Surveillance tools are all means of technology provided and used by thesurveillance industry,police ormilitary intelligence, andnational security institutions that enable individualsurveillance andmass surveillance.Steven Ashley in 2008 listed the following components used for surveillance:[1][2]
The electronic means, especially when combined with Internet features (ubiquitous computing,IoT) and enhanced byartificial intelligence analysis methods readily lend themselves to mass surveillance.[3] This is whycountersurveillance measures likeanonymization andend-to-end encryption have become critical. Devices like chemical markers, on the other hand are more suited and in fact designed mainly for monitoring individuals.