This article presents atimeline of events in the history of 16-bitx86DOS-familydisk operating systems from 1980 to present.Non-x86 operating systems named "DOS" are not part of the scope of this timeline.
Also presented is a timeline of events in the history of the 8-bit8080-based and 16-bit x86-basedCP/M operating systems from 1974 to 2014, as well as the hardware and software developments from 1973 to 1995 which formed the foundation for the initial version and subsequent enhanced versions of these operating systems.
| Microsoft:86-DOS,MS-DOS |
| IBM:PC DOS |
| Digital Research:CP/M,DR-DOS |
| Compaq MS-DOS |
| FreeDOS, GNU/DOS |
| Other |
DOS releases have been in the forms of:
| 1973 | Some 200Intel customers have used theMCS-4 andMCS-8microcomputerchip sets introduced in 1971 and 1972 in more than 60 applications, including:point-of-sale terminals; typewriter-sized general-purpose data processing machines that tabulate accounts, type invoices, and write checks and personalized form letters;process controllers for automatic bottle-loading machines; and a front-end processor in a dial-up communications controller. Microcomputers are increasingly used in systems too small or slow to warrant use ofminicomputers. Intel's support for system-building includesSIM4-01 andSIM8-01 prototyping boards that form functioning micro computers,programmable read-only memory (PROM) programmers, and a PROM-based assembler.[1] Intel introduces the 2048-bit (256-byte) erasable 1702AEPROM chip. It can be programmed in two minutes using Intel'spunched paper tape-actuated programmer, and erased as often as needed by shining anultraviolet light through a transparent quartz cap on the package.[2] Intel claims its first two microcomputers command about 99% of the market whichFairchild Semiconductor,National Semiconductor andRockwell International have joined.[3] | |
| IBM introduces the IBM 3740 data entry system. It uses IBM's first read/writediskette, a single-sided 8-inch-diameter "memory disk"—a new recording medium to replacepunched cards.[4] Each diskette can hold as much data as 3,000 standard 80-column punched cards.[5]See also:History of the floppy disk | ||
| TheIntel 8008-basedMicral N, the firstpersonal computer using amicroprocessor, is offered for sale.[6][7] The8-bit 8008 has a 14-bitaddress bus that canaddress 214 (16,384) memory locations, or 16 KB of memory.[8] | ||
| IBM introducesWinchesterhard disk drive technology with theIBM 3340direct access storage device for use on theirSystem/370mainframes.[9]See also:History of hard disk drives | ||
| Gary Kildall, aNaval Postgraduate School instructor andconsultant toIntel, writesPL/M for the 8008, the firstprogramming language and firstcompiler specifically for microprocessors. It's across compiler written inANSI standardFortran IV so it will run on most computers, including aPDP-10. However, the 8008's seven-levelsubroutinecall stack is too small to support a self-hosted compiler.[10][11] Kildall also wrote an 8008simulator in Fortran IV.[8] | ||
| At the JuneNational Computer Conference in theNew York Coliseum, Intel introduces two microcomputers, theIntellec 4 (4004) and 8 (8008). The Intellecs haveresident monitors stored inROMs.[12] The Intellec 8 supported aTeletype operating at 110baud, a high speed punched tape reader[13] and aCRTterminal at 1200 baud.[14] | ||
| In July, Intel debuts its model 2107 4,096-bit (4-kilobit)n-MOS RAM, which competes with 4kb RAMs fromTI,Mostek andMicrosystems International. It's slow compared with 1kb RAMs such as thep-MOS1103 and the n-MOS 2105. Nearly all new computers, regardless of size, now come with asemiconductor memory or a choice between semiconductors andcores.[15][16] | ||
| On a summer job atVancouver, Washington working forTRW, a contractor for theBonneville Power Administration, in his spare timePaul Allen adapts the PDP-10Macro Assembler andDDT debugger to create an 8008 simulator that letsBill Gates develop code for their 8008-basedTraf-O-Data computer built by Paul Gilbert. Allen had previously tried, without success, writing the simulator on theIBM System/360 atWashington State University, where he was studyingcomputer science.[17] | ||
| 1974 | Intel releases the 8-bit8080 (cost $360, compared to the dominant and far more powerful IBM System/360's millions), which has a 16-bit address bus that can address 216 (65,536) memory locations, or 64 KB of memory. The 8080's enhanced stack makes self-hosted high level language development feasible.[18] | |
| Information Terminals Corporation (ITC) introduces the first two-sided, double-capacity floppy disk—the model FF34-2000flippy disk, compatible with IBM's 8-inch disk.[19][20] | ||
| Lacking an affordable reader for 16-channel paper tapes, the Traf-O-Data partners turn to a local inventor. At a demo for theKing County Engineering Department, their contraption malfunctioned, prompting Gates to bite the bullet and spend about $3,400 for the more reliable Enviro-Labs GS-311 tape reader.[17][21] | ||
| Kildall writesCP/M, a simple "Control Program/Monitor" for an Intel 8080-based Intellec 8,[22] to test out his updated PL/M compiler for the 8080. CP/M, written in PL/M, was finished months before the hardware to run it on was completed, by using a PDP-10 to simulate the 8080. CP/M runs in approximately 31⁄2kilobytes (KB) ofmemory.[23] Convinced thatmagnetic-disk storage would make the Intellec 8 more efficient, Kildall interfaced the computer with an 8-inchShugart Associatesfloppy disk drive using a custom builtfloppy disk controller. Kildall's friend John Torode developed the controllerhardware while Kildall worked on thedisk operating systemsoftware.[24] Believing, along with Intel's designers, that the microprocessor would runembedded systems such asdigital watches, they market their hardware and software together—not as a microcomputer, but as a development system, used for programming Intel 1602A PROM or erasable 1702A EPROM chips which are plugged into a socket on the Intellec 8'sfront panel.[25][26][27] | ||
| 1975 | TheMicro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems (MITS)Altair 8800 is introduced, sparking themicrocomputer revolution. Gates and Allen foundMicrosoft based onAltair BASIC, which they co-developed withMonte Davidoff and for the first 11⁄2 years primarily distributed on paper tape. MITS later distributes BASIC oncassette tape, supported by the Altair 88-ACR (Audio Cassette Recorder) interfaceboards.[28][29] Cassettes were popular for another 11⁄2 years, before floppy disks took over.[30] The Altair'sS-100 bus eventually becomes the firstde facto standard microcomputerexpansion bus, as by April 1980 there were probably over 200,000 installed S-100 systems, more thanTRS-80,PET andApple II systems.[31] | |
| Kildall and Torode sell their first two machines and aword processor for newspaper editing toOmron, a small San Francisco computer terminal subsidiary of a Japanese electronics firm, splitting $25,000. Omron was the first company to license CP/M, for theirintelligent terminal.[25][32] CP/M also monitored programs in theLawrence Livermore National LaboratoryOctopus network.[33] | ||
| TheIBM 5100Portable Computer, the first portable computer, is introduced.Mass storage is provided byquarter-inch cartridge (QIC)magnetic tape drives.[34]: 12 | ||
| In December,IMS Associates, Inc. ships their first fiftyIMSAI 8080 kits.[35] They market theirclone of the Altair 8800 as a "commercial grade" microcomputer system.[36] | ||
| 1975 market shares for low-cost data recording devices, according to a Venture Development Corp. study: Cassettes 73%, Floppies 22%, Cartridges 5%. The cassette was expected to retain its leadership position through 1980.[37] | ||
| 1976 | IBM introduces more hardware components for its 3600 finance communication system, including the firstdouble-sided (dualhead) floppy drive.[38] ITC adjusts Flippy (now a registeredtrademark) production to accommodate the new drive.[39] | |
| IMSAI ships a lot of disk subsystems, promising that anoperating system (OS) would follow;[33][40] Kildall adapts CP/M to the IMSAI hardware, rewriting the parts that manage devices like diskette controllers and CRTs. Having adapted CP/M for four different controllers, and somewhat reluctant to adapt it to yet another, Kildall designs a general interface, which he calls theBIOS (Basic Input/Output System), that a goodprogrammer could change on the spot for their hardware,[32][33] e.g. Rob Barnaby for the IMSAI VDP-80 in 1977.[35] This approach would be reinvented years later as the "hardware abstraction layer." Kildall foundsDigital Research and releases CP/M version 1.3 as a commercial product, at $70 per copy. His wife sends diskettes to customers responding to an ad they ran inDr. Dobb's Journal, whose editorJim Warren advocated sale of CP/M to the general public. An ad runs in the DecemberByte as well.[41] Demand for the diskettes was slow at first.[23][24][32] | ||
| Shugart introduces the (single-sided)minifloppy, the first 51⁄4-inch floppy drive.[42] | ||
| 1977 | Torode's Digital Systems runs an ad inByte for its Altair/IMSAI (S-100) bus floppy disk system.[43] | |
| IMSAI marketing directorSeymour I. Rubinstein paid Kildall $25,000 for the right to run CP/M version 1.3, which eventually evolved intoIMDOS, on IMSAI 8080 computers.[33][44] Other manufacturers follow and CP/M eventually becomes thede facto standard 8-bit operating system. | ||
| Tandon Magnetics files apatent for its double-sidedferritedisk read-and-write heads, which improved on IBM's design by employing a fixedtransducer on one side and a movable transducer on the other side, and offered its Series 200 heads toOEMs.[45][46] Eventually IBM, Shugart and other manufacturers became licensees of Tandon's patent.[47][48] Later, Shugart introduces their double-sided, double-headed,double density minifloppy drive.[49] | ||
| 1978 | Intel releases the16-bitIntel 8086 microprocessor, which has a 20-bit address bus that can address 220 (1,048,576) memory locations, or one megabyte ofsegmented memory.[50]: 111 | |
| CP/M version 1.4, now priced at $100, is released.[51][10] | ||
| IEEE proposes an S-100 standard, introducing a 16-bitdata bus to the S-100.[52] | ||
| Rubinstein founds MicroPro International. ItsWordStar word processor application would become ade facto standard. | ||
| 1979 | January | Seattle Computer Products'Tim Paterson finishes the design of his first 8086CPU card for the S-100 bus.[24] |
| May | Paterson, with his working two-card prototype boardset installed in aCromemco Z-2 box, drives to Microsoft to try it with Microsoft'sStandalone Disk BASIC-86—a version of BASIC with a rudimentary built-in operating system—whichBob O'Rear developed for the 8086 by simulating the 8086 chip on aDEC computer. After eliminating a few minor bugs, Microsoft had a working 8086 BASIC.[17][44] | |
| Kildall confirms toTheIntelligent Machines Journal that he is working on CP/M 2.0, for both 8080- and 8086-based systems.[53] | ||
| June | Microsoft and Paterson attend the National Computer Conference in New York City to show Microsoft's 8086 BASIC running on Seattle Computer's system, sharingLifeboat Associates' ten-by-ten-foot booth. At that meeting, Paterson is introduced to Microsoft'sMDOS operating system (later renamed to MIDAS), which used a variant of Standalone BASIC's 8-bitFile Allocation Table (FAT)file system.[17][24][44][54] | |
| July | Intel releases theIntel 8088 microprocessor, a lower cost variant of the 8086 which has an 8-bit external data bus instead of the 16-bit bus of the 8086 (the 16-bitregisters and one megabyteaddress space were unchanged). To the programmer, the 8086 and 8088instruction sets are identical, except for execution speed.[55] The 8088 uses lower cost 8-bitRAM.[56] | |
| November | Seattle Computer Products ships its first 8086 card. Standalone Microsoft BASIC is the only major software product that runs on it.[17][57] | |
| Onyx Systems and Intelligent Business Machines Corp. announce that CP/M 2.0 is available for their systems.[58] | ||
| 1980 | January | Omnix, advertised as a CP/M-compatibleUnix-like operating system forZ80-based microcomputers, is released byYourdon. It reportedly took over 50 KB of memory by itself and required some sort ofbank-switching or extended address scheme to run any programs. Yourdon later withdrew the product due to software bugs.[59][60][61][62][63] |
| March | CP/M 2.1 is released, fixing bugs in version 2.0.MP/M, themultitasking,multi-user version of CP/M, is just a "shell" that fits around CP/M 2.1.[61] | |
| 1980 | April | Paterson begins writing an operating system for use with Seattle Computer Products' 8086-based computer, due to delays by Digital Research in releasing an operating system for the 8086 and 8088, and concerns about CP/M's shortcomings.[57] |
| Microsoft introduces theZ-80 SoftCard, which lets Apple users run CP/M.[64] | ||
| June | Shugart Technology releases theST-506, the first 51⁄4-inch Winchester disk drive—price: $1,500.[65] | |
| July | IBM first contacts Microsoft to look the company over. Their secretProject Chess needs bothprogramming languages and an operating system. | |
| August | Paterson's operating system, which he callsQDOS 0.10 ("Quick and Dirty Operating System"), ships.[57] It's crammed into 6 KB of code.[21] Seattle Computer Products runs an ad inByte marketing it as86-DOS for $95.[66] Seattle Computer contacts Microsoft about adapting Microsoft BASIC for the new operating system, proposing a cross-licensing arrangement.[17] | |
| Microsoft announcesXenix, a port ofVersion 7 Unix tox86 computers, saying that it will prevent a 16-bit software crisis. Xenix will also be available for thePDP-11 as early as October;Motorola 68000 andZilog Z8000 versions are also coming. Interest in Unix as "the next CP/M" resulted in the creation of several Unix-like operating systems, including an Onyx Systems version for the Z8000.[62][67][68] | ||
| September | Allen negotiates an agreement with Seattle Computer for a non-exclusivesublicense for 86-DOS to an unnamedOEM customer for $25,000. All that was left was to translate the terms into a formal contract within 60 days.[17] | |
| October | Digital Research announcesCP/M-86 for Intel 8086/8088 microcomputers. The file format of CP/M, Release 2, was retained for compatibility.[69] | |
| November | IBM signs a contract to licensePascal,COBOL,FORTRAN andBASIC compilers, a BASICinterpreter and an operating system forProject Chess from Microsoft.[17] | |
| December | Seattle Computer releases86-DOS 0.3.[57] | |
| 1981 | January | Microsoft and Seattle Computer formally sign their agreement. Exhibit "A" of the agreement detailed extended 86-DOS features to be developed by Seattle Computer, including "Directory expanded to include date."[44][70] |
| Digital Research ships CP/M-86 on January 23.[32][71] Like CP/M, CP/M-86 consists of three major modules: the BIOS, BDOS (Basic Disk Operating System) supporting 60system calls and the CCP (Console Command Processor). New system calls are mainly for the newmemory allocation scheme that CP/M-86 uses. Intel's PL/M-86 was used to generate CP/M-86, which is basically the same as the 8-bit version, with the addition of file system enhancements as well as memory management.[72][73] | ||
| February | O'Rear gets 86-DOS to run on IBM's prototype computer. 86-DOS had to be converted from 8-inch to 51⁄4-inch floppy disks and integrated with the BIOS, which Microsoft was helping IBM to write.[24] An Intellec ICE-88in-circuit emulator expedited thedebugging.[21][74] | |
| April | Paterson finishes, and Seattle Computer releases,86-DOS 1.0[57][75] – presumably completing the requirements specified in Exhibit "A" of the Microsoft agreement. | |
| May | Paterson leaves Seattle Computer Products for Microsoft and joins O'Rear to help finish adapting 86-DOS to IBM's prototype hardware.[44] | |
| June | Lifeboat Associates, the leading independent distributor of CP/M and CP/M software, offers Seattle Computer Products $200,000[17] or $250,000[44] for 86-DOS, to make it Lifeboat's 16-bit standard. | |
| July | Kildall, angry after seeing theAPI for IBM's secret computer, that IBM had let selected programmers have, meets with IBM and agrees not to sue IBM for CP/M copyright infringement; IBM agrees to market CP/M-86 alongside DOS, but could not agree to set a price—according to Kildall's attorney, "They told us they feared it would be a violation ofantitrust laws." Immediately afterwards, IBM sent their prototype machine to Kildall so that CP/M-86 could be installed. Digital Research hired consultantAndy Johnson-Laird to customize CP/M-86 for IBM's computer, and Johnson-Laird quickly discovered O'Rear's name in theboot sector of IBM's floppy. Johnson-Laird said that Kildall "went ashen" when he saw that.[32][76][77][78][79] | |
| On July 27, Microsoft buys all rights to 86-DOS from Seattle Computer Products, initially for a further $50,000 and favorable licenses back from Microsoft.[57][80] Aftersettling a 1986 SCP lawsuit, the total cost to Microsoft was $1 million. | ||
| 1981 | August | Microsoft delivers its adapted86-DOS 1.14 to IBM. The product includes three major modules: the BIOS initialization module SYSINIT, thekernel (IBMDOS.COM), including theDOS API, and theshell (COMMAND.COM) supporting internalcommandsCOPY,DIR, ERASE,RENAME andTYPE, plus Paterson'sEDLINline editor andDEBUGdebugger,linker LINK.EXE and a few external commands:FORMAT,CHKDSK,SYS,BASIC, BASICA,DATE andTIME (the latter two added on IBM's request).[44] This product was later calledMS-DOS 1.0 by Microsoft. Similar in many ways to CP/M, it consisted of 4000 lines ofassembly language source code and ran in 8 KB of memory.[24] |
IBM announces theIBM Personal Computer (PC), model number 5150, featuring:
IBM combined SYSINIT with its customized ROM-BIOS interface code to create the BIOS extensionsfileIBMBIO.COM, the DOS-BIOS which deals withinput/output handling, ordevice handling, and added a few external commands of their own:COMP,DISKCOMP,DISKCOPY, andMODE (configureprinter) to finish their product. The 160 KB DOS diskette also included 23 sample BASICprograms demonstrating the abilities of the PC, including the gameDONKEY.BAS. The twosystem files, IBMBIO.COM and IBMDOS.COM, arehidden. The first sector of DOS-formatted diskettes is theboot record. Two copies of the File Allocation Table occupy the two sectors which follow the boot record. Sectors four through seven hold theroot directory. The remaining 313 sectors (160,256 bytes) store the data contents of files. Disk space is allocated inclusters, which are one-sector in length. Because an 8-bit FAT can't support over 300 clusters, Paterson implemented a new 12-bit FAT, which would be calledFAT12.[D] DOS 1.0 diskettes have up to 64 32-byte directory entries, holding the 8-bytefilename, 3-bytefilename extension, 1-bytefile attribute (with a hidden bit, system bit and six undefined bits), 12 bytes reserved for future use, 2-byte last modified date, 2-byte starting cluster number and 4-bytefile size. The two standard formats for program files areCOM andEXE; aProgram Segment Prefix is built when they are loaded into memory. The third kind of command processing file is thebatch file.AUTOEXEC.BAT is checked for, and executed by COMMAND.COM at start-up.[83] Special batch file commands arePAUSE andREM. I/O is madedevice independent by treatingperipherals as if they were files. Whenever thereserved filenamesCON: (console),PRN: (printer), orAUX: (auxiliaryserial port) appear in theFile Control Block of a file named in a command, all operations are directed to the device.[24] Thevideo controller, floppy disk controller, further memory, serial andparallel ports are added via up to five 8-bitISAexpansion cards. Delivery of the computer is scheduled for October.[86] | ||
| 1981 | October | AnInfoWorld article asks, "Which Operating System Will Prevail?". Potential software developers must decide whether DOS or CP/M-86 will become the IBM PC standard. Rubinstein asserted that CP/M would be the winner. Nevertheless, MicroPro has made sure that WordStar will be available for both.[87] |
| Lifeboat Associates, having lost its bid for rights to 86-DOS, announced that it will market Microsoft's MS-DOS under the name Software Bus-86 (SB-86).[17][88] Their line of trademarkedSoftware Bus products included SB-80, Lifeboat's version of CP/M.[24] | ||
| November | Many of the approximately 50,000 attendees of the Northeast Computer Show in Boston keep IBM's booth packed with people interested in the new IBM Personal Computer and theDatamaster.[89] A two-page IBM ad inInfoWorld features a picture of thecomponents of the PC and invites readers to write to IBM's Personal Computer Software department who will consider programs submitted by outside programmers for publishing by IBM.[87][90] | |
| Microsoft signs its first major DOS deal atCOMDEX, withChuck Peddle's new startup companySirius Systems Technology, whose Victor 9000 was among the first of many 16-bit computers similar to and better than the IBM PC—but incompatible with it. Earlier, Microsoft signed its first DOS customer, Cleveland'sTecmar, but they put their 8086 machine on the back burner when they became a major player in the PC peripherals business.[17][91][92] | ||
| December | Digital Research releasesMP/M 2.0 andMP/M-86multi-user or concurrent single-user multiprogramming monitor control programs (operating systems) which supportmultiterminal access withmultiprogramming at each terminal.[23][93] Kildall toldInfoWorld that it took Digital Research three months to develop CP/M-86, while MP/M-86 (suggested retail $500) took four-man-years (two actual years). Solving the problem of concurrency, among other things, accounted for the extra MP/M-86 development time. In concurrent systems, several functions, organized by the operating system, run simultaneously, using different files. These functions operate in the background, ormultiground if there is more than one function operating. While this is happening, the user works on another task using the terminal screen, i.e., theforeground. The minimum system memory requirement for MP/M-86 is 128 KB.[94] | |
| A Seattle Computer ad inInfoWorld offers an 8086 system with 86-DOS under its new name MS-DOS, noting that MS-DOS is "also called 86-DOS, IBM PC-DOS, Lifeboat SB-86".[95] Seattle Computer was the first company to offer the product under the MS-DOS name.[17] | ||
| 1982 | January | TheU.S. Justice Department drops its 13-year case against IBM, that had sought to break up the firm that has dominated the computer industry, saying the suit was "without merit and should be dismissed." Government lawyers said the case was outdated because IBM no longer enjoyed a virtual monopoly in the computer industry.[96]Time called it "the case of the century" in 1979, in the midst of a five-year trial in which the defense eventually called 856 witnesses.[97] |
| Corvus Systems released interfaces to make its line of Winchester disk drive systems andlocal area network (LAN) fully hardware- and software-compatible with the IBM PC. Corvus offers storage capacities of 5, 10 and 20 MB on 51⁄4-in. and 8-in. Winchester disk systems. Prices range from $3,750 to 6,450.[98] The Corvus Omninet local network scheme can spread the cost of a hard disk drive among several users.[99] Omninet, which usestwisted pair cabling, is billed as a low-cost alternative to more costlycoaxial-based networks such asEthernet.[100] | ||
| March | Paterson finishes work on the first DOS upgrade, quits Microsoft and returns to work for Seattle Computer.[44] | |
| April | At a recent meeting of theHomebrew Computer Club, members learned about Intel's just-announcediAPX 286 superchip. Digital Research is producing an operating system for the 286. MP/M-286 will exploit the processor'smemory management and protection. Intel is supplying Digital Research with the hardware to develop and test MP/M-286. Intel's marketing manager also spoke briefly of the plannediAPX 432, Intel's next major processor.[101] | |
| On April 5,IBM releases CP/M-86 (price: $240) as the third operating system it is offering for the IBM PC, after a delay for functional, usability and performance testing (when first loaded out of the box, it displays the date 2/10/82, perhaps suggesting when it was finished). For about six months PC DOS was the only operating system available for the PC. Recently, IBM also released the UCSD p-System. Existing CP/M-86 programs running on other computers must be converted to run on the IBM PC.[102] Partly because CP/M-86 was priced six times higher than PC DOS (price: $40), it fails to challenge PC DOS as the 16-bit industry standard.[103][104] 96 percent of the early PC owners chose DOS over CP/M or the p-System.[105] | ||
| Digital Research announcesConcurrent CP/M-86, aka Concurrent CP/M, a new CP/M-86-compatible single-usermultitasking operating system. Concurrent CP/M allows users to go from one screen to another at the push of a key and programs to directly address up to 1 MB of memory. The first implementation will be on theIBM Displaywriter. The Concurrent CP/M project was an offshoot of MP/M development, and the two programs share a lot in common, including areal-timenucleus that is the essential element in the system that allows programs to run simultaneously. The enthusiastic introduction of Concurrent CP/M is clear evidence that Kildall is betting on a future with powerful personal computers, not multi-user systems linking dumb terminals to a central processor.[106] | ||
| Microsoft runs an ad inInfoWorld promoting MS-DOS to OEMs.[107] | ||
| 1982 | May | Rodent Associates announced its incorporation as anoptical mouse engineering firm. Themouse is called aFitts's lawpointing device byhuman factors researchers, meaning that it points as well as the human finger.[108] |
| TheContext MBA, the firstintegrated software package, ships. It combinesfinancial modeling, graphics,relational database management andword processing in one program.[109][110] | ||
| IBM releases an upgraded PC withIBM PC DOS 1.1 which supports its Tandon TM100-2 320 KB (327,680 bytes)double-sided, double-density floppy disk drive. The double-sided directory increased from four to seven sectors, allowing up to 112 directory entries, leaving 630 sectors, i.e. 315 clusters (322,560 bytes) for data (cluster size doubled to two sectors). The 2-byte last modified time was inserted at the end of the directory's reservedfield, reducing the reserved field to 10 bytes.[83]Timestamping on files is useful for incremental backup with the Corvus hard disk. Based on MS-DOS 1.24[57] as of March 1982, PC DOS 1.1 still ships on a 160 KB diskette. TheDEL command is added as a synonymous name for the ERASE command andREN is an abbreviated name for RENAME. DATE and TIME become internal commands. TheEXE2BIN command is added and MODE is enhanced to configure serial ports and redirect printing to a serial port. A "P" MODE option causes continuous retries when a device is not ready, by making a portion of MODEpermanently resident in memory.[24] BIOS modifications permit DOS to recognize whether a disk is single or double sided. IBM also released the Microsoft BASIC compiler. All five Microsoft languages are now available—FORTRAN released in December, and COBOL last month. Also available isMicrosoft's Macro Assembler. A typical PC with 320 KB of disk storage, keyboard, printer, monochrome display and MDA costs $3695.[111][112][113][114] | ||
| June | Microsoft releases MS-DOS 1.25 (equivalent to PC DOS 1.1; system files areIO.SYS andMSDOS.SYS;GW-BASIC is an entirely disk-based substitute for BASICA).[115]Columbia Data Products introduces the MPC, the firstPC clone—which runs MS-DOS 1.25—soon followed by others includingEagle Computer. These machines were not 100% IBM PC compatible. Satisfying "near-compatible" OEM requests for IBM compatibility proved difficult, and not until version 3.1 was Microsoft able to supply a system that other OEMs agreed was identical with IBM's.[24] | |
| Peter Norton, a pioneer in the DOS-basedutility software industry, advertises his utilities in the third issue ofPC Magazine.[116] Norton sells programs providingdisk editor functionality and anUNERASE program which solved "a common problem to which there was no readily available solution."[117] Microsoft would not provide a solution until version 5.0 of MS-DOS, and over a decade would pass beforeWindows 95'sRecycle Bin appeared. Initially the programs were sold separately, but by October Norton offered them as a package called TheNorton Utilities.[118] Earlier, an UNERASE program to restore files accidentally deleted by CP/M's ERAse command was marketed for CP/M-based systems by MicroDaSys.[119] | ||
| 1982 | August | IBM introduces a new 64 KB memory-expansion card, expandable to 256 KB by adding three 64 KB RAM module kits. Two fully loaded expansion cards added 512 KB (cost $2150) to the main board's 64 KB, giving the PC 576 KB of memory.[120] |
| The MDA-compatibleHercules Graphics Card is introduced.[121] It added a 720×348 monochrome graphics mode, adequate for drawingbar graphs,pie charts, and otherbusiness graphics. Most DOS software packages would support it as ade factodisplay standard, but DOS provided no graphics support, so every program manipulated the board'sregisters andvideo memory directly via special drivers.[122] Color graphics are not considered important for business computing, and computers featuring color graphics (e.g.,Apple II,TRS-80 Color Computer andCommodore 64) are largely viewed ashome computers.[123] | ||
| September | Zenith releases theZ-100. Zenith calls its MS-DOS variantZ-DOS.[24][124][125][126] | |
| October | Mouse Systems' optical mouse, wired to aSunworkstation and anAtari 400 runningMissile Command, attracts many observers at the Mini/Micro 82 conference inAnaheim, attended by over 10,000 people—and wins a "best new product" award. Interface cards for the IBM PC will be available when the mouse is released in January.[127] | |
| November | VisiCorp, the top personal computer software firm (built by itsVisiCalc spreadsheet for the Apple II), demonstrates itsVisi Ongraphical user interface-basedoperating environment, orwindowing applications manager, at COMDEX. It had been in secret development for two years, and the demo was a loud wakeup call to Bill Gates.[17][128] | |
| Also at COMDEX,Compaq announces the first IBM PC compatible portable computer, theCompaq Portable. Compaq achieved compatibility legally byreverse engineering throughclean room design. The Compaq Portable has a CGA-compatible display adapter which shows its text mode characters with MDA-resolution, effectively combining the virtues of the CGA and the MDA.[129] Its operating system was called Compaq-DOS, adding to the confusing host of names for MS-DOS. Microsoft finally insisted that their operating system be called MS-DOS, and eventually everyone but IBM complied.[24] A June 1983PC Magazine product review said "the Compaq comes with Microsoft's MS-DOS 1.1 operating system, which is almost identical to PC-DOS 1.1."[130] | ||
| 1983 | January | Lotus Development Corp. releasesLotus 1-2-3, which would become the IBM PC's first "killer application", making the PC as VisiCalc made the Apple II and WordStar made the CP/M machines. It was programmed entirely in assembly language and bypassed the slower DOS screen input/outputfunctions in favor of writing directly tomemory-mapped video display hardware. This reliance on the specific hardware of the IBM PC led to 1-2-3 being utilized as one of the two litmus test applications for true 100% compatibility (the other wasFlight Simulator, for whichBruce Artwick wrote his own purposive built-in OS). The Compaq was the only non-IBM machine that could run 1-2-3.[17] |
| February | IBM announces a new color display, theIBM 5153 Model 1 for the PC, for presentation of CGA-resolution business data and graphics.[131] Home users can connect a television using afrequency modulator.[85] | |
| At the CP/M'83 show in San Francisco, Digital Research announces that it will market a retail version of CP/M-86 for the IBM PC for $60, which includes aprint spooler andGSX, which was formerly sold separately.[132][133] | ||
| 1983 | March | Microsoft releases MS-DOS 2.0, which introduces a Unix/Xenix-likehierarchical file system and installabledevice drivers (e.g.ANSI.SYS) in the systemconfiguration fileCONFIG.SYS—a first step towardsplug and play.[21] New internal commands are BREAK,CHDIR or CD,CLS,CTTY,EXIT,MKDIR or MD,PATH,PROMPT,RMDIR or RD,SET (environments),VER,VERIFY andVOL. New external commands areFC, DISKCOPY (not identical to IBM's version),PRINT (spooling); threefilters supported withstandard devices and redirection:FIND,SORT andMORE;BACKUP,RESTORE andRECOVER. New batch file commands areECHO,FOR,GOTO,IF andSHIFT. CONFIG.SYS commands are BREAK, BUFFERS, DEVICE, FILES and SHELL. New file attribute bits are read-only,volume label,subdirectory andarchive. A team of six developers produced version 2.0, led by Paul Allen,Mark Zbikowski andAaron Reynolds.[24] |
| TheIBM PC/XT, the first PC to store data on a hard disk (10 MB), is announced. It ships withPC DOS 2.0, and introduces nine sectors per track floppy disk formats, which increase floppy storage capacity by about 12%. Single-sided 180 KB (184,320 bytes; 360 sectors) and double-sided 360 KB (368,640 bytes; 720 sectors) diskettes require more than the maximum 340 FAT entries a 512-byte sector can hold, so the FAT size is doubled, leaving 351 sectors (179,712 bytes) for data on single-sided disks and 354 clusters (362,496 bytes)[E] on double-sided disks. In addition to Microsoft's new commands in MS-DOS 2.0 (above), IBM adds more includingFDISK, the fixed disk[F] setup program, used to write themaster boot record which supports up to fourpartitions on hard drives. Only one DOS partition is allowed, the others are intended for other operating systems such as CP/M-86, UCSD p-System and Xenix. The fixed disk has 10,618,880 bytes[G] of raw space. The DOS partition on the fixed disk continues to use the FAT12 format, but with adaptations to support the much larger size of the fixed disk partition compared to floppy disks. Space in the user data area of the disk is allocated in clusters which are fixed at 8 sectors each. With DOS the only partition, the combined overhead is 50 sectors[H] leaving 10,592,256 bytes[I] for user data.[83] ABIOS parameter block (BPB) is added to volume boot records. PC DOS does not include the FC command, which is similar to COMP. DOS 2 is about 12 KB larger than DOS 1.1 – despite its complex new features, it's only 24 KB of code.[24][134][135][136] Under pressure from IBM to leave sufficient memory available for applications on smaller PC systems, the developers had reduced the system size from triple that of DOS 1.1.[21] Peter Norton found many problems with the release.Interrupts 25h and 26h, which read or write complete sectors, redefined their rules for absolute sector addressing, "sabotaging" programs using these services.[83][137] The XT motherboard uses 64-kilobit DIP chips, supporting up to 256 KB on board. With 384 KB on expansion cards, users could officially reach the 640 KB barrier ofconventional memory.[138] The power supply capacity was doubled to about 130 watts, to accommodate the hard drive.[139] | ||
| 1983 | April | Digital Research releases the last 8-bit version of CP/M, it was major version 3, often called CP/M Plus. It incorporated thebank switching memory management ofMP/M in a single-user single-task operating system compatible with CP/M 2.2 applications. CP/M 3 could therefore use more than 64 KB of memory on an 8080 orZilog Z80 processor. The system could be configured to support date stamping of files. The operating system distribution software also included a relocating assembler and linker.[140] CP/M 3 was available on the last generation of 8-bit computers. |
| Responding to VisiCorp and other competitors working on operating environments, Microsoft'sRao Remala assembles the "Interface Manager" demo which consisted of a screen filled with overlapping windows apparently running programs that really didn't do anything. At Microsoft it became known as the "smoke-and-mirrors" demo.[17] | ||
| May | Fujitsu Microelectronics releases the first 256-kilobit DRAM chip, and itsMicro 16s computer. A memory board using the 256-kb chips that allows the Micro 16s to store a full megabyte will be made available later this year.[141][142][143] | |
| At the Spring COMDEX inAtlanta, Microsoft introduces theMicrosoft Mouse, priced at $195. It comes in either abus or serial version, with the Multi-Tool[J]Notepad, a mouse-based text editor written byRichard Brodie.[146] Microsoft also introduces Multi-ToolWord, designed byCharles Simonyi to work with the mouse.[147][148] Most watching Simonyi's demonstration had never heard of a mouse. As many as eight documents could be edited at the same time in so-called windows.[44] | ||
| June | Microsoft releases the Microsoft Mouse. Initial sales were modest, as there was little you could do with it except run the demonstration programs included in the box (a tutorial, practice app and Notepad) or program interfaces to it.[17] The mouse began shipping in July.[149] | |
| July | Wang Laboratories announced it had developed the WangSIMM (single in-line memory module), which integrates nine 64-kilobit RAM chips into a .75 by 3-inch space. Wang said the SIMM could lessen the need for 256-kilobit chips which have just started production and are relatively costly, since the SIMM is denser than 256 kb and is available now. The SIMM is being offered to interested semiconductor makers, andNational Semiconductor andZenith Microcircuits have committed to manufacture 64 KB (9 × 64 kb) RAM modules based on the SIMM design. The SIMM's 30 pins are inserted into a plastic chip carrier rather than the gold-plated leadless ceramic chip carrier. Added address pins were included to enable upgrading, and Wang said it will soon assemble 256-kb components around SIMM. National Semiconductor plans to market a modified SIMM withsurface-mounted chips in early 1984.[150][151] | |
| October | IBM releases theIBM 3270 PC, an IBM PC/XT containing added hardware which could emulate the behaviour of anIBM 3270 mainframe terminal. | |
| Digital Research releases CP/M-86 Plus Version 3.1, based on the multitasking Concurrent CP/M kernel. It could run up to four tasks at once. CP/M-86 Plus was available for theACTApricot PC (UK) and the Olympia PEOPLE computer. | ||
| TheNEC PC-100, modeled blatantly after theApple Lisa, is the star introduction at Tokyo's Japan Data Show. It runsMS-DOS 2.01, which added support for individual country date, time and currency display formats via the CONFIG.SYSCOUNTRY command, and 7000 16-bit Japanesekanji characters.[24][115][152] With the help ofKazuhiko Nishi, leader ofASCII Microsoft, Microsoft arrived early in Japan.[17] | ||
| ThePhilips/Sony "Yellow Book" sets rules for storing data onCD-ROM, but omits mention of any logical structure for files and directories.[153] | ||
| 1983 | November | TheIBM PCjr is announced.[154] It had half-height 51⁄4-inch disk drives and ranPC DOS 2.1.[155] which supported PCjr's ability to run programs from ROM cartridges and slightly different disk controller architecture. Its built-in CGA-compatible display adapter added three special graphics modes which would not be supported by later generation adapters.[129] International modifications in MS-DOS 2.01 were not included because IBM did not want them. PCjr ships first quarter 1984 in limited supply. |
| Microsoft Word ships. On the suggestion ofRowland Hanson, who also convinced Gates to change the name "Interface Manager" to "Windows", the Multi-Tool name was killed.PC World bound an envelope containing a Word demonstration disk inside its pages.[17][156][157][158] | ||
| Borland is launched by a single full-page ad forTurbo Pascal inByte magazine. Lacking money to pay for the ad, the company deceivesByte's salesman into running the ad on credit, by hiring extra people so Borland would look like a busy, venture-backed company, making sure the phones were ringing and the extras were scurrying around. Borland expected to sell maybe $20,000 worth of software and at least pay for the ad—they sold $150,000 worth. Without subterfuge, Borland International would almost certainly have folded.[25][159][160][161] | ||
| Less than two weeks after VisiCorp announced the release of Visi On (see below), in New York on November 10, Microsoft officially announcedWindows as "a graphical user interface to cover DOS." Gates said that with Windows, users would finally be able to use their software on any PC without compatibility issues.[17][162][163] | ||
| December | Visi On, the first graphical user interface-based operating environment for the PC—generally viewed as VisiCorp's answer to Apple's Lisa—ships.[164] It runs on top of DOS 2.0 and requires at least 512 KB RAM and a 5 MB hard drive, a Mouse Systems-compatible mouse and CGA. It does not make use of color[165]—it uses black-and-white graphics at 640×200 resolution. Although it was highly hyped in 1982 and 1983, Visi On never caught on—it was painfully slow and overpriced ($1765 with the mouse, a spreadsheet similar to VisiCalc, and word-processing and graphics programs).[166][167][168] Few users had mice and hard disks, and many balked at paying $2500 or more to add them to their computers.[169] | |
| 1984 | January | Clone competition heated up in the past two months, with new microcomputers fromLeading Edge,Panasonic, Tandy,Sperry,North Star,Gavilan and others. A similar spate of IBM clones existed duringIBM mainframes' late 1960s/early 1970s heyday, when many companies developedplug compatible computers. IBM improved its models and changed specifications so the clones were no longer compatible, and many plug compatible mainframe manufacturers went bankrupt. Suspicious that history could repeat, many recent microcomputer entrants are proud of their technological advances earned at the cost of compatibility, such as portability, faster performance, better graphics, increased memory or a simpler user interface than the IBM PC or PC/XT.[170] |
| TheMacintosh 128K, a milestone computer designed around a graphical user interface, is introduced. It would be several years before the PC platform had graphics as a standard feature, and not until 1990 would PC graphics "really work".[30][171] | ||
| February | Digital Research ships Concurrent CP/M Release 3.1, featuring PC-Mode, which allows users to run either PC DOS or CP/M-86 applications.[172] | |
| March | Microsoft combined versions 2.1 and 2.01 to createMS-DOS 2.11 for other OEMs. Version 2.11 was sold worldwide and translated into about 10 different languages.[24] It was shipped by every major OEM, includingHewlett-Packard, Wang, DEC,Texas Instruments, Compaq, andTandy.[115] By June, Microsoft will have licensed MS-DOS to 200 manufacturers.[173] | |
| May | Quarterdeck Office Systems ships theirDesq text-mode operating environment (list price $399) which runs on top of DOS 2.0.[174] Desq allows ninewindows to be open at the same time, on either a color or monochrome display. However, concurrent processing (multitasking) isn't supported. Unlike Visi On, it doesn't require developers to configure their programs to operate inside its windows. A mouse is optional—the Microsoft, Mouse Systems andLogitech mouse types with either two or three buttons are supported.[175][176][177][178] Desq got off to a slow start, with like products from better known developers still on the horizon.[179] | |
| Accepting the emergence of PC DOS as ade facto standard, Digital Research announcedConcurrent PC DOS, which allows users to run up to four programs simultaneously using PC DOS and/or CP/M. Concurrent PC DOS supports up to four windows and requires 256 KB RAM, with 512 KB recommended. It can support two users, with one attaching a dumb terminal to the micro's serial port.[180] Concurrent PC DOS, due out by the end of 1984, will be offered for theAT&T 6300.[181][182] However, the PC mode is not perfectly compatible. It may have trouble with programs that bypass the operating system to address specific memory locations, and is only DOS 1.1 compatible, so it can't read beyond 2.0's root directories. PC expert Peter Norton thinks multitasking and multiuser abilities are more than the PC was meant to handle.[183] | ||
| Phoenix Software Associates introduces the first Phoenix PC ROM-BIOS which enabled OEMs to build essentially 100%-compatible clones without having to reverse-engineer the IBM PC BIOS themselves, as Compaq had done for the Portable, helping fuel the growth in the PC compatibles industry and sales of non-IBM versions of MS-DOS.[184] Phoenix said it used a "TI-9900 programmer" to reverse-engineer IBM's BIOS, and its ads touted an insurance policy against copyright-infringement suits. IBM had sued companies that simply copied the code.[17] | ||
| 1984 | June | Borland runs a two-page ad inByte forSidekick, a memory-resident, orterminate-and-stay-resident (TSR) program that uses ahot-keypop-up window to superimpose a calculator, calendar, notepad, phone dialer, andASCII table onto PC DOS software.[185][186][187] Other companies soon discovered this wonderful DOS feature and TSRs began competing for the PC compatible's finite memory space.InfoWorld would name it 1984 Software Product of the Year (1-2-3 was their 1983 awardee).[171] |
| August | Microsoft releases MS-DOS 3.0,[K] after a difficult year and a half of grappling with problems ofsoftware incompatibility, remotefile management, andlogical deviceindependence at the network level. In laying the foundation for networking, the core team of five people led by Zbikowski and Reynolds redesigned and rewrote the DOS kernel.Redirector andsharer interfaces for IBM'snetwork adapter card were added, but the redirector itself, which interacts with thetransport layer of the network, wasn't ready.[24] Per Zbikowski: "The product was not ready for us to ship when IBM said, 'Fine, we'll take it.'"[17] | |
| TheIBM PC/AT, a computer built around the 6-MHzIntel 80286 microprocessor, with a 16-bit ISA bus, newCMOSclock and 20 MB hard drive, is introduced. It ships withPC DOS 3.0, which adds support for quadruple, or high density (80-track), 15 sectors per track 1.2 MB (1,228,800 bytes; 2,400 sectors) floppy disks. Their FAT fills seven sectors (14 for two copies) and root directory 14 (holding up to 224 entries), leaving 2,371 1-sector clusters (1,213,952 bytes) for data. The hard disk has 614 cylinders, four sides, and 17 sectors/track, a total of 41,752 sectors or 21,377,024 bytes raw space. The 12-bit FAT design allows for a maximum of 4,078 clusters.[129] DOS cluster sizes are powers of two,[188] so to avoid using 16-sector clusters and support larger hard disks more efficiently, DOS added a newpartition type (0x04) for partitions larger than 15 MB, using a 16-bit FAT, which allows a smaller 4-sector cluster size. As a result, DOS 2.x hard disks larger than 15 MB, which used a 12-bit FAT (type 0x01) are incompatible with later versions of DOS.[189] The 286 has a 24-bit address bus that can address 16 MB of RAM, and IBM officially supported expansion to 3 MB. PC DOS 3.0 supported use ofextended memory with the VDISK.SYS installable device driver, which allowed configuration of one or more virtual disks (RAM disks). The /E switch caused virtual disks to use extended memory rather than conventional memory.[24] VDISK used aBIOS memory transfer service, termed theInterrupt 15h interface, to avoid switching directly intoprotected virtual address mode.[129] However, the ROM-BIOS routine did switch fromreal mode to protected mode and back again, a relatively slow process which was not reliable for some applications. PC DOS 3.0 also provided the same international support included earlier in version 2.11. IBM also announced a PC/AT version of the Xenix multiuser operating system, theIBM PC Network (developed for IBM bySytek and supported by PC DOS 3.1), and a new multitasking windowing software utility calledTopView—all will be available in first quarter 1985.[190][191][192][193][194][195][196] Theredesigned keyboard added an84th key. IBM's software engineers were tasked with making it switch the AT from DOS into a "virtual machine" or "hypervisor" mode that would enable multitasking programs written for different operating systems.[17] The motherboardgrew in size to fit in the added circuits such as the clock and the secondIntel 8259 &8237 controllers. | ||
| 1984 | September | IBM introduces theEnhanced Graphics Adapter (EGA), which costs $524 and has 16 KB ROM and 64 KB RAM. A further 64 KB RAM ($199) comes on apiggyback board called the Graphics Memory Expansion Card. A further 128 KB ($259) added to the piggyback board produces a fully loaded 256 KB EGA card (total cost: $982). For use with monochrome monitors, the EGA supports MDA-text mode and adds a 640×350 monochrome graphics mode, a slightly lower resolution than the Hercules' 720×348. The EGA has the advantage of being "IBM standard" with built-in BIOS support, while Hercules has the initial advantage of being more widely used and software-supported. For color monitors, all seven CGA modes are supported. 80-column text mode resolution improved from the CGA's 640×200 to 640×350—shy of the 720×350 resolution achieved by Compaq. Three new graphics modes were added, including 16 colors simultaneously from apalette of 64 colors at 640×350 resolution (seeEGA palettes).[122][129][139][197][198] TheIBM 5154 enhanced color monitor ($849, planned availability January 1985) is needed to display the increased resolution.[199][200] IBM also announces the 640×480, 256-colorProfessional Graphics Controller (PGC) forcomputer-aided design (CAD)workstations.[123] The PGC has IBM's firstgraphics coprocessor and is its first video controller to produce ananalog signal.[201] |
| November | In Europe,AT&T and Microsoft releaseMS-DOS 3.1,[L] which added a new local area network supplement Microsoft Networks 1.0 (identified earlier asMS-Net)[202] for use on non-IBM network cards. Microsoft Networksservices are provided by afile server which is part of the Networks application and runs on a computer dedicated to the task.[24] Neither MS-Net, nor its successorLAN Manager, was particularly successful competing against market leaderNovell, whose productNovell NetWare had a seventy percent market share.[44] | |
| December | Qualitas announces TallScreen, a utility that lets you scroll up the screen to see text that's scrolled off the top of the display, and Rational Systems announces Instant-C, aC language interpreter. These two small businesses would become better known for their memory manager and DOS extender products introduced inJuly 1987.[203][204] | |
| 1985 | January | Digital Research previewsConcurrent DOS 286 in cooperation with Intel. The product functions strictly as an 80286 native mode operating system, allowing users to exploit the protected mode fully to perform multi-user, multitasking operations while running 8086emulation.[205] |
| March | IBM ships their TopView text-mode operating environment.[206] A JuneInfoWorld product review called it slow and memory hungry, and said it required users to know too many technical details about their programs.[207] | |
| April | The IBM PC Network program, supporting IBM's network adapter card, is released. It runs onPC DOS 3.1.[195][208] | |
| At the Spring COMDEX, Intel announces a memory board called Above Board that circumvents the 640 KB memory barrier, and Lotus Development Corp. announces new versions of Lotus 1-2-3 andSymphony intended to make use of the newly available memory. Above Board usesbank switching so the IBM PC and PC/AT can use what Intel and Lotus call theexpanded memory device interface specification 3.0 (EMS, not to be confused with IBM's extended memory). The specification allows use of up to 8 MB of RAM. Above Board packs up to 2 MB, and two Above Boards can coexist in the same system. A source estimated that 4 MB of RAM would yield about 500,000 cells in aspreadsheet. EMS is implemented with the expanded memory manager (EMM), a device driver supplied by the board manufacturer as a CONFIG.SYS DEVICE directive. The specification was publicly released to product developers, and similar memory boards were soon released by others includingTecmar and Quadram.[24][209][210][211] Many of the first programs supporting EMS assumed that all available EMS memory was for them, resulting in "EMS wars" asdisk caching software, resident programs and applications stomped over each other's use of expanded memory. Only by embracing the spec could peace reign and multiple programs safely share and simultaneously use expanded memory.[212] | ||
| May | Microsoft is "just now shipping" DOS 3.1 in the US; PC users complain that availability is limited.[213] The major LAN players have announced their support, e.g.3Com's LAN will incorporate a portion of Microsoft's Redirector.[214] | |
| Seven months after its introduction, the EGA has not displaced IBM's first generation of video boards because most developers have yet to adapt their software to it. Among the handful of software packages now fully supporting the EGA is Digital Research's GEM (Graphics Environment Manager). For a number of reasons, software designed for the CGA's graphics mode won't work properly under the EGA's emulation mode, but software designed for the MDA generally does.[215] | ||
| Digital Research exposed problems with the emulation features on the C-1step of Intel's 80286 chip which would not allow Concurrent DOS 286 to run 8086 software in the protected mode. The release of Concurrent DOS 286 was delayed until Intel develops a new version of the chip. Industry observers are by no means certain that Concurrent DOS 286 will ever be able to run existing software effectively in protected mode, even with Intel's refinements to the chip.[205] | ||
| 1985 | June | Digital Research releases Concurrent DOS 86 Version 4.1, an updated version of Concurrent DOS that supports high-end IBM-compatibles, MS-DOS 2.1 applications and Digital Research's GEM software.[216] |
| AST Research announces theRAMpage multifunction board, designed as a superset of the Lotus-Intel standard, to operate in a multitasking environment on the PC.[210][217] | ||
| Atari shows a prototype CD-ROM at the SummerConsumer Electronics Show in Chicago, hooked to anAtari 520ST, running a 58-million character encyclopedia. Software for the CD-ROM is being developed byActiventure, a company founded by Kildall.[218] | ||
| July | Quarterdeck shipsDESQview. Facing bankruptcy after IBM's TopView announcement "stopped" sales, they rewrote Desq to be TopView-compatible.[17][179][219][220] | |
| Microsoft says it is joining forces with Lotus and Intel in support of the EMS, which will now be named the Lotus-Intel-Microsoft Specification. Microsoft plans to integrate expanded memory abilities into its future systems software products. Together with the announcement, Intel released a new version 3.2 of the specification. Intel said that enhancements in the revision allow multitasking operating systems to support more easily multiple application programs sharing expanded memory.[221] Application programs communicate directly with the EMM using asoftware interrupt, bypassing DOS. A new EMM function supported multitasking operating systems by saving and restoringpage maps.[115][222] | ||
| August | IBM and Microsoft announce a long-term joint development agreement to share specified DOS code and create a new multitasking operating system from scratch, known by variouscode names: CP-DOS, 286DOS, DOS 5, New DOS, or Advanced DOS (OS/2 would eventually be released in late 1987). The pact was signed in June.[17][223][224] | |
| Microsoft announces its first LAN-compatible application, Microsoft Word for Networks. The program is stored on the network file server.[224] | ||
| Market reaction to IBM's Enhanced Graphics Adapter has not been overwhelming, partly because the EGA's complexity—five custom chips and 12 modes—has slowed software development and the board's price tag has been a damper for many, but the EGA is emerging as the next graphics standard. Lotus expects to release drivers supporting 1-2-3 and Symphony by the end of the month, andMicrosoft Chart will join Word andWindows in supporting the EGA. Several clone boards are expected to hit the market over the next six months.Chips and Technologies (C&T) is creating a full, custom EGAchip set. IBM tried to insulate developers from the board and sidestep the driver problem by incorporating the Virtual Device Interface (VDI) from Graphic Software Systems (GSS) ofWilsonville, Oregon (founded in 1981 by four formerTektronix engineers) into the EGA, but many developers are choosing to ignore the IBM VDI. Digital Research has its ownVirtual Device Interface, which they describe as similar to a superset of IBM's VDI, which they say has limitedraster graphics support. A number of vendors are writing directly to the screen rather than the VDI to get better performance, including Lotus andAshton-Tate. Microsoft's upcoming Windows uses Microsoft'sGraphics Device Interface, a superset of Graphic Software Systems' VDI. Ashton-Tate's development director said that because the EGA slows down the 8088, creating performance problems, the EGA's technical benefits almost require the 80286. A Microsoft software engineer said the basic 64 KB EGA forces a trade-off between resolution and color—a user can have either 4-color 640×350 or 16-color 640×200 resolution, recommending the 64 KB piggyback board for good performance of 16 colors at 640×350 resolution. Historically, graphics has been viewed as avertical market—charting or computer-aided design. Graphics is moving fromniche markets to an overall system technology incorporated in almost every type of application with the development ofuser interface technology.[198] | ||
| After four weeks of testing E-step samples of the 80286, Digital Research acknowledged that Intel corrected all documented 286errata, but said there were still undocumented chip performance problems with the prerelease version of Concurrent DOS 286 running on the E-step. Intel said the approach Digital Research wished to take in emulating 8086 software in protected mode differed from the original specifications. Intel will make minor changes in themicrocode that will allow Digital Research to run emulation mode much faster, incorporated into the E-2 step.[225] | ||
| 1985 | September | Digital Research sidelines Concurrent DOS 4.1 intoDOS Plus 1.x. ThePhilips :YES, a DOS Plus equippedIntel 80186-based computer to be produced and marketed inAustria, is announced.[226] |
| C&T announces its EGA CHIPSet, a set of fourVLSI chips enabling cheaper graphics cards than IBM's $982 EGA, which improved on its speed and performance and made the EGA widely accepted as a standard. By November's COMDEX over a half-dozen companies introduce EGA-compatible cards priced at about $600.[123][227][228] | ||
| October | Microsoft releasesMS-DOS 2.25, which added support for KoreanHangul characters. Many of the system utilities were made compatible with MS-DOS 3.0. This version was distributed in the Far East but was never shipped by OEMs in the United States and Europe.[115] | |
| Intel announces the32-bitIntel 80386. The 386 has a 32-bit address bus that can directly address 232 (4,294,967,296) memory locations, i.e. 4096 MB or 4gigabytes (GB) of RAM using theflat memory model, or up to 246 bytes (64terabytes) ofvirtual memory.[229][230] To sustain the 386's 33 MHz maximum clock rate, acache memory system containing fastSRAMs connected over the microprocessor'slocal bus is used.[231] | ||
| November | InfoWorld reported that business users were displaying a nearly insatiable demand for more disk storage capacity. A company was selling a disk system for the PC/AT that could hold 240 megabytes in one file, and many 40- and 80-megabyte disks were in use. However, there was a problem. DOS limited partitions to only 32 MB—the BPB'sTotal Sectors on the Volume field limit was 65,536 (216), and 16-bit addresses passed to interrupts 25h and 26h.[232] Many were surprised that IBM did not demolish the 32 MB barrier with PC DOS 3.0 or 3.1. The most common way to resolve this problem was to treat large drives as if they were actually two or more drives. The drives are then termedlogical orvolume drives, and work well as long as no one file is larger than 32 MB.[233] | |
| Digital Research, in an effort to promote its stalled Concurrent PC DOS operating system, modified the system to exploit the RAMpage expanded memory specification. ConcurrentPC DOS XM was scheduled to be released in first quarter 1986, followed by a second quarter update compatible with PC DOS 3.1'srecord andfile locking scheme andfile sharing schemes. Both the Lotus-Intel-Microsoft and AST expanded memory specifications enable users to address up to 8 MB of RAM.[234][235][236] | ||
| C&T ships its first AT-compatible chipset, five chips that replace 63 motherboard components, making it a hardware equivalent of the Phoenix BIOS. Phoenix is working on an AT-compatible design that uses the C&T chipset, and a design that integrates graphics onto the motherboard. The CHIPSet design allows the motherboard size and power consumption to be reduced, so that an AT-compatible motherboard can be used in an XT chassis. This chipset will be included in the Tandy 3000 and the AT-compatible fromPC's Limited.[237][238][239][240] | ||
| At a COMDEXroast, Gates is presented with avaporware award, as the "two-years late" multitasking operating environmentWindows 1.0 is introduced.[241][242]PC Magazine says its best features aren't multitasking and windowing, but rather its ability to turn ordinary applications into memory-resident utilities, and, for developers, its Graphics Device Interface.[243] | ||
| NearLake Tahoe, anad hoc committee of vendors meets at theHigh Sierra Hotel and Casino to develop astandard logical format for organizing data on CD-ROM.[153] | ||
| December | TheEuropean Computer Manufacturers Association adopts and releases standard ECMA-107,Volume and File Structure ofFlexible Disk Cartridges for Information Interchange, standardizing FAT12.[244] | |
| 1986 | January | Microsoft releases MS-DOS 3.2 to IBM.[24] |
| Grolier and Activenture ship a CD-ROM-basedencyclopedia, Philips CD-ROM drive and PC-compatible interface board for $1,495. Atari, seeking a lower cost CD-ROM unit, delayed its product.[245] | ||
| InfoWorld reported that during the past year a growing number of generic, no-name PC compatibles gained support as legitimate alternatives to major manufacturers' systems. Components of clones have become such standard commodities that most feel that the generic machines achieve a high degree of compatibility. Although some dealers include a copy of MS-DOS with their generic micros, many small dealers do not. Usually users can buy copies of IBM's PC DOS from authorized IBM dealers.[246] | ||
| IBM announces itsreduced instruction set computer (RISC), theIBM RT PC, with a 40 MB hard drive and a physical appearance virtually identical to the PC/AT. PC DOS programs will run on RT PCs with an optional board containing an 80286 processor and acoprocessor program allowing users to switch betweenAIX and PC DOS operations.[247][248] | ||
| February | Digital Research and IBM agreed to use Concurrent DOS 286 in versions of the PC/AT forpoint of sale in retail stores and other vertical applications. Concurrent DOS 286 will serve as the basis for IBM's4680 operating system. Numerous IBMvalue-added resellers with medical, legal and other vertical application packages have shown interest in the product.[249] | |
| DESQview 1.2 ships. It supports AST's enhanced expanded memory specification (EEMS) on the new RAMpage (stylized RAMpage!) board. The only other major program using AST's superset is Ashton-Tate'sFramework II.Computerworld said it used less memory than Windows or TopView and may be the "most pragmatic choice".[217][220][250][251][252][253] | ||
| 1986 | March | NEC announces itsMultiSync monitor in magazine ads. Compatible with the CGA, EGA and PGC, it supports resolutions up to 800×560 and offers analog input.[254][255][256][257] |
| In Seattle, Kildall gives the keynote address at Microsoft's First International Conference on CD-ROM, where the High Sierra Group released its set of proposals.[258] | ||
| IBM released the first components of itsToken Ring local area network, andPC DOS 3.2, which supports token ring operations. Although it adds support for 31⁄2-inch double-density 720 KB floppy disk drives (IBM did not say why), it will be released on a 51⁄4-inch floppy. The Token Ring Network allows IBM PC users to share printers, files, and other devices. Supporting software includes the IBM Token Ring/PC Network Interconnect Program and the advanced program-to-program communications for the IBM PC (APP/PC). Some dealers carrying IBM's earlier networking product, the IBM PC Network, are waiting to gauge demand for the Token Ring Network before carrying the product.[259][260][261][262] | ||
| Microsoft is expected to release MS-DOS 3.2 to compatible manufacturers, with the same features as PC DOS 3.2.[259] A new device driver RAMDRIVE.SYS creates a virtual disk in either conventional memory, extended memory or Lotus-Intel-Microsoft expanded memory. However, the MS-DOS kernel does not take part in expanded memory manipulations and does not use expanded memory for its own purposes.[24] RAMDRIVE.SYS reportedly uses the undocumentedLOADALL CPU instructions, which permit a real-mode program to access any location in extended memory.[263] Presumably this allows RAMDRIVE.SYS to improve upon IBM's relatively slow and unreliable VDISK process. This is the first MS-DOS version Microsoft offered in ashrink wrap packaged product for smaller OEMs orsystem builders.[264] | ||
| Apricot Computers pre-announcesMS-DOS 4.0, the first multitasking version. Apricot will sell MS-DOS 4.0 to European customers as the controlling program for network servers that support a new family of Apricot microcomputers. Apricot will also offer MS-Net 2, a new version of Microsoft's LAN. Developers and industry insiders expect Microsoft to bypass that version in the United States in favor of a more powerful version, MS-DOS 5.0, which will access up to 16 MB of RAM.[265][266][267] | ||
| April | IBM announced theExpanded Memory Adapter (XMA) for the 3270 PC, which enables users to have multiple DOS sessions and a host session, or multiple host sessions and one DOS session. The XMA is not compatible with the Lotus-Intel-Microsoft specification, but uses a bank-switching technique that closely resembles AST's EEMS.[268][269] IBM also announced TopView 1.10[270] and the80C88-basedIBM PC Convertible, IBM's first computer to use 31⁄2-inch floppy disks, which will be available in May. The PC Convertible usesapplication-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) chips which combine the functions of numerous chips into fewer, more specialized chips, foreshadowing IBM's strategy to use proprietary architecture in future machines. IBM also announced a faster 8-MHz version of the PC/AT and a new 101- (U.S.) / 102-key (Europe)Enhanced Keyboard. IBM's Entry Systems Division president warned that competitors will have to "move very quickly in order to remain compatible."[271][272] | |
| Six months after the EEMS specification was introduced and AST and Quarterdeck joined forces to support its use in DESQview, Quadram announced that their new Quad EMS+ board would support it.[217][273][274][275] | ||
| 1986 | May | While software makers debate a standard for memory-resident programs, two developers are racing to develop utilities that promise to help normally incompatible TSRs work together. The programs are Referee from Persoft Inc. and Borland's MOM (Memory Organization Manager).[276] Ultimately, users would rebel because they couldn't keep track of all the special conditions for each TSR. Many TSRs failed as products because dealing with the complexity was more trouble than the value delivered.[277] |
| June | At the National Computer Conference, the High Sierra Group announced its logical file format standards defining a volume table of contents and directory structure for CD-ROM.[278] | |
| August | PC's Limited is selling an EGA-compatible board (that uses Chips and Technologies chips) for $269.[279]PC Magazine reports on twobuild-your-own-AT alternatives: from a kit, or individually purchased components. They found that few of the many companies offering AT motherboards were willing to sell just one.[280] | |
| IBM's retail PC market share slipped by 10 percent in the last year, and now accounts for less than half the PC-compatibles sold. For many, there seems to be no compelling reason to buy IBM anymore. In June, chief executiveJohn F. Akers told analysts IBM would consider withdrawing from part of the PC market if it became too commodity-like.[281] | ||
| September | Compaq introduces the first Intel 80386-based computer, theCompaq Deskpro 386. It was the most powerful personal computer on the market. IBM had not yet ordered a single 386 chip from Intel.[44] Compaq PresidentRod Canion warned that if IBM doesn't respond with its own 80386-based machine within six months, the Deskpro 386 will become the industry's 32-bit personal computer standard. Two models were announced, Model 40 (40 MB hard drive) and Model 130 (130 MB). Both came with built-in support for up to 8 MB of expanded memory, by using theCompaq Expanded Memory Manager (CEMM)—the first so-called PC "memory manager" for 80386 CPUs—toemulate expanded memory.[282][283] The Deskpro 386 system memory board was expandable to 10 MB, but no operating system was yet available to exploit more than the 1 MB address space of the original IBM PC (except by creating RAM disks and disk caches; Compaq utilities VDISK.SYS and CACHE.EXE did this).[284] Compaq called their solution to the 32 MB partition limit enhanced disk, which was implemented with a custom Compaq version of FDISK that allowed creation of multiple MS-DOS partitions on a single hard drive, and the ENHDISK.SYS device driver installed into CONFIG.SYS to access those extra partitions.[285][286][287] Model 130's enhanced disk could hold four 32 MB partitions. | |
| Chips and Technologies announces the 82C206 – a single chip that integrates all the main motherboard functions, replacing seven Intel chips – theclock generator, bus controller,system timer, two8259 controllers, and two8237 controllers – and the Motorola CMOS/clock chip. Combining this new chip with the existing five-chip set enables PC clone makers to greatly reduce the size, complexity and cost of their machines, while increasing their speed.[240][288][289] | ||
| Microsoft announced OEMextensions to MS-DOS that will allow any computer running DOS 3.1 or 3.2 to read data from any CD-ROM formatted inHigh Sierra Format.[290] | ||
| Microsoft demonstratesMS-DOS 4.0 and MS-Net 2.0 at a Paris trade show. They will be released simultaneously in the fourth quarter this year.[291] Apricot andSMT Goupil both plan to support the new software.[292] Microsoft presidentJon Shirley said at least one contract is pending with a U.S. manufacturer. He said that MS-DOS 4.0 "doesn't move forward with the 286"—it does not replace Xenix or offer a completely multiuser DOS. It is intended for networks in which every workstation can process requests as a high-performance, non-dedicated file server with high level communications that need to dopreemptive multitasking.[293] | ||
| October | DESQview 1.3 is announced. It supports thevirtual 8086 mode of the 80386, but only on Compaq's Deskpro 386, by using CEMM. Quarterdeck calls it the first "control program" or "virtual machine manager" for 386-based machines—it runs up to nine applications simultaneously in up to 640 KB of memory each, supporting applications using EMS memory, even though that isn't an inherent feature of virtual 8086 mode. Control programs are the first step toward operating environments that exploit the 386 fully.[294][295][296][297][298] | |
| Microsoft ships MS-DOS 4.0 toWang,ICL, and virtually nobody else. Essentially it was Windows minus the graphical user interface (seeNew Executable). Microsoft, having long tried to kill it as redundant, honored its contractual commitments.[17] | ||
| November | Phar Lap Software introduces the firstDOS extender,386|DOS-Extender, asoftware developer's tool that allows 32-bit mainframe-sizeapplication programs to run under MS-DOS 3.1 or 3.2 on any 80386-based IBM PC-compatible computer by exploiting the 80386's protected-mode memory abilities.[299][300] | |
| The Software Link demonstratedPC-MOS/386 at COMDEX. Release of the multiuser operating system that supports the 80386 virtual and protected modes is scheduled for February 1987.[301] | ||
| December | The European Computer Manufacturers Association adopts and releases standard ECMA-119,Volume and File Structure of CDROM for Information Interchange, a re-edited version of the High Sierra Group proposal, and submits it to ISO for further processing as an international standard.[302] | |
| 1987 | January | Digital Research's new Flexible Automation Business Unit introduced its first product, thereal-time operating systemFlexOS 286, a re-engineered version of Concurrent DOS 286 designed specifically for computer-integrated manufacturing.[303] |
| IBM ships a patch disk for PC DOS 3.2 that amends five command files and includes two keyboard programs for the IBM Enhanced Keyboard.[304] | ||
| February | Quarterdeck recently released Quarterdeck Expanded Memory Manager 386 (QEMM).[305] | |
| Digital Research launches Concurrent DOS 386, which runs up to four applications concurrently supporting up to 10 users on a system.[306][307] | ||
| March | The March 20The Wall Street Journal says that 31-year-old Gates has become the youngest self-made billionaire in history.[17] | |
| April | TheIBM Personal System/2 line is released. Models range from the 8086-basedIBM PS/2 Model 30, with 256-colorMulti-Color Graphics Array (MCGA) to the 80386-basedModel 80, with 256 KB RAM 640×480, 16-colorVideo Graphics Array (VGA).[308] The default VGA text mode renders nine-by-16 pixel character cells (720×400 resolution), a higher resolution than MDA.[309] MCGA and VGA produce an analog signal; their predecessors, except the high-end PGC, produced a digitalTTL signal. MCGA and VGA are integrated into the motherboard, rather than added on an expansion card, but IBM says a PS/2 VGA adapter for upgrading Model 30 and older PCs will be available in July.[310][311] The PS/2 line runs onPC DOS 3.3 (the new protected mode multitaskingOperating System/2 is announced for availability in first quarter 1988).[312] Version 3.3 added support for high density 31⁄2-inch 1.44 MB floppy disk drives, which IBM introduced in its 80286-based and higher PS/2 models, and introduced a partition type (0x05) forextended partitions, which could hold up to 23 logical drives.[313] TheMicro Channel architecture (MCA) bus is introduced—Models 50 and 60 use a 16-bit version, while Model 80 uses a version that supports 32-bit data and addressing.[314] The upgrade from DOS 3.2 to 3.3 was completely written by IBM, with no development effort on the part of Microsoft, who were working on "Advanced DOS 1.0". Soon after release, some users with non-IBM hardware reported hard drive problems. The MS-DOS version of 3.3 was still being tested by Microsoft.[315] TheDIN connector used by earlier PC keyboards is replaced by amini-DIN connector, and mice get the same connector; these "PS/2 connectors" would become the new standard for PC-compatibles. | |
| A Microsoft press release announcesWindows 2.0, which has "visual fidelity" to the Microsoft Operating System/2 WindowsPresentation Manager, for shipment in the third quarter.[17][316] | ||
| Fox Software announced Foxbase 2.0 386, the firstdatabase to exploit the 386's memory fully, by using the Phar Lap DOS extender program, which intercepts calls to DOS and automatically switches the system back to real mode for those functions. By tapping the chip's protected mode, the entire program can run in memory, eliminating disk access times and improving execution speed in some cases by a factor of 10. The program does not support multitasking, which must wait for advances in the operating system, so it is an interim solution.[317] | ||
| 1987 | May | DESQview 2.0 ships. When used with QEMM, it supports virtual 8086 mode. It supports the EGA's 43-line text mode, and the VGA's 50- and 60-line modes. Also, TopView'sprogram information file (.PIF) format and it comes with a TopView 1.1-compatible API.[304][318][319] |
| June | IBM delivers the8514/A display adapter, an optional upgrade for PS/2 models 50, 60, and 80 which is essentially a superset of VGA that works together with the on-board VGA processor. Like the PGC, it has a graphics coprocessor, which processesvector graphics, whereas CGA, EGA, andframebuffer VGA useraster graphics and rely on the main CPU for most video processing. Its 1,024×768 resolution producesinterlaced video, which tends to flicker.[201][320][321] | |
| Phar Lap and Quarterdeck announce a joint development agreement to support 386|DOS-Extender under DESQview.[322] | ||
| July | Fox Software ships Foxbase 2.0 386.[323] Phar Lap admits its DOS extender conflicts with TSR programs as well as Novell NetWare. Fox found Intelligent Graphics Corp.'s X-AM currently more reliable, and built an X-AM run-time version into Foxbase 2.0 386. The key to X-AM's performance is apparently its ability to switch from protected 386 mode to virtual 8086 mode.[324] | |
| Rational Systems releases theirDOS/16M 16-bit DOS extender, alibrary forC andMASM programmers who don't want to wait for OS/2 to produce large programs, that lets linked programs use up to 16 MB of RAM with DOS 3.x on 286- and 386-based systems. Users don't have to convert to another operating system or contend with such time-consuming tricks ascode overlays, bank switching andpaging.[325] | ||
| Qualitas386 to the Max is introduced.InfoWorld says it outperforms, has more features, and takes less memory than all other memory managers. It would be widely used withWindows/286 at Microsoft, as customers everywhere praised its speed and versatility overWindows/386.[326][327] | ||
| August | Compaq files a U.S.patent application for "software emulation of bank-switched memory using a virtual DOS monitor and paged memory management." Their invention uses 80386 paging hardware and virtual 8086 mode to emulate expanded memory using extended memory. The patent would be issued in 1990.[328] | |
| Microsoft ships MS-DOS 3.3. It has the same feature set as the version IBM has been shipping since April.[329] | ||
| Lotus-Intel-Microsoft EMS 4.0 is announced. Key features include the ability to execute program code from expanded memory, including memory-resident programs; boosting the expanded memory ceiling from 8 to 32 megabytes; and the ability for multiple programs to use expanded memory at once. Quarterdeck introduced an update ofQEMM supporting EMS 4.0. The new EMS is designed to eliminate "RAM cram," the overstuffing of conventional memory with TSR programs.[330] | ||
| 1987 | September | Microsoft announces Windows/386, version 2.0. Compaq, co-developer of the product, will bundle it with its 386-based systems, starting in October.[331] |
| October | ICL releases their OEM MS-DOS 4.1, a customized version that enabled users to run one application in foreground and an unlimited number of applications in background mode. It runs on anISDN workstation.[332][333][334] | |
| STB Systems releases the first BIOS-level compatible VGA board, soon followed bySigma Designs.Register-level compatible boards soon followed. Unlike MCA, VGA was quickly accepted in the video board industry as the new standard.[335][336][337] While IBM's PS/2 VGA adapter only has an analog port, third-party VGA-compatible cards have both an analog 15-pin port and a digital nine-pin port for compatibility with prior hardware.[309] | ||
| Microsoft announces and ships the first PC version of itsExcel spreadsheet. Excel for Microsoft Windows requires Windows and includes Windows 2.01 inrun-time. Excel runs on 286- and 386-based systems with anaccelerator board. Excel offersDynamic Data Exchange, a Windows feature. Excel reads and writes 1-2-3 files and accepts 1-2-3 macros.[17][338] | ||
| November | Compaq shipsCompaq MS-DOS 3.31 with support for hard disk partitions over 32 MB, up to 512 MB. Partitions over 32 MB use a new partition type (0x06). Compaq dropped support for creating enhanced disks from their version of FDISK, while maintaining support for ENHDISK partitions created by prior versions.[285] | |
| Intelligent Graphics Corporation (IGC) announces itsVM/386 control program, which provides access to multitasking and virtual memory. The program, inspired by IBM'sVM/370 operating system, creates full-screen "virtual machines".Control-Alt-Delete reboots the current virtual machine within VM/386 without resetting the host system. TheSysRq key brings up the VM manager. IGC's DOS extender, X-AM, will be supported in a future version of VM/386.[339][340][341] | ||
| Quarterdeck announces a new version of DESQview which runs applications that use 386|DOS-Extender, such asParadox 386–that's set to ship next month. New versions of QEMM and 386|DOS-Extender ship in first quarter 1988.[342][343][344] | ||
| December | IBM ships OS/2 Standard Edition, Version 1.0 early.[345] | |
| Zenith became the first vendor to ship Microsoft OS/2.[346] Most vendors decided not to bundle OS/2 with their PCs, and are only offering it as an option.[347] | ||
| ECMA adopts the 2nd edition of standard ECMA-119,Volume and File Structure of CDROM for Information Interchange, introducing some improvements and editorial amendments. This edition is technically identical withISO 9660.[302] | ||
| 1988 | January | Windows 2.03 and Windows/386 finally hit retail outlets. Windows can overlap – version 1.0 windows onlytiled.[17][348] Program information files (PIFs) are used for launching applications, as with TopView and DESQview.[349] |
| March | At its Third International Conference on CD-ROM, Microsoft introduced version 2.0 of theMSCDEX CD ROM Extensions, adding support for the ISO 9660 standard.[350] | |
| May | Digital Research releasesDR DOS 3.31, supporting hard disk partitions up to 512 MB. DR DOS isROMable, unlike MS-DOS.[351][352] | |
| June | Microsoft releasesWindows/286, version 2.1, which replaces Windows 2.03. It provides an extra 50 KB above the 640 KB DOS limit, when running on a system with more than 1 MB of extended memory available. A future version, as well as the next EMS, will add 64 KB rather than 50 KB to main memory. Windows/286 still runs on 8086/8088-based systems, but without this new memory. Windows/386, version 2.1 was also released.[353] | |
| 1988 | July | IBM shipsIBM DOS 4.0. It adds an optional text-basedfile manager shell (DOSSHELL) withpull-down menus called by typing theF10 key, optional mouse support and atext-based user interface—an alternative to thecommand-line interface—which is a subset of the upcoming OS/2 version 1.1'sPresentation Manager. The DOS Shell could run in either text mode or graphics mode (on supported hardware), depending on how it was configured in the file DOSSHELL.BAT. Text mode is required to avoid incompatibilities (video conflicts) while running many popular TSR programs in graphics mode.[354] IBM DOS 4.0 supports Lotus-Intel-Microsoft EMS 4.0 on IBM's Expanded Memory Adapter, and is the first MS-DOS/PC DOS version that is "EMS-aware" and can use the EMS memory when it is available.[115] DOS 4 supports hard disk partitions over 32 MB, up to 1024 MB.[355] It also offers a hard driveinstallation program as an alternative to the procedure used in prior versions (FDISK, FORMAT, SYS, COPY), enhanced video-graphics support and improved error handling.[356] The release was simultaneously announced by Microsoft, but no other OEMs had yet released it for their machines.[357] Because Microsoft already sells in Europe a multitasking version of DOS, which is called DOS 4.0, it is not clear if Microsoft will use a different version number for the new operating system.[358] IBM also ships OS/2 Extended Edition 1.0, which adds the IBM-developed components Communications Manager and Database Manager.[359] |
Concurrently with the July 19 DOS 4.0 announcement, Microsoft released an extended memory specification,XMS, Version 2.0, implemented by the device driverHIMEM.SYS in Windows/286. When run on 286- and 386-based systems, XMS bringsDOS memory management to three new regions of memory:
The other EMS 4.0 partners are evaluating the XMS spec, but stopped short of endorsing it.[212][360] | ||
| August | The Phar Lap Virtual Memory Manager, scheduled for release in October, is unveiled at the Desqview Developers' Conference. The combination of Desqview, QEMM, and applications written to use Phar Lap's new product will run applications concurrently without memory restraints, something that OS/2 also promises. 386|DOS-Extender uses installed RAM, but with memory chips costing 100 times more per megabyte than hard disk memory,swapping to disk is more economical.[361] DESQview 2.2, with significantly reduced RAM requirements, and QEMM 4.2 were also announced.[362] | |
| 1988 | September | IBM ships unannouncedIBM DOS 4.01. Plagued with reports of bugs and incompatibilities, DOS 4.0 has been widely reported as being virtually unusable in its present state. IBM said that this was not a new version but a "maintenance diskette" to fix minor problems. However, early users said that the more serious incompatibilities resulting from a change in file structure have not been fixed by the upgrade. IBM also released two enhanced PS/2 Model 30s that use the classic AT bus rather than the MCA bus, based on the 286 instead of 8086 processor, with VGA instead of MCGA graphics and 1.44 MB disk drives replacing 720 KB drives.[363] |
| The 'Gang of Nine' PC clone makers, led by Compaq, announced theExtended Industry Standard Architecture (EISA) bus. New EISA computers are expected by late 1989.[364] | ||
| Lotus, Intel and AST Research officially endorse XMS 2.0; Qualitas and Phar Lap say their products will support the spec as well.[365] Although extended memory is faster than expanded memory, delays in acceptance of XMS, which brought the same sort of order to extended memory as the widely accepted EMS brought to expanded memory, meant that some developers still recommended that RAM beyond 1 MB on 286 and 386 machines be configured as expanded memory. By the end of 1989, XMS was still not in widespread use yet.[366] | ||
| October | Microsoft urged its OEMs to wait for a bug-fixing update of DOS 4.0 code before shipping their own versions. Microsoft released a DOS 4.0 Binary Adaption Kit - containing the operating system and utilities to help OEMs adapt it to their hardware - shortly after the mid-July announcement of DOS 4.0. Microsoft told manufacturers who distribute DOS under their own labels not to use that BAK and instead wait for the maintenance update, which contains several bug fixes, primarily for a problem with page frames involving EMS.[367][368] | |
| IBM and Microsoft ship OS/2 1.1, which has thePresentation Manager graphical interface. IBM admitted that OS/2 hasn't "taken off" as planned; fewer applications than expected are available, and most OS/2-compatible applications are DOS applications running in OS/2's "compatibility box".[369] | ||
| November | NEC Home Electronics, maker of the MultiSync monitor line, forms theVideo Electronics Standards Association (VESA) to promote a standard it callsSuper VGA, which it says provides 56 percent more pixels on-screen than standard VGA.[370][371] | |
| Microsoft releases MS-DOS 4.01, including the user shell and EMS support.[372] Also, support for hard disk partitions up to 2 GB, and theSmartDrivedisk caching program. | ||
| 1989 | January | Phar Lap's product line has expanded to include386|VMM, a virtual memory add-in driver that uses thedemand-paging hardware built into the 80386 and runs on top of386|DOS-Extender.[373] |
| Developers Struggle With DOS Choices: As companies such as Lotus and Microsoft bring out improved but code-intensive versions of their programs, they're relying on bank-switching techniques or DOS extenders to make their programs run more efficiently under the 640K of RAM allowed by DOS. The choice is not a simple one. Each has its own set of assets and liabilities. But with OS/2 currently stalled in the market, there seems to be a future for alternatives. Microsoft has chosen bank switching forExcel and Windows, while Lotus has seriously looked at DOS extenders for its unreleased 1-2-3, Release 3.0.[374] | ||
| April | Compaq announced the availability of Compaq's MS-DOS version 4.01. Compaq continues to market their MS-DOS 3.31 as well. Compaq enhancements to MS-DOS 4.01 include Fastart, which speeds installation, and support for Lotus-Intel-Microsoft EMS 4.0.[375] | |
| Intel announces the486 (i486), which usesinstruction pipelining, a technique used by RISC processors, to more than double the performance of the 386.[376][377] | ||
| VESA adopts an extended-VGA mode—Super VGA—displaying 800×600 resolution with 16 colors.[378] Within months this expanded to support 1,024×768 pixels with 256 colors, which was called 1K VGA or 1024 display to distinguish this Super VGA from the 800×600 mode.[379][380][381] VESA members formed an 8514/A subcommittee to make recommendations on an extended high-resolution, high-performance 8514/A standard. Several manufacturers have introduced 1,024×768 boards offering both interlaced and non-interlaced video, based on the Texas InstrumentsTMS34010 graphics controller chip. The TMS34010 is 20 percent faster (writing pixels per second) than the 8514/A, and TI's newTMS34020 is about 500 percent faster. Monitors supporting non-interlaced signals cost more.[382][383] | ||
| May | Lotus Development recently became the seventh software company to join the coalition promoting theVirtual Control Program Interface (VCPI) specification published by Phar Lap and Quarterdeck. Other members are AI Architects, Quadram, Qualitas and Rational Systems. VCPI resolved conflicts with memory managers by defining a communication protocol for the DOS extender to borrow RAM from the memory manager and use memory manager services to switch processor modes.[384][385] | |
| June | Lotus ships Release 3.0 of its market leading spreadsheet 1-2-3, more than two years after the product was announced. The company spent $15 millionbug testing 3.0,[386] which was translated intoC[387] and uses extended memory by way of Rational Systems' VCPI-compatible[388]DOS/16M 16-bit 80286 extender.[389] | |
| 1989 | July | InfoWorld reported that a year after its introduction, DOS 4.01's acceptance by users is slower than expected and lags behind the endorsements that greeted its predecessors. Users said they don't need its large disk partitions, can't afford to update their existing machines, and are wary of problems with how DOS 4.0 handles expanded memory. Also, no software developers have yet released applications that require the new version of DOS, which could force users to make the jump. Hardware vendors are taking longer than usual to adopt the new DOS for their hardware. Since other DOS updates have traditionally entered the workplace primarily accompanying the purchase of new PCs, this too hampered its adoption.[390] |
| September | InfoWorld reports thatshadow RAM, a technique used by Chips and Technologies'NEAT chipset and AT/386chipsets to speed performance by loading ROM-BIOS functions into theupper memory area, has become a significant problem for users who want to run programs that use DOS extenders on 1-megabyte systems. The problem arises when products like Lotus 1-2-3, Release 3.0 try to use the memory that is tied up supporting shadow RAM. Invisible Software Inc. announced a $40 program calledInvisible RAM which extends DOS memory from 640K to as high as 736 K, allowing Release 3.0 users to load the program and have as much as 90 KB remaining for worksheet space. Or users could spend several hundred dollars for more memory, with prices continuing their slow decline.[391] | |
| Microsoft unveils 16-bit OS/2 1.2, featuring theInstallable File System API andHigh Performance File System (HPFS).[392] | ||
| October | VESA releases theirSuper VGA BIOS Extension standard VS891001, a specification to standardize a common software interface to Super VGA video adapters in order to provide simplified software application access to advanced VGA products.[393] | |
| November | Compaq introduces their first EISA-based computers, the Deskpro 486 and theSystemPro, attempting to sway corporate accounts fromminicomputers.NEC andGrid Systems Corporation also announced models incorporating the EISA bus.[394] Hewlett-Packard was the first Gang of Nine member to introduce an EISA system. EISA system introductions signaled the start of product differentiation among the Gang of Nine vendors.[395] | |
| Responding to increasing industry confusion about the relative roles of Windows and OS/2, during the COMDEX IBM and Microsoft jointly issue a news release titled "IBM and Microsoft Expand Partnership; Set Future DOS and OS/2 Directions."[396] Most development resources will be applied to OS/2, with the intent to deliver a version that exploits the advanced abilities of the 386 and i486 in 1990, with advanced features such asdemand paging, the ability to run multiple DOS applications concurrently, and allow applications to exploit the 32-bitflat memory model; and enable OS/2 for 2 MB entry systems. DOS and Windows are recommended for systems with 1-2 MB of memory or fixed disk drives smaller than 30 MB.[397][398] | ||
| December | Datalight runs an ad inByte for their new ROMable operating systemROM-DOS, designed for embedded systems. They say it provides DOS 3.2 functionality, less networking, and uses 29 KB of ROM.[399] | |
| 1990 | January | InDallas, representatives of theJapan Electronic Industries Development Association (JEIDA) meet withPersonal Computer Memory Card International Association (PCMCIA) members to work out aPC Card standard forlaptops.[400] They would reach an agreement in May, when the cards—treated like floppy disks but not forced to emulate their formats—had capacities ranging from 512 KB to 4 megabytes.[401] |
| April | Digital Research introducesDR DOS 5.0,[402] a DOS clone which is a strong competitor to MS-DOS 3.3 and 4.01. It includes the MemoryMax "memory manager", the firstmemory management system to allow loading TSRs, device drivers and the operating system into upper memory blocks, and the operating system to be loaded into the high memory area. Also,ViewMAX, a graphical front end functionally equivalent to MS-DOS 4.01's graphics shell.[403][404] It supports hard disk partitions up to 512 MB.[405] | |
| May | DOS Protected Mode Interface (DPMI) version 0.9 is formally released by aconsortium of eleven PC companies.[406] Unlike VCPI, DPMI was designed for a multitasking operating system.[407] | |
Microsoft releasesWindows 3.0, which would become the first widely successful version of Windows. The improved interface resembles OS/2 Presentation Manager and fully supportsEGA andVGA graphics adapters. Windows 3.0 runs on DOS 3.1 or higher,[408] in one of three modes:
Excluding maintenance releases, this is the last version of Windows that could run on 8088 and 8086-based XT-class PCs (in real mode). | ||
| July | Digital Research ships DR DOS 5.0 to retailers.[410] This was the first non-OEM version of DOS sold directly to end-users. About 40 percent of the nearly 7 million Intel-based PCs shipped this year will be shipped without an operating system, spelling big bucks for retail DOS sales.[411] | |
| September | DESQview 386 version 2.3 and QEMM 5.1 ship.[412] | |
| IBM and Microsoft announce a realignment of their OS/2 development relationship.[413][414] | ||
| October | Intel announces the Intel Flash Memory Card, available in 1 MB ($298) and 4 MB ($1199) models. It supports the PCMCIA and JEIDA standards. Theflash memory-based card media is a DOS-compatible storage device using Microsoft'sFlash File System (FFS), which is based on MS-DOS 3.3.[415] Currently the only commercial applications of the memory cards are in thePoqet PC and some specialized embedded controllers.[416][417] | |
| IBM announces its first true 486-based PS/2 machines, which have a 1,024×768Extended Graphics Array (XGA) built onto their Micro Channel motherboards.[418][419][420][421][422] | ||
| November | IBM joins VESA and hands out copies of its XGA specification. The new standard comes as a blow to 8514/A manufacturers who spent three years reverse-engineering IBM's technology. Analysts say it would be difficult to modify XGA to work on ISA machines because XGA includesbus mastering.[423] | |
| December | Microsoft introduces Windows 3.0a, a maintenance release that fixes several bugs sometimes causingunrecoverable application errors in Windows 3.0. There are no new features and this version has the same system requirements as Windows 3.0.[424] | |
| 1991 | February | IBM promised VESA members that it would soon introduce an ISA version of the XGA and an OEM version of the XGA chipset, but declined to give a time frame. The move put its orphaned 8514/A standard in a precarious state. Just weeks later, IBM reneged on selling the chips and said it would license XGA technology instead. VESA developers were concerned about the lack of technical information from IBM, and some said the market had moved beyond IBM's ability to set ade facto standard.InfoWorld tests would find that XGA was 6% faster than Super VGA in Excel and just 1% faster inPowerPoint.[425][426][427][428] |
| March | AddStor Inc. announces the first version of SuperStor on-the-flydisk compression software.[429][430] | |
| Microsoft said that it had received a letter in June from theFederal Trade Commission advising it of an investigation of its competitive practices, limited to the November 1989 joint announcement with IBM regarding OS/2. Some industry executives think the investigation will lead the FTC to a range of what they consider to beanti-competitive practices by Microsoft. Digital Research said that after it introduced its DR DOS version 5.0 in April 1990, Microsoft immediately announced a version of MS-DOS, with "amazing similarity," which hasyet to appear.[402] | ||
| Phar Lap introduces386|DOS-Extendersoftware development kit (SDK) version 3.0, which supports XMS and both the Real and Standardmodes of Windows 3.0. Applications built with version 3.0 will be compatible with the upcoming MS-DOS 5.0; compatibility with Windows 386 Enhanced mode will be added in a later release.[431][432] | ||
| May | Phar Lap introduces the286|DOS-Extender SDK, the first 16-bit DOS extender that works with Microsoft's entire C language toolkit—both the DOS (real mode) and OS/2 (protected mode) versions of the compiler, linker, libraries and debugger.286|DOS-Extender can load an OS/2 application and then trap all of its OS/2 API calls and handle them within the DOS extender or convert them to equivalent MS-DOS function calls. In other words, Phar Lap created an OS/2 compatibility box for DOS. A 16-bit protected-mode DOS application can be built by compiling it with Microsoft C under DOS, specifying that an OS/2 program should be built, and then executing the resulting file on DOS with the aid of286|DOS-Extender. With Lotus and Microsoft using DOS extenders, an increasing number of developers want the technology. Some experts say that DOS is still a better platform than Windows formultimedia applications, because of its hardware control, though its future may be doomed.286|DOS-Extender is compatible with XMS, VCPI and DPMI in Windows 3.0.[300][433] | |
| 1991 | June | On June 11,IBM DOS 5.0 is released. It featured the moving of the DOS kernel andcommand.com into the high memory area.[434] |
| The same day, in New York, Microsoft releasedMS-DOS 5.0, followed by a party on theHudson aboard a cruise ship dubbedDOS Boat, whereDave Brubeck performed "Take Five".[17] The full-screenMS-DOS Editor is added to succeedEdlin. It adds undelete and unformat utilities, and task swapping.GW-BASIC is replaced withQBasic.[435] It was immediately available for retail, but only as anupgrade for users of version 2.11 or later.[436][437] By year-end there would be about 8 million copies in use, making it Microsoft's fastest-ever selling software.[17] | ||
| July | Novell announces that it intends to acquire Digital Research.[438] Completion of the merger is expected in October. Both companies intend to augment DR DOS to handle basic Novell NetWare functions.[439] | |
| Phar Lap announces the DPMI-compliant386|DOS-Extender SDK version 4.0, which supports large extended-DOS applications running under Windows 386 Enhanced mode.[440] Rational Systems announcesDOS/4G, a DPMI-compliant 32-bit DOS extender, andBigWin, a 32-bit application extender for Windows 386 Enhanced mode which lets developers proceed with 32-bit development before Microsoft delivers a 32-bit version of Windows.[441][442] | ||
| Microsoft says they will no longer call a new operating system they are working on OS/2 3.0—the new operating system will be namedWindows NT (New Technology), which will not be able to run programs written for OS/2. Windows NT will be geared for more powerful computers and workstations, while a low-end version of Windows will run on top of MS-DOS.[443] | ||
| September | Digital Research releasesDR DOS 6.0 with AddStor's SuperStor disk compression.[444] | |
| October | Microsoft introduces Windows 3.0 with Multimedia Extensions. This version, sold via OEMs only, includes Media Player, Music Box (audio CD player), Sound Recorder, a new clock, screen savers, upgraded Help file support, joystick, MIDI, and sound support (recording and playing). While still having the same system requirements as Windows 3.0 and including Real mode support, most of the new features require Standard mode or 386 Enhanced mode to run.[445] This version of Windows was required in theMPC Level 1 specifications of the era. | |
| November | Several companies announce or demonstrate proprietary local-bus graphics technologies at COMDEX. VESA is hoping to create a local-bus standard.[446] | |
| 1992 | February | The VESA XGA Video Subsystem Interface Proposal is shelved after IBM objects to the use of its trademarked term "XGA" in the proposal.[447] |
| April | Microsoft introducesWindows 3.1, which requires an 80286 processor with at least 1MB memory running MS-DOS 3.1 or higher. New features includeTrueType font support, stability improvements,32-bit disk access (when run in 386 Enhanced mode), and multimedia support for all customers (not just OEMs, as was the case for Windows 3.0 with Multimedia Extensions). The new multimedia abilities in Windows hastened the decline of MS-DOS for use with multimedia applications and was a requirement to meet Microsoft'sMultimedia PC (MPC) standard. | |
| IBM licenses XGA technology to Intel. So far XGA has appeared in only a handful of IBM's own systems.[448] | ||
| June | VESA outlines its proposedVESA Local Bus specification, and Intel unveils its proposedPeripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) spec.[449] | |
| August | VESA Local Bus (VL-Bus) Standard 1.0 is ratified. By moving video cards from the 8-MHz, 16-bit ISA expansion bus to the CPU's 32-bit local bus running at full clock speed, vendors may improve high-resolution graphics performance on 486-based PCs.[450][451] | |
| October | Forbes ranks Microsoft chairman Bill Gates as America's richest person, topping itsForbes 400 list.[396] | |
| Windows for Workgroups 3.1 is introduced, which includes native network support, no longer relying on networking in MS-DOS. For 80386 users, file and print sharing is introduced and the native driver VSHARE.386 replaces the need for the MS-DOSSHARE.EXE. | ||
| November | At COMDEX, VESA said it would upgrade its local bus standard to support multimedia. Intel said PCI, due in March, could be used instead of high-speed buses such as EISA, MCA andTURBOchannel.[452] | |
| 1993 | January | Microsoft overtakes IBM inmarket capitalization. Each is valued at over $26 billion.[396] |
| Stac Electronics, the maker of Stacker disk compression software, sues Microsoft forinfringement of two of its file compression patents by the upcoming MS-DOS 6.0.[453] | ||
| February | Microsoft countersues Stac.[454] Microsoft unveils itsVisual C++integrated development environment for Windows, which integratesCodeView functionality.[455] Phar Lap announces that286|DOS-Extender Lite, which supports 2 MB of memory, will be included with every copy of Microsoft's compiler. Users wanting CodeView support or access to up to 16 MB of memory must buy286|DOS-Extender SDK. Phar Lap also announces386|DOS-Extender SDK 5.0, which turns DOS into a 32-bit operating environment with a flat address space of up to 4 gigabytes. Rational Systems announces DOS/16M version 5.0, which supports Visual C++ and CodeView.[456] | |
| March | At theWindows Hardware Engineering Conference (WinHEC) Intel announced its PCI specification—and itsPentium processor. The increasingly popular VL-Bus is tightly coupled to the abilities of the 486, a design disadvantage when working with the Pentium's 64-bit memory interface, but a VESA member said that the VL-Bus spec wasn't finished. The first PCI chip sets and Pentium systems are expected in May.[457][458] | |
| Microsoft introducesMS-DOS 6.0. This version was the first to includeMEMMAKER conventional memory management,DoubleSpace disk compression, new disk utilities (SCANDISK and disk defragment), anti-virus, backup and PC-to-PC file transfer utilities, power management, enhanced disk caching, a more user-friendly HELP utility, improved accessibility for those with disabilities, and a system diagnostics program.[459] Some of the utilities were licensed from third-parties.[460] | ||
| Novell tried to dampen Microsoft's DOS 6 launch with the announcement that the new Novell DOS 7, based on the integration of DR DOS 6.0 and Novell'sNetWare Lite, will include advances such aspeer-to-peer networking that Microsoft left out of its latest release.[461] | ||
| June | IBM announcesPC DOS 6.1, to be available in late July, except disk compression, which is expected by the end of September.E replaces the MS-DOS Editor. According to IBM, the PC DOS kernel is based on the MS-DOS 6 kernel.[462] However, in July IBM officials said the compression utility (a version of AddStor's SuperStor) is incompatible with OS/2 2.1, so users must decompress drives to move data back and forth. IBM and AddStor were working on a fix.[463] After three months on the market,Computerworld said that the PC-DOS 6.1 user base was "minuscule" compared with MS-DOS', and the product faced "a hard uphill run" to escape niche status.[464] | |
| August | A month after the Federal Trade Commission deadlocks for the second time with a 2–2 vote on whether to take action against Microsoft, the Justice Department officially notified Microsoft that it was proceeding with the case, ending the FTC's three-year investigation.[396] | |
| Microsoft releases Windows 3.11, a minor update to Windows 3.1 that includes updated drivers, better Novell Netware support, and a few bugfixes to Windows core files.[465] (This version is distinct from Windows for Workgroups 3.11). | ||
| November | VL-Bus Standard 2.0 is released. The new standard requires faster timing speeds, and runs faster than PCI. However, no applications, except perhaps multimedia, need the superior bandwidth, according to the chairman of a PCI interest group.[466] | |
| Microsoft replaces MS-DOS 6.0 withMS-DOS 6.2, leapfrogging IBM's PC DOS 6.1.[467] This version improved the stability of the included DoubleSpace disk compression.[468][469] | ||
| Microsoft releases Windows for Workgroups 3.11. This version drops support for 286 processors (no longer contains Standard mode), but adds32-bit file access, 32-bit networking, and the 32-bit VCACHE.386. | ||
| December | Novell releases Novell DOS 7.[470] | |
| PTS-DOS is introduced as PTS-DOS 6.4 | ||
| 1994 | February | A jury finds Microsoft guilty ofpatent infringement, and Stac Electronics guilty oftrade secret theft. On the day the jury returned its verdict, Microsoft releasedMS-DOS 6.21, removing DoubleSpace disk compression.[454][471] |
| April | IBM signs a deal with Stac to use theirLZS compression technology in future products,[472] then releasesPC DOS 6.3, including SuperStor/DS, a DoubleSpace-compatible version of AddStor's disk compression utility.[471][473][474][475] | |
| June | After a judge ordered Microsoft to recall all unsold infringing products worldwide, Microsoftsettled its dispute with Stac, and releasedMS-DOS 6.22, bringing back disk compression with internally developedDriveSpace, which is about 5% slower than DoubleSpace.[454][471][476][477] | |
| With the intent to create a "public domain" version of MS-DOS,Jim Hall announces the open-source project PD-DOS. Later, to ensure that the OS would remain free, theGNU General Public License is used to license code and the name is changed toFreeDOS.[478][479] | ||
| July | Microsoft settles with theUnited States Department of Justice Antitrust Division, signing aconsent decree agreeing to end certain practices for 61⁄2 years:
| |
| November | Microsoft introduces Microsoft Windows Simplified Chinese 3.2, a.k.a. "Windows 3.2". This version was an update to the Simplified Chinese version of Windows 3.1, adding a few more IMEs (Input Method Editors) and a Chinese font editor. Otherwise, it is the same as Windows 3.11 and no other market received a "Windows 3.2".[481][482] | |
| 1995 | February | IBM releasesPC DOS 7.0, replacing SuperStor/DS with Stac Electronics' Stacker, Version 4.02. This is the first DOS to feature a command-line calculator, a program to load device drivers from the command line,Rexx language support, and a viewer that can open help files other than its own (OS/2 INF style).[475][483] |
| March | WinHEC featured the high-speedserial bus needed for multimedia. Support for bothP1394 aka FireWire andUniversal Serial Bus (USB) is expected by 1996 updates to Windows 95. USB will be supported by Intel'sNative Signal Processing.[484][485] | |
| June | ECMA adopts the 2nd edition of standard ECMA-107,Volume and File Structure of Disk Cartridges for Information Interchange, standardizing FAT16 support forzip drives andoptical discs.[244] | |
| July | PTS-DOS 7.0 is released. | |
| August | Intel announces the newATXmotherboard specification, which essentially rotates IBM'sBaby AT motherboard by 90 degrees within thecomputer case. The 81⁄2-by-13-inch Baby AT planar board has been thede facto standard for most of the DOS era, but would soon be replaced by the Pentium processor-based ATX, a more space-efficient design which added support for multimedia (motherboard-based audio and video). ATX supports USB.[486] |
| 1995 | August | Windows 95 is released, launching theWindows 9x era. It comes with an MS-DOS–like bootloader reportingDOS version 7.0. All code is moved into IO.SYS, while MSDOS.SYS is now a text file containing bootup parameters.LBA hard disk support is added. |
| 1996 | July | Novell sells Novell DOS 7 toCaldera, Inc. |
| August | Windows 95 OEM Service Release 2.0 (OSR2.0) is released. It comes with MS-DOS 7.1, which adds support for theFAT32 file system, but not for USB.[487] | |
| 1997 | February | Caldera, Inc., releasesOpenDOS 7.01 byCaldera UK, Ltd. |
| May | Caldera, Inc., releases M.R.S. open-source kit ofOpenDOS 7.01 byCaldera UK, Ltd on 1997-05-05. This is also the first DOS to be released on a CD-ROM.[488] | |
| August | Windows 95 OSR2.1 is released with a supplement providing limited USB support. | |
| December | Caldera, Inc., releases DR-OpenDOS 7.02 by Caldera UK, Ltd. | |
| 1998 | January | FreeDOS alpha 0.05 is released.[489] |
| March | Caldera re-releases DR-OpenDOS 7.02 as the closed source DR-DOS 7.02, which isY2K compliant. | |
| FreeDOS beta 0.1 is released.[489] | ||
| May | IBM releases PC DOS 2000, which has minorY2K fixes for older computers which do not properly handle the century rollover. It also supports the Euro currency symbol.[490] | |
| June | Windows 98 is released for retail at one minute past midnight on the 25th.[491] It also comes with MS-DOS 7.1, but now FAT32 support is available to any purchaser, not just OEM. Allows users to create an Emergency Boot Disk that boots into MS-DOS 7.1, which includes real-mode CD-ROM drivers and MS-DOS utilities used to access a malfunctioning Windows 98 installation. Due to the number of files that must fit on a 1.44MB 3.5" disk, a RAMDrive is created and a compressed CAB file is extracted into the RAMDrive upon bootup.[492] | |
| August | Caldera, Inc. creates two new subsidiaries,Caldera Systems, Inc., andCaldera Thin Clients, Inc. | |
| October | FreeDOS beta 0.2 is released.[489] | |
| 1999 | January | Caldera Thin Clients, Inc., releases Caldera DR-DOS 7.03 by Caldera UK, Ltd. |
| February | Caldera, Inc., closes Caldera UK, Ltd. | |
| April | FreeDOS beta 0.3 is released.[489] | |
| May | Windows 98 Second Edition is released to manufacturing.[493] It also comes with MS-DOS 7.1, which appears to be unchanged. | |
| July | Caldera Thin Clients, Inc., becomesLineo, Inc., who re-releases DR-DOS as Caldera DR-DOS 7.03. | |
| September | PTS-DOS 2000 is released. | |
| November | Versions of OEM DR-DOS branded 7.04/7.05 are released. | |
| 2000 | April | FreeDOS beta 0.4 is released.[489] |
| August | FreeDOS beta 0.5 is released.[489] | |
| August | PC DOS 7.1 build 1.10.[494] | |
| September | Windows ME is released, identifying itself as MS-DOS 8.0. This is the last version of MS-DOS, as future versions of Windows would be based on theWindows NT architecture.[494][495] |
| 2001 | January | PC DOS 7.1 build 1.11.[494] |
| March | FreeDOS beta 0.6 is released.[489] | |
| September | FreeDOS beta 0.7 is released.[489] | |
| October | Windows XP is released for retail sale, beginning the transition from mainstream DOS usage.[496] | |
| December | Support ends for MS-DOS, Windows 95, and earlier versions of Windows.[497] | |
| 2002 | April | FreeDOS beta 0.8 is released.[489] |
| July | Udo Kuhnt starts theDR-DOS/OpenDOS Enhancement Project, based on source of OpenDOS 7.01.[498] | |
| July | PC DOS 7.1 build 1.19.[494] | |
| November | DeviceLogics is founded; they purchased DR-DOS from Lineo.[499] | |
| 2003 | March | PC DOS 7.1 build 1.26.[494] |
| July | PC DOS 7.1 build 1.28.[494] | |
| September | PC DOS 7.1 build 1.29.[494] | |
| December | PC DOS 7.1 build 1.32.[494][500] | |
| 2004 | March | DeviceLogics releases DR-DOS 8.0, adding FAT32 andlarge partition support.[501][502] |
| September | FreeDOS beta 0.9 is released.[489] | |
| 4th quarter | Sometime between mid-October and early December, DeviceLogics changes their name to DR DOS Inc.[503][504] | |
| 2005 | March | Udo Kuhnt releases Enhanced DR-DOS 7.01.07 with FAT32 andLBA support.[498] |
| June | GNU/DOS is released. GNU/DOS is a FreeDOS distribution for desktops which includes some FreeDOS utilities, much of theDJGPP suite including manyGNU utilities,Vim,Arachne, andOpenGEM.[505] | |
| October | DR DOS Inc. releases DR-DOS 8.1, and removes it before the end of the month, rolling back to version 7.03, according to the FreeDOS Project, which allegedGPL violations.[506] DR-DOS 7.03 was offered for sale until summer 2018, when the drdos.com website shut down.[507] | |
| 2006 | July | Extended support ended for Windows 98[508] and Windows ME.[509] |
| September | FreeDOS 1.0 is released.[510] | |
| November | GNU/DOS is discontinued.[511] | |
| 2012 | January | FreeDOS 1.1 is released.[512] |
| 2014 | March | Microsoft makes the source code available to MS-DOS versions 1.1 and 2.0. The files may be downloaded from theComputer History Museum website under a "Microsoft research license agreement".[513] |
| October | CP/M source code becomes available on the Computer History Museum website for early releases from 1975 (before there was an official version number), 1976 (version 1.3), 1978 (1.4), and 1979 (2.0).[51] | |
| 2016 | December | FreeDOS 1.2 is released.[514] |
| 2020 | September | Source code of MS-DOS versions 3.30 and 6.0 was leaked online on4chan.[515] |
| 2022 | February | FreeDOS 1.3 is released.[516] |
| 2024 | April | Microsoft releases MS-DOS 4.0 source code on GitHub.[517] |
