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Tahirid dynasty

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

821–873 Sunni Persian dynasty of Khorasan; Abbasid vassals

For the homonymous dynasty of Yemen, seeTahirid Sultanate. For the Andalusi dynasty, seeTaifa of Murcia.

Tahirid Dynasty

طاهریان
Tâheriyân

821–873

Provinces governed by the Tahirids

Status

De jure governorate of theAbbasid Caliphate^[1]

Capital

Merv, laterNishapur

Common languages

Early New Persian (court, informal)^[2]^[3]
Arabic (literature/poetry/science)^[4]

Religion

Sunni Islam

Government

Caliphal governoral emirate

Emir

• 821

Tahir ibn Husayn

Historical era

Medieval

• Established

821

• Disestablished

873

Area

800 est.^[5]

1,000,000 km² (390,000 sq mi)

Preceded by

Succeeded by

Abbasid Caliphate

Saffarid Empire
Alid dynasties of northern Iran

Part ofa series on the

History ofIran

TheGate of All Nations in Fars

Prehistoric period

BCE / BC

Baradostian culture	c. 36,000–18,000
Zarzian culture	c. 20,000–10,000
Shulaveri–Shomu culture	c. 6000–5000
Zayandeh River Culture	c. 6th millennium
Dalma culture	c. 5th millennium

Ancient period

Kura–Araxes culture	3400–2000
Helmand culture/Jiroft culture	c. 3300–2200
Proto-Elamite	3200–2700
Lullubi Kingdom/Zamua	c. 3100-675
Elam	2700–539
Marhaši	c. 2550-2020
Oxus Civilization	c. 2400–1700
Akkadian Empire	2400–2150
Kassites	c. 1500–1155
Avestan period	c. 1500–500
Neo-Assyrian Empire	911–609
Urartu	860–590
Mannaea	850–616
Zikirti	750-521
Saparda	720-670

Imperial period

Median Empire	678–550 BC
Scythian Kingdom	652–625 BC
Anshanite Kingdom	635 BC–550 BC
Neo-Babylonian Empire	626 BC–539 BC
Sogdia	c. 6th century BC–11th century AD
Achaemenid Empire	550 BC–330 BC
Kingdom of Armenia	331 BC–428 AD
Atropatene	c. 323 BC–226 AD
Kingdom of Cappadocia	320s BC–17 AD
Seleucid Empire	312 BC–63 BC
Kingdom of Pontus	281 BC–62 BC
Fratarakas	3rd-century BC–132 BC
Parthian Empire	247 BC–224 AD
Elymais	147 BC–224 AD
Characene	141 BC–222 AD
Kings of Persis	132 BC–224 AD
Indo-Parthian Kingdom	19 AD–224/5
Paratarajas	125–300
Sasanian Empire	224–651
Zarmihrids	6th century–785
Qarinvandids	550s–11th century

Medieval period

CE / AD

Rashidun Caliphate	632-661
Umayyad Caliphate	661–750
Abbasid Caliphate	750–1258
Dabuyids	642–760
Bavandids	651–1349
Masmughans of Damavand	651–760
Baduspanids	665–1598
Justanids	791 – 11th century
Alid dynasties	864 – 14th century
Tahirid dynasty	821–873
Samanid Empire	819–999
Saffarid dynasty	861–1003
Ghurid dynasty	pre-879 – 1215
Sajid dynasty	889–929
Sallarid dynasty	919–1062
Ziyarid dynasty	930–1090
Ilyasids	932–968
Buyid dynasty	934–1062
Rawadid dynasty	955–1070
Hasanwayhids	959–1095
Ghaznavid dynasty	977–1186
Annazids	990/1–1117
Kakuyids	1008–1141
Nasrid dynasty	1029–1236
Shabankara	1030–1355
Seljuk Empire	1037–1194
Khwarazmian dynasty	1077–1231
Eldiguzids	1135–1225
Atabegs of Yazd	1141–1319
Salghurids	1148–1282
Hazaraspids	1155–1424
Pishkinid dynasty	1155–1231
Khorshidi dynasty	1184-1597
Qutlugh-Khanids	1223-1306
Mihrabanids	1236–1537
Kurt dynasty	1244–1396
Ilkhanate Empire	1256–1335
Chobanid dynasty	1335–1357
Muzaffarid dynasty	1335–1393
Jalayirid Sultanate	1337–1376
Sarbadars	1337–1376
Injuids	1335–1357
Afrasiyab dynasty	1349–1504
Mar'ashis	1359–1596
Timurid Empire	1370–1507
Kar-Kiya dynasty	1370s–1592
Qara Qoyunlu	1406–1468
Aq Qoyunlu	1468–1508

Early modern period

Safavid Iran	1501–1736
(Hotak dynasty)	1722–1729
Afsharid Iran	1736–1796
Zand dynasty	1751–1794

Modern period

Qajar Iran	1789–1925
Pahlavi Iran	1925–1979

Contemporary period

Iranian Revolution	1979
Interim Government	1979
Islamic Republic	1979–present

Timeline

Iran portal

TheTahirid dynasty (Persian:طاهریان,romanized: Tâheriyân,pronounced[t̪ɒːheɾiˈjɒːn]) was anArabized Sunni Muslim dynasty ofPersian dehqan origin that ruled as governors ofKhorasan from 821 to 873 as well as serving as military and security commanders inAbbasid Baghdad until 891. The dynasty was founded byTahir ibn Husayn, a leading general in the service of theAbbasid caliphal-Ma'mun. For his support of al-Ma'mun in theFourth Fitna, he was granted the governance ofKhorasan.

The Tahirids, however, were not an independent dynasty—according to Hugh Kennedy: "The Tahirids are sometimes considered as the first independent Iranian dynasty, but such a view is misleading. The arrangement was effectively a partnership between the Abbasids and the Tahirids." Indeed, the Tahirids were loyal to the Abbasid caliphs and in return enjoyed considerable autonomy; they were in effect viceroys representing Abbasid rule in Persia.^[6]^[7] The tax revenue from Khorasan sent to the caliphal treasury in Baghdad was perhaps larger than those collected previously.^[6]

Rulers of Khurasan

[edit]

Rise

[edit]

The founder of the Tahirid dynasty wasTahir ibn Husayn, a SunniPersian ofdehqan origin,^[8]^[9] who had played a major military role in thecivil war between the rival caliphsal-Amin andal-Ma'mun.^[10] He and his ancestors had previously been awarded minor governorships in eastern Khorasan for their service to the Abbasids.^[8] In 821, Tahir was made governor ofKhorasan, but he died soon afterwards.^[a]^[11] The caliph then appointed Tahir's son, Talha, governor of Khorasan.^[12] Talha was unsuccessful in removing the Kharijites from Sistan,^[13] and following the death of the Kharijite leader, Hamza b. Adarak (d.828),^[14] the Tahirids occupied Zarang but never succeeded in collecting taxes in the surrounding countryside.^[15]

Tahir's other son, Abdullah, was instated as thewali ofEgypt and theArabian Peninsula, and when Talha died in 828 he was given the governorship ofKhorasan. Abdullah is considered one of the greatest of the Tahirid rulers,^[12] as his reign witnessed a flourishing of agriculture in his native land of Khorasan, popularity in the eastern lands of the Abbasid caliphate and expanding influence due to his experience with the western parts of the caliphate. A noted poet, he sympathized with all things Arabic.^[16]

The replacement of thePahlavi script with theArabic script in order to write thePersian language was done by the Tahirids in 9th centuryKhurasan.^[17]

Fall

[edit]

Abdullah died in 844 and was succeeded by his sonTahir II.^[18] Not much is known of Tahir's rule, but the administrative dependency ofSistan was lost to rebels during his governorship. Tahirid rule began to seriously deteriorate after Tahir's sonMuhammad ibn Tahir became governor, due to his carelessness with the affairs of the state and lack of experience with politics. Oppressive policies inTabaristan, another dependency of Khorasan, resulted in the people of that province revolting and declaring their allegiance to the independentZaydi rulerHasan ibn Zayd in 864.^[12] In Khorasan itself, Muhammad's rule continued to grow increasingly weak, and in 873 he was finally overthrown by theSaffarid dynasty, who annexed Khorasan to their own empire in easternPersia.

Governors of Baghdad

[edit]

Coinage ofTalha ibn Tahir, withSasanian-type bust. Dated AH 209 (AD 824).

Besides their hold over Khorasan, the Tahirids also served as the military governors (ashab al-shurta) of Baghdad, beginning with Tahir's appointment to that position in 820. After he left for Khorasan, the governorship of Baghdad was given to a member of a collateral branch of the family,Ishaq ibn Ibrahim, who controlled the city for over twenty-five years.^[19] During Ishaq's term as governor, he was responsible for implementing theMihna (inquisition) in Baghdad.^[20] His administration also witnessed the departure of the caliphs from Baghdad, as they made the recently constructed city ofSamarra their new capital.^[21] When Ishaq died in 849 he was succeeded first by two of his sons, and then in 851 by Tahir's grandsonMuhammad ibn Abdallah.^[19]

Abdallah played a major role in the events of the "Anarchy at Samarra" in the 860s, giving refuge to the caliphal-Musta'in and commanding the defense of Baghdad when it wasbesieged by the forces of the rival caliphal-Mu'tazz in 865. The following year, he forced al-Musta'in to abdicate and recognized al-Mu'tazz as caliph, and in exchange was allowed to retain his control over Baghdad.^[22] Violent riots plagued Baghdad during the last years of Abdallah's life, and conditions in the city remained tumultuous after he died and was succeeded by his brothers, firstUbaydallah and thenSulayman.^[23] Eventually order was restored in Baghdad, and the Tahirids continued to serve as governors of the city for another two decades. In 891, however,Badr al-Mu'tadidi was put in charge of the security of Baghdad in place of the Tahirids,^[19] and the family soon lost their prominence within the caliphate after that.^[12]

Language and culture

[edit]

Early 9th centurySasanian-style silver plates from Merv.

The historianClifford Edmund Bosworth explains that while the Tahirids were Persians, they were also highly Arabized in culture,^[24] and eager to be accepted in the caliphal world, where cultivation of things Arabic gave social and cultural prestige.^[25] Due to this, the Tahirids were not part of the renaissance of Early New Persian language and culture.^[25] He adds that the Persian language was at least tolerated in the entourage of the Tahirids, whereas theSaffarids played a leading part in the renaissance ofPersian literature.^[25]

Centuries later, both'Aufi andDaulatshah wrote the Tahirids were hostile to Persian literature.^[26] 'Abd-Allah b. Tahir ordered the Persian novelVamiq-u Adhra "The Ardent Lover and the Virgin" (based on a Hellenistic novel^[27]) and other Persian andZoroastrian works destroyed, according to Daulatshah.^[26]

However, according to the historian Shivan Mahendrarajah, in reference to the dynasties of theIranian Intermezzo of which the Tahirids are considered part:^[28]

Persian (the language) and Iranian (the identity) were reasserting themselves. Iranians were adapting Arab-Islamic cultural tenets through a process of 'take the best, leave the rest'.

Within this context, Mahendrarajah adds that the Tahirids were specifically responsible for initiating the process by which Persian became written in thePerso-Arabic script, referring to this as "an ingenious Iranian adaption that allowed them to retain the heritage and charm of the Persian language".^[28]

The Tahirids claimed descent fromRustam, the mythological Iranian hero.^[29]

The art historianSheila Blair explains that the Tahirids may well have added Persian inscriptions to their (now non-extant) buildings.^[30]

Members of the Tahirid dynasty

[edit]

Governor^[31]	Term
Governors of Khurasan
Tahir ibn Husayn	821–822
Talha ibn Tahir	822–828
Abdallah ibn Tahir al-Khurasani	828–845
Tahir (II) ibn Abdallah	845–862
Muhammad ibn Tahir (II)	862–873
Governors of Baghdad
Tahir ibn Husayn	820–822
Ishaq ibn Ibrahim al-Mus'abi	822–850
Muhammad ibn Ishaq ibn Ibrahim	850–851
Abdallah ibn Ishaq ibn Ibrahim	851
Muhammad ibn Abdallah ibn Tahir	851–867
Ubaydallah ibn Abdallah ibn Tahir	867–869
Sulayman ibn Abdallah ibn Tahir	869–879
Ubaydallah ibn Abdallah (again)	879–885
Muhammad ibn Tahir (II)	885–890
Ubaydallah ibn Abdallah (again)	890–891

Family tree

[edit]

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The palace of the emir in 1839

Timeline

Ancient

Indus Valley Civilisation	2200–1800 BC
Oxus civilization	2100–1800 BC
Gandhara kingdom	1500–535 BC
Median Empire	728–550 BC
Achaemenid Empire	550–330 BC
Macedonian Empire	330–312 BC
Seleucid Empire	312–150 BC
Maurya Empire	305–180 BC
Greco-Bactrian kingdom	256–125 BC
Parthian Empire	247 BC–224 AD
Indo-Greek kingdom	180–90 BC
Indo-Scythian kingdom	155–80? BC
Kushan Empire	135 BC – 248 AD
Indo-Parthian kingdom	20 BC – 50? AD
Sasanian Empire	230–651
Kidarite kingdom	320–465
Rob
Alchon Huns	380–560
Hephthalite Empire	410–557
Nezak Huns	484–711

Medieval

Kabul Shahi	565–879
Principality of Chaghaniyan	7th–8th centuries
Rashidun Caliphate	652–661
Tang China	660–669
Tibetan Empire	660–842
Umayyads	661–750
Zunbils	680–870
Lawik	750-977
Abbasids	750–821
Tahirids	821–873
Saffarids	863–900
Samanids	875–999
Ghaznavids	963–1187
Ghurids	before 879–1215
Seljuks	1037–1194
Khwarezmids	1215–1231
Mongol Invasion	1219–1226
Chagatai Khanate	1226–1245
Qarlughids	1224–1266
Ilkhanate	1256–1335
Kartids	1245–1381
Timurids	1370–1507
Arghuns	1520–1591

Modern

Mughals	1501–1738
Safavids	1510–1709
Kunduz Khanate	?–1859
Hotak dynasty	1709–1738
Sadozai Sultanate	1716–1732
Afsharid Iran	1738–1747
Durrani Empire	1747–1823
Maimana Khanate	1747–1892
Herat	1793–1863
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Emirate	1823–1926
Saqqawist Emirate	1929
Kingdom	1926–1973
Daoud coup	1973
Republic	1973–1978
Saur Revolution	1978
Democratic Republic	1978–1992
Tanai coup attempt	1990
Islamic State	1992–1996
Islamic Emirate	1996–2001
US invasion	2001
Islamic State (reinstated)	2001
Interim/Transitional Administration	2001–2004
Islamic Republic (politics)	2004–2021
Islamic Emirate (reinstated)	since 2021

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Notes

[edit]

^"The Taherids of Iraq. As the events of the late Taherid period demonstrate, the Taherids in Iraq were just about as powerful and important, even if less well known, than their Khorasani relatives. They regularly held positions as military commanders, heads of the security forces (ṣāheb al-šorṭa) for eastern and western Baghdad, and chief tax collectors or administrators (e.g., ʿāmel and moʿāwen) for the Sawād of Kufa."^[11]

References

[edit]

^Hovannisian & Sabagh 1998, p. 96.
^Canfield 1991, p. 6.
^Peacock 2007, p. 35.
^Blair 2003, p. 340.
^Taagepera 1997, p. 496.
^^a ^bKennedy 2016, p. 139.
^Esposito 2000, p. 38.
^^a ^bBosworth 1975, p. 90-91.
^Daftary 2003, p. 57.
^Starr, S. Frederick (2015).Lost Enlightenment: Central Asia's Golden Age from the Arab Conquest to Tamerlane. Princeton University Press. p. 195.ISBN 9781400848805.
^^a ^bDaniel 2000.
^^a ^b ^c ^dBosworth 2000, p. 104-105.
^Baumer 2018, p. 20.
^Bosworth 2012.
^Bosworth 1995, p. 795.
^Marin, E. (1986). "'Abd Allāh b. Țāhir". In Gibb, H. A. R.; Kramers, J. H.; Lévi-Provençal, E.; Schacht, J. (eds.).Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. I. E.J. Brill. p. 53.ISBN 9004081143.
^Lapidus 2012, p. 256.
^Bosworth 1975, pp. 100–101.
^^a ^b ^cBosworth 1996, p. 168-169.
^Turner 2006, p. 402.
^Gordon 2001, p. 47.
^Kennedy 2001, p. 135-139.
^Yar-Shater 2007, p. 124.
^Bosworth 1975, pp. 90–135: "The Tāhirids were culturally highly Arabicized, but they were nevertheless Persians."
^^a ^b ^cBosworth 1969, p. 106.
^^a ^bBosworth 1975, p. 105.
^Utas, B.; Hägg, T. (2004).The Virgin and her Lover: Fragments of an Ancient Greek Novel and a Persian Epic Poem. Brill Studies in Middle Eastern Literatures. Brill.ISBN 978-90-474-0258-9. Retrieved2023-10-09.
^^a ^bMahendrarajah 2019, p. 161.
^Spuler 2015, pp. 344–345.
^Blair, Sheila S. (1998).Islamic Inscriptions. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 23–24.
^Bosworth 1996, p. 168–169.
^Kraemer 1989, p. xxviii.

Sources

[edit]

Blair, S. (2003). "Language situation and scripts: Arabic". In Bosworth, C.E.; Asimov, M.S. (eds.).History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Vol. IV. Motilal Banarsidass.
Bosworth, C. E. (1969). "The Ṭāhirids and Persian Literature".Iran.7:103–106.doi:10.2307/4299615.JSTOR 4299615.
Bosworth, C.E. (1975)."The Ṭāhirids and Ṣaffārids". InFrye, Richard N. (ed.).The Cambridge History of Iran. Vol. 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press. pp. 90–135.ISBN 0-521-20093-8.
Bosworth, C.E. (1995). "Saffarids".The Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. VIII:NED-SAM. Brill. pp. 795–798.
Bosworth, C. E. (1996).The New Islamic Dynasties. Columbia University Press.
Bosworth, C.E. (2000)."Tahirids". InBearman, P. J.;Bianquis, Th.;Bosworth, C. E.;van Donzel, E. &Heinrichs, W. P. (eds.).The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition.Volume X: T–U. Leiden: E. J. Brill.ISBN 978-90-04-11211-7.
Bosworth, C.E. (2012). "Ḥamza b. Ādarak".Encyclopaedia Iranica.
Canfield, Robert L. (1991). "Introduction: the Turko-Persian tradition". In Canfield, Robert L. (ed.).Turko-Persia in Historical Perspective. Cambridge University Press.
Daftary, F. (2003). "Sectarian and national movements in Iran, Khurasan and Transoxanial during Umayyad in early Abbasid times". In Asimov, M.S.; Bosworth, C.E. (eds.).History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Vol. IV: Part I. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 41–60.ISBN 92-3-103467-7.
Daniel, Elton L. (2000)."Taherids". InYarshater, Ehsan (ed.).Encyclopædia Iranica (Online ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation.
Esposito, John L. (2000).The Oxford History of Islam. Oxford University Press.ISBN 9780199880416.
Gordon, Matthew S. (2001).The Breaking of a Thousand Swords: A History of the Turkish Military of Samarra (A.H. 200–275/815–889 C.E.). Albany, New York: State University of New York Press.ISBN 0-7914-4795-2.
Hovannisian, Richard G.; Sabagh, Georges, eds. (1998).The Persian Presence in the Islamic World. Cambridge University Press.
Kennedy, Hugh (2001).The Armies of the Caliphs: Military and Society in the Early Islamic State. London and New York: Routledge.ISBN 0-415-25093-5.
Kennedy, Hugh (2016).The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century (Third ed.). Abingdon, Oxon and New York: Routledge.ISBN 978-1-138-78761-2.
Kraemer, Joel L., ed. (1989).The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XXXIV: Incipient Decline: The Caliphates of al-Wāthiq, al-Mutawakkil and al-Muntaṣir, A.D. 841–863/A.H. 227–248. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press.ISBN 978-0-88706-874-4.
Lapidus, Ira M. (2012).Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global History. Cambridge University Press.ISBN 9780521514415.
Mahendrarajah, Shivan (2019). "The Iranian interlude: From Mongol decline to Timur's invasion". InBabaie, Sussan (ed.).Iran After the Mongols. I.B. Tauris.ISBN 978-1788315289.
Peacock, A. C. S. (2007).Mediaeval Islamic Historiography and Political Legitimacy: Balʿamī's Tārīkhnāma. London and New York: Routledge.ISBN 978-0-415-40025-1.
Spuler, Bertold (2015). Hoyland, Robert G.; Goldbloom, Gwendolin; Walburg, Berenike (eds.).Iran in the Early Islamic Period: Politics, Culture, Administration and Public Life between the Arab and the Seljuk Conquests, 633-1055. Brill.ISBN 978-90-04-27751-9.
Taagepera, Rein (1997)."Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia".International Studies Quarterly.41 (3):475–504.doi:10.1111/0020-8833.00053.JSTOR 2600793.
Turner, John P. (2006). "Ishaq ibn Ibrahim". In Meri, Josef W. (ed.).Medieval Islamic Civilization. Vol. 1. Routledge.
Yar-Shater, Ehsan, ed. (2007).The History of al-Tabari. State University of New York Press.
Baumer, Christoph (2018). "Iranian-Muslim dynasties in Southwest Central Asia".The History of Central Asia. Vol. 3. I.B. Tauris.20

v t e Tahirid dynasty
Ancestors	Ruzaiq Mus'ab ibn Ruzaiq Husayn ibn Mus'ab
Governors ofBaghdad(820–891)	Ishaq ibn Ibrahim al-Mus'abi Muhammad ibn Ishaq ibn Ibrahim Abdallah ibn Ishaq ibn Ibrahim Muhammad ibn Abdallah ibn Tahir Ubaydallah ibn Abdallah ibn Tahir Sulayman ibn Abdallah ibn Tahir Ubaydallah ibn Abdallah ibn Tahir Muhammad ibn Tahir (II) Ubaydallah ibn Abdallah ibn Tahir
Governors ofKhurasan(821–873)	Tahir ibn Husayn Talha ibn Tahir Abdallah ibn Tahir al-Khurasani Tahir (II) ibn Abdallah Muhammad ibn Tahir (II)

v t e Iranian Intermezzo dynasties (800–1100 AD)
Persian and Caspian kingdoms	Tahirid dynasty Saffarid dynasty Samanid dynasty Ziyarid dynasty Buyid dynasty Kakuyid dynasty Sallarid dynasty Bavand dynasty
Kurdish kingdoms	Rawadid dynasty Marwanids Shaddadids Hasanwayhids Annazids Hadhabani (tribe)
Khwarezmian kingdoms	Afrighids Ma'munids
Sogdian kingdoms	Banu Ilyas Sajid dynasty
See also	Ghaznavids Seljuk Empire Kara-Khanid Khanate Nizari Ismaili state Abbasid Caliphate Fatimid Caliphate

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Rulers of Khurasan

Rise

Fall

Governors of Baghdad

Language and culture

Members of the Tahirid dynasty

Family tree

See also

Notes

References

Sources