Chinmayananda | |
|---|---|
 A portrait of Chinmayananda in 1990 | |
| Personal life | |
| Born | Balakrishna Menon (1916-05-08)8 May 1916 |
| Died | 3 August 1993(1993-08-03) (aged 77) |
| Religious life | |
| Religion | Hinduism |
| Founder of | Chinmaya Mission Vishva Hindu Parishad |
| Philosophy | Advaita Vedanta |
| Religious career | |
| Guru | Sivananda Saraswati Tapovan Maharaj |
Disciples
| |
- "The tragedy of human history is that there is decreasing happiness in the midst of increasing comforts."
- "The real guru is the pure intellect within; and the purified, deeply aspiring mind is the disciple."
- "We may often give without love, but we can never love without giving."
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SwamiChinmayananda Saraswati (IAST: Svāmī Cinmayānanda Sarasvatī), also known asPujya Gurudev Swami Chinmayananda Saraswati (bornBalakrishna Menon; 8 May 1916 – 3 August 1993), was a Hindu spiritual leader and a teacher. In 1953, he foundedChinmaya Mission, a worldwide nonprofit organisation, in order to spread the knowledge ofAdvaita Vedanta, theBhagavad Gita, theUpanishads, and other ancientHindu scriptures. Through the Mission, Swami Chinmayananda spearheaded a global Hindu spiritual and cultural renaissance that popularised these spiritual texts and values, teaching them in English all across India and abroad.
Swami Chinmayananda was originally a journalist and participated in the Indian independence movement. Under the tutelage ofSwami Sivananda and laterTapovan Maharaj, he began studying Vedanta and took the vow ofsannyasa. He gave his firstjñāna yajña, or lecture series about Hindu spirituality, in 1951, starting the work of the Mission. Today, Chinmaya Mission encompasses more than 300 centres in India and internationally and conducts educational, spiritual, and charitable activities.[3]
Swami Chinmayananda's approach was characterized by an appeal to the English-educated Indian middle class and Indian diaspora; he gave lectures and published books in English. Swami Chinmayananda also helped found theVishva Hindu Parishad (VHP), an Indianright-wing Hindu organization that is considered a member of theSangh Parivar. In 1964, he convened delegates to create the VHP at Sandeepany ashram and served as the organisation's first president.[4] He aimed to "awake(n) the Hindus and to make them conscious of their proud place in the comity of nations," saying that, "Let us convert Hindus to Hinduism, then everything will be all right."[5]: 42
Swami Chinmayananda authored 95 publications, including commentaries on the major Upanishads and Bhagavad Gita. He was a visiting professor of Indian philosophy at several American and Asian universities, and he conducted university lecture tours in many countries.
Approaching August 1942, in the midst of a wide-scale attempt by Indian activists to make the British "Quit India," Balan was one of the students to join in writing and distributing leaflets to stir up national pride. A warrant was issued for his arrest. When word of this reached him, he went undercover spending the next year moving around in the state ofAbbottabad, out of range of British officials, and then moved toDelhi.[6]: 25–26
In 1944, almost two years after the British had issued his arrest warrant, believing his case was long forgotten, Balan arrived inPunjab and associated himself with several freedom groups. He advised students on distributing leaflets and organising public strikes but was arrested and imprisoned.[7] He spent several months in unhygienic conditions in prison and caughttyphus. This caused him to be among those who were carried out into the night and tossed beside a road on the outskirts of the city, where he was found by a passing Indian Christian. Reminded of her son serving in the army, she took him to her home and called for a doctor, who insisted that he be taken to a hospital.[citation needed]
Balan slowly recovered his health.K. Rama Rao gave Balan his first job, as ajournalist atThe National Herald, a young newspaper that had been founded a few years back byJawaharlal Nehru.[8][9]: 26 He wrote a series of articles on the imperative of socialism in a society where the vast majority of people were poor. He covered subjects ranging from history and culture to social and political issues. Articles such as "In Praise of the Postman," and "The Mochi—Symbol of Craftsmanship," gained him a reputation as a controversial character. In 1947, he began a new series of articles forThe Commonweal.[6]: 31
It was while working as a journalist that he travelled toSivananda's ashram inRishikesh for this purpose of writing an exposé of the sadhus. He later said, "I went not to gain knowledge, but to find out how the swamis were keeping up the bluff among the masses."[10]In the summer of 1947, Balan arrived in Rishikesh, by the banks of theGanges and made the one-mile hike to theDivine Life Society, the ashram ofSwami Sivananda. The sages opened his eyes. Balan extended his stay from a week to a month, then more and more. At the age of 31, he went from being a sceptic to an enthusiast, finally becoming a renunciate monk. He began reading more about Hindu scriptures and reviewing spiritual books. Sivananda recognised Balan's latent talents and entrusted him to organise a Gita Committee.[11] Having returned to the Divine Life Society ashram, on 25 February 1949, the holy day ofMahashivratri, Balan was initiated intosannyasa (Hindu vow of renunciation) by Sivananda, who gave him the nameSwami Chinmayananda, or "bliss of pure Consciousness."[7]
With Sivananda's blessing, Chinmayananda sought out one of the greatest Vedantic masters of his time,Tapovan Maharaj ofUttarkashi, and devoted the next few years of his life to an intensive study of Vedanta under his tutelage.[7]
In 1951, flying in the face of orthodox Hindu traditions but with the blessings of his guru, Chinmayananda decided to bring the teachings of Vedanta to the masses. In May of that year, he left theHimalayas with a plan to set out on an all-India tour and to visit places of worship to see how Hindu religious heritage was being handed down. He said of that time: “I was miserably disillusioned and disappointed about ... the stuff doled out as the best in Hinduism. ... My experiences during those five months of roaming only strengthened my conviction that I must execute ... UpanishadJñāna Yajña sessions (lecture series) all over India, in all the great cities."[12]: 15
Chinmayananda held his first lecture series at a Ganesha temple in the city ofPune in December 1951.[13] His audiences soon swelled from a handful into thousands.[12]: 16 Army officers from theSouthern Command attended and the audience overflowed into the lanes near the temple.[6]: 82 Everyone in the audience, man and woman, across all social strata, was asked to participate in the rituals.[6]: 93
At the end of the secondjñāna yajña in Madras in 1953, a handful of people expressed the desire to create a forum for the study and discussion of Vedanta. Chinmayananda agreed in principle, but he said, "Don't start any organization in my name. I have not come here to be institutionalized. I have come here to give the message of our ancient sages, which has benefited me. If it has benefited you, pass it on."[6]: 120
The Madras group insisted that the best way to "pass it on" was through the support of a forum. They wrote back pointing out that the word "Chinmaya" did not have to indicate Chinmayananda's name, since, in Sanskrit, the word itself means "pure Knowledge," which they were seeking. He conceded. On 8 August 1953, the Chinmaya Mission was formed.
Before long, hundreds of study groups were set up all over the country for people to get together in small batches to study religion and philosophy in a systematic manner. Devi groups were organised for women to take up regular spiritual study and social work.[14]: 69
In 1956, the 23rdjñāna yajña inDelhi was inaugurated by the President of India,Rajendra Prasad. He spoke highly of the work Chinmayananda was doing to restore India's cultural glory. In a span of five years, Chinmayananda had instructed over 50,000 of his countrymen through 25jñāna yajñas across the country.[6]: 112
On 6 March 1965, Chinmayananda set out on his first global teaching tour, covering 39 cities in 18 countries: Thailand, Hong Kong, Japan, Malaysia, United States, Mexico, Spain, United Kingdom, Belgium, the Netherlands, Sweden, Germany, Denmark, France, Switzerland, Italy, Greece and Lebanon.[6]: 233 Over the next 28 years, he continued these international discourses, staying only a week or so in each place, delivering a minimum of two lectures a day, and handling numerous meetings, interviews, discussions, and programs.[14]: 89 He wrote scores of letters a day.[14]: 88
It soon became necessary to co-ordinate the growing spiritual movement in the United States. Chinmaya Mission West was formed in 1975 for this purpose.[15]
Chinmayananda's message resonated with heads of other faiths. One of hisyajñas in Bombay was inaugurated by CardinalValerian Gracias, a prominent Catholic archbishop of the time.[14]: 78 TheDalai Lama, head of the Tibetan Buddhist order, visited with him at the Chinmaya Mission ashram inSidhbari in 1981.[16] Chinmayananda was a supporter ofinterfaith dialogue and participated in many interfaith events.[citation needed]
In 1992, he undertook a lecture tour of twelve US universities to establish an international library and research center, the Chinmaya International Foundation, in Kerala, India.[14]: 83
In 1963, Swami Chinmayananda wrote an article airing the idea of calling for a World Hindu Council, inviting delegates from throughout the world to discuss the difficulties and needs concerning the "survival and development of Hindu culture."[17] This attracted the attention ofRSSpracharakS. S. Apte, who was airing similar ideas at that time.
In the same year, Chinmaya Mission collected ₹10,000 to fund the construction of theVivekananda Rock Memorial, which the RSS was building at the time inKanyakumari. Additionally, in August 1964, the Pope announced that theInternational Eucharistic Conference would be held in November in Bombay,[18] and stated that a specific number of Hindus would be converted to Christianity; Chinmayananda announced in response that he would convert an even greater number of people to Hinduism.[19][20][21][22]
Apte and Chinmayananda jointly organised such a conference at the Sandeepany ashram in August 1964, which resulted in the founding of theVishva Hindu Parishad. Swami Chinmayananda was elected as president and Apte as general secretary of the new organisation.[4]
According to Chinmayananda, the VHP was founded in order to
awake(n) the Hindus and to make them conscious of their proud place in the comity of nations. Once we have made every Hindu conscious of his own identity, the Parishad has done its job and we shall feel fully rewarded... ...
Let us convert Hindus to Hinduism, then everything will be all right.[5]: 42
He also believed that the VHP should be focused on educating members of theHindu diaspora and their children about knowledge of their "cultural duties and spiritual values" and give them the opportunity to "learn, to appreciate and involve themselves in our tradition".[5]: 43 In the 1980s, Chinmayananda also supported the VHP'sEkatmata Yatras, stating that those who oppose the yatras "have no respect for national unity and suffer from alienation from the country."[23]: 44
In 1992, Chinmayananda attended the Vishwa Hindu Parishad's 5th European Hindu Conference in Frankfurt, Germany, where the ongoingAyodhya dispute was a major topic of discussion. During the conference, he stated that the 14 pillars of theBabri Masjid that were identifiable as Hindu temple pillars should be turned over to the Hindus.[24] The mosquewas illegally destroyed by VHP activists later that year in an escalation of theAyodhya dispute.
In January 1993, he gave an interview toRam Madhav in which he discussed the demolition of the Babri Masjid. Comparing it to thefall of the Berlin Wall, he asserted that "pulling down that structure is nothing wrong" because it was not really used as a mosque.[25][26] "First let us have this Rama Temple," he said, after which there were "two more monuments which are built upon our Krishna’s birth place and Kashi Viswanath." He stated that enthusiasm for the Ram Temple today was not enough, asking Hindus, "Are we ready to live Rama’s life?"[25]
At the time of his death, Chinmayananda was to have been a featured speaker at the World Vision 2000 Global Conference in Washington, D.C., from 6 to 8 August, staged by the VHP to mark the centenary of Swami Vivekananda's 1893 address to the Parliament of World Religions.[27][28] On 8 August, five days after Chinmayananda died, conference delegates observed a moment of silence in tribute to him.[27]
Chinmayananda had many illnessesdiabetes,hypertension andheart disease. He had his first heart attack in 1969, when his treatment at the newly opened Chinmaya Mission Hospital in Bangalore made him its first patient.[14]: 95 In the summer of 1980, when he was in the United States for a series ofjnana yajnas, he had to undergo multipleheart bypass surgeries in Texas.[6]: 405
On 26 July 1993, he suffered breathing problems inSan Diego, California, while staying at a family devotee's house for the day before a yagna camp that was supposed to take place inLos Angeles, the next day.[29] Taken toScripps Memorial Hospital in La Jolla, he was later transferred toSharp Memorial Hospital, where he had a quintuple bypass surgery on 29 July. But his condition continued to be critical and he was put on a life-support system.[6]: 430 He died five days later at 5:45 pm on 3 August 1993, aged 77.[27] His followers mark the date as the occasion ofMahasamadhi Day.[6]: 431
On 7 August 1993, thousands of people were atIndira Gandhi International Airport in New Delhi when his body returned to India. It was transported to Sidhbari,Himachal Pradesh, where it was finally laid to rest in accordance withVedic ritual. Amahasamadhi shrine has been built there.[6]: 433–434
At the time of his death, Chinmayananda was to have spoke at theVHP's World Vision 2000 Global Conference in Washington, D.C., and led the Hindu delegation for the1993 Parliament of World's Religions, both events which took place later that August.[30][27]
Forty years after his firstjñāna yajña, on 24 December 1991, in theLeela Kempinski Hotel, inBombay, Chinmayananda's devotees gathered in Mumbai to offer him an amount of gold equal to his body weight, presented to him on atula (ceremonial balance scale) in an age-old ritual calledsuvarņa tulābhāram. The funds generated were used to support the myriad service projects and programs of Chinmaya Mission.[31]
Chinmayananda established ashrams around the world as places for spiritual retreat, study, and practice.[6]: 324
There are numerous and diverse devotional, spiritual, cultural, and social projects that the Chinmaya Mission continues to administer and conduct in Chinmayananda's memory, including the Bala Vihar,[32] the Chinmaya Yuva Kendra (CHYK, the global youth wing of Chinmaya Mission),[6]: 160 and Chinmaya Study Groups for adults, which are also known as Devi Groups.[6]: 156 The Mission has also constructed over 58 temples in India and abroad[6]: 327 and it operates the Chinmaya Organisation for Rural Development (CORD), which was founded by Chinmayananda to facilitate integrated sustainable development for the poor through self-empowerment.[33]
He established the Chinmaya International Foundation at the Tharavad house of Adi Shankara which the foundation bought – in the village Veliyanad in Eranakulam District in Kerala.[citation needed]
From its beginnings in 1965 at a nursery school inaugurated by Chinmayananda in Kollengode, Kerala (India), today there are over 76 Chinmaya Vidyalayas (schools), seven Chinmaya colleges, and the Chinmaya International Residential School in India, and the first Chinmaya Vidyalaya outside India's borders, in Trinidad, West Indies.[34]
Chinmayananda inaugurated the Chinmaya Mission Hospital in 1970. The facility has grown into a modern, fully equipped 200-bed hospital inBangalore in Karnataka, India.[citation needed]
In the late 1970s, Chinmayananda established rural health care services inSidhbari, Himachal Pradesh, India.[35]
Chinmayananda authored 95 publications in his lifetime, including forty commentaries on classical scriptural texts, eight compilations, 13 co-authored works and 34 original works. Over the years, luxury hotels in India started keeping a copy of his commentary on theBhagavad-gita in all their guest rooms.[citation needed] His books, written in English, have been translated into numerous regional Indian languages, includingHindi,Tamil,Malayalam,Marathi,Telugu,Kannada,Odia,Bengali,Sindhi, andUrdu[6]: 176 and in one European language, French. His birth centenary has been celebrated with publication of Chinmaya Birth Centenary Series. A series of 12 books were being published. The last in the series is on the teachings of Swami Chinmayananda, through the analogy oftennis, which he always loved. The book is named as 'Final Score - Love All'.[36]
The BMI (Body Mind Intellect) Chart is a teaching tool innovated by Chinmayananda that became one of his hallmarks. It categorises the totality of human experience, according to the science of Vedanta, by drawing on 11 characters of the English andDevanagari alphabets.[37]
On 2 December 1992, Chinmayananda addressed the United Nations and the talk was titled "Planet in Crisis."[38]
The US magazine,Hinduism Today, conferred him with its Hindu Renaissance Award and the title of "Hindu of the Year" in 1992.[39]
In 1993, he was selected as "President of Hindu Religion" for the Centennial Conference of theParliament of the World's Religions in Chicago, whereSwami Vivekananda had given his address one hundred years previously. He was also to be honoured for his selfless service to humanity in Washington, DC at "World Vision 2000," a conference of religious leaders organised byVishva Hindu Parishad on 6–8 August 1993. He did not attend either of the latter two functions, as he attained Mahasamadhi, in San Diego, on 3 August 1993.[40]
On 8 May 2015, Indian Prime MinisterNarendra Modi released a commemorative₹20 coin to mark his birth centenary.[41]
In 2014,On a Quest, an English-language biopic featuring the life and works of Chinmayananda, was released.[42] In June 2022, the movie was released to the public on YouTube in English, Hindi and Sanskrit languages.[43] In August 2022, the movie was released in Tamil, Telugu, and Malayalam languages.[44][45][46]
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