In September 2018, applications to be volunteers at the Olympic and Paralympic Games were released. By January 2019 186,101 applications had been received. Interviews to whittle the numbers down began in February 2019 and training taking place in October 2019.[10] The volunteers at the venues were known as "Field Cast" and the volunteers in the city were known as "City Cast". These names were chosen from a shortlist of four out of an original 149 pairs of names. The other shortlisted names were "Shining Blue and Shining Blue Tokyo", "Games Anchor and City Anchor" and "Games Force and City Force". The names were chosen by the people who had applied to be volunteers at the games.[11]
The designs of the medals for the 2020 Summer Paralympics were unveiled on 25 August 2019;[12] as with the Olympic medals, they are constructed using recycled metals that were obtained through anelectronics recycling programme.[13] The medals feature a design inspired by traditional foldinghand fans to symbolise the shared experience of the Paralympics; alternatingsectors containing textured areas visually andtactually depict flowers, leaves, rocks, water and wood to symbolise the geology of Japan. The pivot where the fan meets is stated to symbolise the unity of Paralympic athletes. The obverse of the medal contains an untextured version of the fan pattern, the Paralympic emblem, and inscriptions inbraille. To aid those with visual impairments, the edges and ribbons of the medals contain one, two, or three circular indentations and silicone convex dots for gold, silver, and bronze medals respectively so that they can be easily identified by touch.[14][15]
Medals used in the games
 |  |  |
| Bronze medal | Silver medal | Gold medal |
The 2020 Summer Olympics were largely heldbehind closed doors due to theCOVID-19 pandemic in Japan, and a state of emergency in Tokyo issued byPrime MinisterYoshihide Suga, though events in some regions could be held with up to 10,000 spectators or 50% capacity (whichever is smaller) if they were not subject to a state of emergency. The declaration was originally in effect from 12 July through 22 August 2021 (two days before the Paralympic opening ceremony); on 2 August, citing worsening rates of infection, Suga announced that the existing state of emergency would be extended through 31 August, and expanded to several other prefectures (including three that neighbour Tokyo).[16]
New daily cases in Tokyo reached over 4,000 by 11 August 2021; it was anticipated that no public spectators would be admitted during the Paralympics in Tokyo and other affected regions, as with the Olympics. Organizers discussed other options for some form of spectator presence, such as inviting local school students to attend events (a program which was also employed during the Olympics, and largely scaled back due to the pandemic).[17][18][19] It was later confirmed that there would be no public spectators at venues in the Tokyo,Chiba, andSaitama prefectures.[20] On 19 August, the state of emergency was extended through 12 September 2021, and expanded to includeShizuoka.[21]
On 20 August 2021, Tokyo Organizing Committee delivery officer Hidemasa Nakamura stated that the biosecurity protocols for the Paralympics had been expanded upon those from the Olympics due to the increased vulnerability to COVID-19 among its athletes, but that Tokyo was facing deteriorating hospital capacity, and that "It's a fight against time so we need to make sure that sufficient communication is taken at a speedy manner."[22]Paula Tesoriero of the New Zealand delegation stated that the Tokyo Organizing Committee and IPC had "worked tirelessly to create the safest and secure environment possible with a focus on continuing to stay vigilant".[23]
On 4 September, after four consecutive days without any new COVID-19 cases within the Paralympicbubble, the IPC commended the Tokyo Organizing Committee for their work in handling the pandemic, with a spokesperson stating that "the amount of work that has gone in behind the scenes to deliver what you have seen over the past three weeks has been phenomenal."[24]
The details of the torch relay route were announced on 21 November 2019. There was a Heritage Flame Celebration that was held inStoke Mandeville, and flame lighting festivals that took place in 43 of Japan's 47prefectures between 13 and 17 August 2020. In the second phase of the relay, another 4 rituals were performed in the 3 other prefectures that were jointly hosting the events with Tokyo between 18 and 20 August throughout the three prefectures that co-hosted Paralympic events during the run-up to the Paralympic Opening Ceremony and the last day the Tokyo Prefecture torch was lit. The flames from each of the flame lighting festivals hosted in each prefecture were brought together in Tokyo. On the night of August 21, at the front of theAkasaka Palace all the 48 flames were unified and the third and last phase of the relay began and lasted 4 days. This rote was the same used for the last legs of the2020 Summer Olympics torch relay.[25][26][27]
Aluminium was taken from temporary housing inFukushima to make the torches for the Olympic and Paralympic flames. More than 10,000 pieces of aluminium were used and organizers contacted local authorities to see which houses were no longer being used.[28]
The 2020 Summer Paralympics featured 539 events in 22 sports.Badminton andtaekwondo made their Paralympic debut in Tokyo, while classifications were added or realigned in other sports; canoe, shooting, table tennis, track cycling, and wheelchair fencing saw increases in the number of medal events held, while there were reductions in athletics and swimming.[29][30]
| 2020 Summer Paralympic Sports Programme | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
In January 2014, the IPC began accepting bids for new sports to be added to the Paralympic programme. Six sports were reported to have made bids, includingamputee football,badminton,power hockey,powerchair football, andtaekwondo. New disciplines were also proposed in existing events, including3x3 basketball (in wheelchair andID classifications), and visually impairedmatch racing and one-person multi-hull insailing.[31][32]
On 31 January 2015, the IPC officially announced that badminton and taekwondo had been added to the Paralympic programme for 2020. They replacedfootball 7-a-side and sailing, which were dropped due to an insufficient international reach.[33]
On 9 December 2019, theWorld Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) banned Russia from all international sport for a period of four years, after the Russian government was found to have tampered with lab data that it provided to WADA in January 2019 as a condition of theRussian Anti-Doping Agency being reinstated. On 26 April 2021, it was confirmed Russian athletes would represent theRussian Paralympic Committee, with the acronym 'RPC'.[34]
At least five countries withdrew from the Games due to COVID-19-related concerns, includingNorth Korea (which declined to participate in either the Olympics or Paralympics),[35] as well asKiribati,Samoa,Tonga, andVanuatu due to budgetary concerns tied toCOVID-19 travel restrictions. Absent direct flights to Japan, the four countries' athletes would have had to travel to Tokyo viaAustralia andNew Zealand as international borders to those countries for non-residents had been closed since March 2020, and would be subject to 14-day quarantine periods before their flight to Japan, and on their way back to their home countries.[36]
On 16 August 2021,Afghanistan (representing theIslamic Republic of Afghanistan) withdrew from the Games due to violence and instability in the country following theTaliban's capture of Kabul, which left their team ofZakia Khudadadi (taekwondo) andHossain Rasouli (athletics) unable to travel to Tokyo. Their national flag was still paraded during the opening ceremony as a signal of solidarity.[37][38][39] However, after a "major global operation", the two athletes were successfully evacuated to France, where they trained atINSEP in Paris before arriving in a flight with the Paris 2024 delegation in Tokyo on 28 August.[40][41] IPC presidentAndrew Parsons stated that the team would not be available to press conferences and were given special permission to skip interacting with other athletes at the village.[42] Rasouli missed the event where he was originally intended to compete, themen's 100m T47. After declining an offer to compete in the 400m event as an alternative, Rasouli accepted an extra spot in themen's long jump T47.[40][41]
The following 162 teams qualified at least one athlete. Six of them,Bhutan,Grenada,Guyana,Maldives,Paraguay, andSaint Vincent and the Grenadines, made their debut appearances at the Paralympic Games. Two of them returned to the Games after not sending delegations in 2016:Barbados (that for the first time in its history it had not classified its athletes for the Games) along withLuxembourg (who had classified athletes for the last time inBeijing 2008).
4,403athletes from 162NPCs:Ranking listed by number of athletes. As of 24 August 2021[update][2][43]
There were test events before the Olympic and Paralympic Games;[44][45] these were contested from June 2019 to June 2020 before the start of the 2020 Summer Olympics. The selected Paralympic sports wereathletics (2–3 May 2020),goalball (28–29 September 2019),paratriathlon (15–18 August 2019),powerlifting (26–27 September 2019),swimming (16 April 2020) andwheelchair rugby (12–15 March 2020). It was announced in February 2019 that test events would be under the banner "Ready, Steady, Tokyo". 22 of the 56 events would be organised by the Tokyo organising committee and the rest by national and international organisations. World Sailing's World Cup Series, held at Enoshima, was the first test event, while the last the Tokyo Challenge Track Meet in May 2020.[46]
All test events scheduled after 12 March 2020 were postponed due toCOVID-19.
* Host nation (Japan)
| Rank | NPC | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |  China | 96 | 60 | 51 | 207 |
| 2 |  Great Britain | 41 | 38 | 45 | 124 |
| 3 |  United States | 37 | 36 | 31 | 104 |
| 4 |  RPC | 36 | 33 | 49 | 118 |
| 5 |  Netherlands | 25 | 17 | 17 | 59 |
| 6 |  Ukraine | 24 | 47 | 27 | 98 |
| 7 |  Brazil | 22 | 20 | 30 | 72 |
| 8 |  Australia | 21 | 29 | 30 | 80 |
| 9 |  Italy | 14 | 29 | 26 | 69 |
| 10 |  Azerbaijan | 14 | 1 | 4 | 19 |
| 11–86 | Remaining teams | 209 | 230 | 279 | 718 |
| Totals (86 entries) | 539 | 540 | 589 | 1,668 | |
There were fivepodium sweeps, as follows:
| Date | Sport | Event | Team | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 27 August | Swimming | Men's 50 metre butterfly S5 | China | Zheng Tao | Wang Lichao | Yuan Weiyi | [48] |
| 28 August | Swimming | Women's 100m backstroke S11 | China | Cai Liwen | Wang Xinyi | Li Guizhi | [49] |
| 30 August | Swimming | Men's 50m backstroke S5 | China | Zheng Tao | Ruan Jingsong | Wang Lichao | [50] |
| 1 September | Swimming | Men's 50m freestyle S5 | China | Zheng Tao | Yuan Weiyi | Wang Lichao | [51] |
| 4 September | Athletics | Women's 100 metres T63 | Italy | Ambra Sabatini | Martina Caironi | Monica Contrafatto | [52] |
The preliminary schedule was announced on 19 October 2018.[53] The finalized schedule was released on 13 August 2019.[54][55]
The original schedule was from 25 August to 10 September 2020. To postpone the Paralympics until 2021, all events were delayed by 364 days (one day less than a full year to preserve the same days of the week), giving a new schedule of 24 August to 9 September 2021.[56]
| OC | Opening ceremony | ● | Event competitions | 1 | Gold medal events | CC | Closing ceremony |
| August/September 2021 | August | September | Events | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 24th Tue | 25th Wed | 26th Thu | 27th Fri | 28th Sat | 29th Sun | 30th Mon | 31st Tue | 1st Wed | 2nd Thu | 3rd Fri | 4th Sat | 5th Sun | |||
.svg){kind=logo} Ceremonies | OC | CC | — | ||||||||||||
.svg) Archery | ● | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 9 | ||||||
.svg) Athletics | 13 | 16 | 19 | 17 | 21 | 17 | 18 | 17 | 24 | 5 | 167 | ||||
.svg) Badminton | ● | ● | ● | 7 | 7 | 14 | |||||||||
.svg) Boccia | ● | ● | ● | ● | 4 | ● | ● | 3 | 7 | ||||||
| Cycling | _pictogram_(Paralympics).svg) Road | 19 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 51 | |||||||||
_pictogram_(Paralympics).svg) Track | 4 | 5 | 5 | 3 | |||||||||||
.svg) Equestrian (dressage) | 3 | 2 | ● | 1 | 5 | 11 | |||||||||
.svg) Football 5-a-side | ● | ● | ● | ● | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
.svg) Goalball | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | 2 | 2 | ||||
.svg) Judo | 4 | 4 | 5 | 13 | |||||||||||
.svg) Paracanoe | ● | 4 | 5 | 9 | |||||||||||
.svg) Paratriathlon | 4 | 4 | 8 | ||||||||||||
.svg) Powerlifting | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 20 | |||||||||
.svg) Rowing | ● | ● | 4 | 4 | |||||||||||
.svg) Shooting | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 13 | |||||||
.svg) Sitting volleyball | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | 1 | 1 | 2 | ||||
.svg) Swimming | 16 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 13 | 15 | 14 | 15 | 15 | 16 | 146 | ||||
.svg) Table tennis | ● | ● | ● | 5 | 8 | 8 | ● | ● | 5 | 5 | 31 | ||||
.svg) Taekwondo | 2 | 2 | 2 | 6 | |||||||||||
.svg) Wheelchair basketball | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | 1 | 1 | 2 | ||
.svg) Wheelchair fencing | 4 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 16 | |||||||||
.svg) Wheelchair rugby | ● | ● | ● | ● | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
.svg) Wheelchair tennis | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 6 | |||||
| Daily medal events | 24 | 30 | 44 | 55 | 62 | 54 | 58 | 45 | 48 | 55 | 49 | 15 | 539 | ||
| Cumulative total | 24 | 54 | 98 | 153 | 215 | 269 | 327 | 372 | 420 | 475 | 524 | 539 | |||
| August/September 2021 | 24th Tue | 25th Wed | 26th Thu | 27th Fri | 28th Sat | 29th Sun | 30th Mon | 31st Tue | 1st Wed | 2nd Thu | 3rd Fri | 4th Sat | 5th Sun | Total events | |
| August | September | ||||||||||||||
The venues for the Paralympic games as detailed on the Tokyo 2020 official website:[57]
The emblems of the 2020 Olympics and Paralympics were unveiled on 25 April 2016. The Paralympic emblem features ahand fan in a circle form, filled with an indigo-colored checkerboard pattern. The design is meant to "express a refined elegance and sophistication that exemplifies Japan".[59] The designs replaced a previous emblem which had been scrapped due to allegations that itplagiarized the logo of theThéâtre de Liège in Belgium.[60][61]
The shortlist of mascots for the Tokyo Games was unveiled on 7 December 2017 and the winning entry was announced on 28 February 2018. Candidate pair A, created by Ryo Taniguchi, received the most votes (109,041) and was declared the winner, defeating Kana Yano's pair B (61,423 votes) and Sanae Akimoto's pair C (35,291 votes). Someity is a figure with pink chequered patterns inspired by the Games' official logo, as well as cherry blossom flowers. It is calm but powerful, nature-loving, and it can speak to wind. Both Miraitowa and Someity were named by theOrganising Committee on 22 July 2018.[62]
Japanese public broadcasterNHK commissioned a series ofanime shorts in conjunction with the Games,Animation x Paralympic: Who Is Your Hero? Each short featured a different Paralympic sport, and was produced in collaboration with well-known creators of anime andmanga, sometimes featuring crossovers with popular series or with real-life athletes.[63][64]
The International Paralympic Committee anticipated that the 2020 Summer Paralympics would be seen by a global audience of at least 4.25 billion viewers, an increase over the estimated 4.1 billion of the 2016 Games.[65]Olympic Broadcasting Services (OBS) provided live broadcasts for 19 of the 22 sports, an increase from 16 in Rio.[66] Japanese broadcaster NHK aired coverage of selected events in8K.[67][68] In markets without and with a dedicated rightsholder, the IPC streamed the Games on itsYouTube,Twitter andFacebook pages.[69]
In the United Kingdom, these were third Summer Paralympics to be broadcast byChannel 4, which planned to air at least 300 hours of coverage on free-to-air TV (withMore4 dedicated primarily to team events), 1,200 hours of coverage viastreaming, as well as a highlights program andThe Last Leg nightly. The broadcaster launched a trailer directed byBradford Young entitled "Super. Human." in mid-July 2021, which aimed to focus on the "realities" of the lives of Paralympic athletes, and "the sacrifices they make in pursuit of greatness".[70][71][72]
In theUnited States,NBCUniversal aired 1,200 hours of coverage onPeacock,NBCSN, andOlympic Channel, whileNBC broadcast five highlights programs over the course of the Games and afterward (with three airing inprimetime), which "[showcased] the incredible backstories of the athletes and teams competing in Tokyo".[73]
Canadian media rights was once again led by theCBC, with 120 hours of television coverage, along with broadcasts bySportsnet andAMI-tv.[74]
InAustralia, theSeven Network offered one free-to-air channel broadcast via either theirChannel 7 or7mate channels and up to 16 free streaming channels via the online7plus service.[75]
In New Zealand, the Games were broadcast byTVNZ Duke.TVNZ faced criticism for the scale of its coverage, including a lack of streaming coverage, and the TVNZ broadcast and OBS world feed missing coverage of events involving local athletes. On 2 September, citing the criticism, TVNZ announced that it would waive thegeoblocking for the IPC's official streams on YouTube.[69]
In India,Eurosport India andDiscovery+ debuted as a new local rightsholder, focusing on coverage of events involving Indian athletes.[76]
For the first time in Chile, the Paralympics were broadcast onTVN.[77]
In Brazil, the Tokyo 2020 Paralympic Games were broadcast onGrupo Globo platformsSportv,Globoplay and for the first time some events was broadcast live onRede Globo free-to-air channel at late nights and early mornings. The games were sublicensed to a public broadcasters consortium led byTV Brasil andTV Cultura.[78][79]
In Malaysia, the Tokyo 2020 Paralympic Games were broadcast onAstro Arena HD channel 801.[80]
In Singapore, selected live events were telecast onMediacorp Channel 5 while the rest of the coverage was streamed onmeWATCH. Selected highlights also appeared on the Mediacorp Entertainment YouTube channel.[81]
In the Philippines, the Tokyo 2020 Paralympic Games were broadcast on cable channelTAP Sports and was streamed online onTAP Go.[82]
Tokyo governorYuriko Koike pressed ahead for students to be allowed to attend the Paralympics with the Paralympic organizing committee in Tokyo arguing "it's important to have students view athletes with disabilities" for their education on disability. This has been remarked on due to their being a state of emergency in Tokyo concerning the illness.[83]Chiba Prefecture later dropped from the program due to two teachers being found to have COVID-19 infections.[84]
The reigning judo paralympic champion from Georgia,Zviad Gogotchuri, was arrested after assaulting a security guard at a Tokyo hotel on 16 August 2021.[85] The visually impairedjudoka fromGeorgia was later ejected from the games.[86]
Japan'sAramitsu Kitazono was scheduled to compete in the round of 16 events of themen's 81 kg category. However, he was forced to withdraw at the last minute, two days before his scheduled event after sustaining injuries to his head and legs during an incident that happened on 26 August 2021 at theParalympics Village.[87] It was revealed Aramitsu was hit by aToyota e-Palette driverless vehicle, which was under manual control by an operator, when he was walking on thepedestrian crossing.[88] His opponentDmytro Solovey of Ukraine automatically qualified to the quarterfinals as a result of Aramitsu's late withdrawal.
Malaysianshot putter (F20 class),Muhammad Ziyad Zolkefli, arrived three minutes late for the event but was cleared to compete.[89] In this event on 31 August 2021, he originally won the gold medal in themen's shot put F20 event, thus defending his title in Rio 2016 and breaking a new world record. However, after the event had finished, his gold was stripped after a protest from the Ukrainian delegation, citing that Ziyad came late to the call room. Other than Ziyad, AustralianTodd Hodgets and Ecuadorian Jordi Villalba were also disqualified from the event for 'Failure to Report to the Call Room'.[90][91]
Later, Malaysian Youth and Sports Minister,Ahmad Faizal Azumu issued a statement via his Twitter account, stating that the National Paralympic Committees of Malaysia, Australia, and Ecuador has made a joint-counter protest to opposing the protest made by the Ukrainian delegation.
However, the appeal from three NPC's has been rejected, and UkrainianMaksym Koval remains as the gold medal winner.[92]
After the events, some social media accounts from Ukraine were spammed by hateful comments from Malaysians, including Ukrainian presidentVolodymyr Zelensky's Instagram account. Koval's Instagram account was also hacked by Malaysian cyber troopers due to the result.[93] This action caused the official Facebook account of the Ukrainian Embassy in Malaysia to be deactivated, and the Embassy's official Twitter account set to private.[citation needed]
Forty officers fromYamanashi Prefectural Police [ja], who were tasked to support local police at venues and to control traffic during the Games, were removed from duty byTokyo Metropolitan Police Department (TMPD) and sent home following numerous incidents. This included visiting brothels, drinking in their dormitories (which is against regulations) and in bars surroundingKinshichō Station,Sumida, which then descended into drunken brawls with civilian bystanders. That latter incident led the TMPD to intervene, which led to the officers being caught.[94]
Entering in order of the host nations language, some of the 4,403 athletes from 162 National Paralympic Committees, including the Paralympic Refugee Team, were welcomed into the stadium
under the International Olympic Committee's (IOC) rules, they're prohibited from displays of national representation in any form.
The opening ceremony featured the national flags of the 162 delegations represented, which included the refugee team.
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