TheTemple of Artemis is anArchaicGreek temple inCorfu,Greece, built in around 580 BC in the ancient city ofKorkyra (or Corcyra), now calledCorfu. It is found on the property of the Saint Theodore monastery, which is located in the suburb of Garitsa. The temple was dedicated toArtemis. It is known as one of the first Doric temples built exclusively of stone.^[2] It is also considered one of the first buildings to have incorporated all the elements of the Doric architectural style.^[3] Sharing these historical records with theTemple of Apollo in Syracuse inSicily (Italy). Very few Greek templereliefs from the Archaic period have survived, and the large fragments of the group from thepediment are the earliest significant survivals. It was excavated from 1911 onwards.

The temple was aperipteral–styled building with apseudodipteral configuration. Its perimeter was rectangular, with width of 23.46 m (77.0 ft) and length 49 m (161 ft) with an eastward orientation so that light could enter the interior of the temple at sunrise.^[2] It was one of the largest temples of its time.^[4] The Temple of Artemis is approximately 700 m. to the northwest of theTemple of Hera in the Palaiopolis of Corfu.^[5]

Themetope of the temple was probably decorated, since remnants of reliefs featuringAchilles andMemnon were found in the ancient ruins.^[2] The temple has been described as a milestone ofAncient Greek architecture and one of 150masterpieces ofWesternarchitecture.^[3] The architecture of the Corfu temple may have influenced the design of an archaicsanctuary found at Sant'Omobono inRome which dates to the archaic period and incorporates similar design elements.^[6] The massive altar of the sanctuary is precisely rectangular and stood in front of the temple. It was 2.7 m. wide and 25 m. long. Only 8 m. of its northern section survive. The Saint Theodore monastery was built on top of the southern portion of the altar.^[1]

The ruins were foundduring theNapoleonic Wars by soldiers of the French generalFrançois-Xavier Donzelot as they were digging, preparing fortrench warfare.^[7]

Kaiser Wilhelm II, while vacationing at his summer palace of Achilleion in Corfu and while Europe was preparing for war, was involved in excavations at the site of the ancient temple, led by the Greek archaeologist Federiko Versakis on behalf of theGreek Archaeological Society and the famous German archaeologistWilhelm Dörpfeld on behalf of theGerman Archaeological Institute, started excavations at the Artemis Temple of Corfu. The Kaiser's activities in Corfu at the time involved both political and archaeological matters. The excavations involved political manoeuvering due to the antagonism that had developed between the two principal archaeologists at the Corfu Temple site.^[8][9]

Wilhelm II had a "lifelong obsession" with the Gorgon sculpture, which is attributed to his attendance at seminars on Greek Archaeology while at theUniversity of Bonn. The seminars were given by archaeologistReinhard Kekulé von Stradonitz, who later became the Kaiser's advisor.^[10]

Little remains today on the site, with only the foundation of the temple and other fragments still existing there. However, the existing ruins have provided sufficient information for a complete reconstruction of the architectural details of the temple.^[2]

The temple had a massive altar which was built precisely rectangular and stood in front of the temple. It was 2.7 m. wide and 25 m. long. Only 8 m. of its northern section survive. The rest of the altar disappeared under the foundations of the Saint Theodore monastery which was built on the site of the temple. The temple was located to the west (right) of the altar.^[1]

The building was supported around its perimeter bycolonnades consisting of two rows of eightcolumns each for the front and back of the building, while the sides were supported by two rows of seventeen columns each.^[2]

At the centre of the temple, there was a rectangular inner chamber orcella 9.4 m (31 ft) wide and 34.4 m (113 ft) long, which was subdivided in three spaces by two colonnades consisting of ten columns each.^[2] The temple of Artemis in Corfu and theParthenon are the only Greek temples with eight columns betweenantae.^[11]

The outer colonnade of eight by seventeen columns, also called theperistyle, had enough separation from the inner chamber that a second colonnade could be added in the interior. The Corfu Temple, however, does not have this inner colonnade, for economy reasons. This configuration of a single colonnade, in a space allowing for a second, is calledpseudodipteral. The Artemis Temple in Corfu is the earliest known example of this architectural style.^[4]

The front and back of the temple featured two pediments, of which only the western one survives in good condition, while the eastern pediment lies in fragments.^[12] The pediments were decorated with mythical figures, sculpted in highrelief. This is the first known example of a decorated pediment in Greece.^[2] Both pediments appear to be decorated in an identical manner and they feature a large relief of theGorgonMedusa, more than 9 ft. high. The pediment measures 9 ft. 4 inches high at the centre.^[13] The sculptures incorporated in these pediments are considered the first substantial specimens ofGreek sculpture from a Doric building.^[14] The western pediment along with other architectural fragments are exhibited at theArchaeological Museum of Corfu.^[2] The pediment has been described byThe New York Times as the "finest example of Archaic temple sculpture extant".^[15]

Thepedimental sculpture depicts Medusa in a formulaic, stylised fashion; her feet are arranged in a configuration suggesting rotation, which in turn indicates motion or flight when applied to the attributes of Medusa, especially Medusa's wings.^[13] The Medusa is wearing a short skirt which allows her legs freedom of movement while she is fleeing fromPerseus. Her motion is further indicated by the formulaic positioning of her legs in the so–calledKnielauf position whichstylistically resembles aswastika.^[16]

The Gorgon is shown with agirdle of intertwinedserpents; the girdle is afertility symbol traditionally associated with female reproduction and sexuality. The presence of the snakes, however, adds ademonic quality as well as an element of danger.^[12] Two more snakes radiate outward from her neck. The Medusa figure closely resembles "Mistress of Animals" deities found in theNear East and also resemblesMesopotamian demonessLamashtu who was the equivalent of the Greek deityLamia.^[17]

Her children,Pegasus andKhrysaor, are at each side of her, despite the fact that they were born after her death.^[18] The face of Medusa is repulsive and shows an evil "archaic smile".^[19] Thepanthers, flanking Medusa on each side, serve as temple guardians and they gaze outward as if to visually inspect their domain.^{[2][13][20][3][21]} The smaller size of the guardian leopards relative to the pediment enclosure and their high relief indicates that the archaic sculptor desired to disengage the animals from their environment.^[19]

The head of the Medusa figure clashes with the pediment outline and evokes a frightening effect.^[19] It has also been suggested that since it is unusual forArtemis not to be depicted on the pediment of her own Temple, Medusa may represent thechthonic or demonic side of Artemis, since both entities were patrons of animals.^[22] The function of the Medusa and panther figures is believed to beapotropaic, that is, their function was to ward-off evil and prevent it from entering the temple.^[2][13][14] Agorgoneion (Greek: Γοργόνειον) was a special apotropaicamulet very popular at the period, regarded as worn by gods and royalty as well as others.

Behind the leopard on the left lies a seated figure. The figure was shown to be attacked by aspear-wielding figure, which has disappeared from the pediment.

Behind the seated figure, on its left, lies a bearded figure of a deadwarrior,^[2] facing outward from the pediment.^[14] Behind the leopard to the right, two figures are shown. The standing figure closest to the leopard is believed to beZeus who is depicted in partial profile wielding athunderbolt against another figure, which faces outward from the pediment.^[2][14] The figure is presented with a beard and is kneeling.^[14] To the right of these figures, another relief of a dead warrior is believed to have existed.^[14]

There are reasons to suppose that the seated figure isCronus or one of the Gigantes, in which case the scenes depicted to the right and left of the leopards might depict a single subject, theTitanomachy, the battle between the gods and theTitans, which would better fit with a beardless (i.e. younger) Zeus, who is rarely depicted without a beard.^[14][23][24] There are also arguments that the seated figure illustrates KingPriam ofTroy being slain by the Greek heroNeoptolemos and that the scene on the left is inspired from theTrojan War.^[2] If this is the case, then there are two themes present in the pediment: theSack of Troy and theGigantomachy, the battle between the gods andGiants.^[14]

Since these figures are not connected to the legend of Medusa, it is thought that the apotropaic function of temple symbols such as the Medusa and the panthers, as guardian symbols of the Temple, is starting to be replaced by the idea of using figures and themes frommythical stories as temple decoration. The decorative function, in time, prevailed over the apotropaic one.^[14]

The Gaze of the Gorgon is a film-poem created byTony Harrison, which examines the politics of conflict in the 20th century using the Gorgon as a metaphor. The narration of the film is done through the mouth of a statue of theJewish poetHeinrich Heine, which Kaiser Wilhelm II had removed from theAchilleion after he took over ownership of the palace from Empress Elizabeth of Austria. The film describes the connection between Heine, the Corfu Gorgon, and the Kaiser, who had an obsession with the Gorgon.^[10][25][26] In the film, Harrison's voice narrates:^[9]

...what was Kaiser up to?

Excavating on Corfu,
the scholar Kaiser on the scent
of long lost temple pediment
not filling trenches, excavating
the trenches where the Gorgon's waiting
there in the trenches to supervise

the unearthing of the Gorgon's eyes.

• List of Ancient Greek temples

Wikimedia Commons has media related toTemple of Artemis (Corfu).

Wikimedia Commons has media related toTemple of Artemis (Corfu).

• The Archaeological Museum of Corfu: Original pediment of the Medusa Gorgo from the Artemis Temple of CorfuArchived 2019-10-10 at theWayback Machine
• The State University of New York: Reconstruction Plans of the Artemis Temple of Corfu

39°36′26.2″N19°55′05.7″E / 39.607278°N 19.918250°E /39.607278; 19.918250

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