Sultanate of Maguindanao Kasultanan nu Magindanaw كسولتانن نو مڬیندنو | |||||||||||
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| 1515[1][2]–1899[3] or 1926[4] | |||||||||||
 Flag | |||||||||||
 Territory of the Sultanate of Maguindanao in 1521 (purple) and its subjects (light purple) according to various accounts. | |||||||||||
| Capital | |||||||||||
| Common languages | |||||||||||
| Religion | Sunni Islam | ||||||||||
| Demonym(s) | Magindanawn | ||||||||||
| Government | Absolute monarchy | ||||||||||
| Sultan | |||||||||||
• 1515–1543 | Sharif Kabungsuwan | ||||||||||
• 1597–1619 | Kapitan Laut Buisan | ||||||||||
• 1619–1671 | Sultan Dipatuan Qudarat I | ||||||||||
• 1896–1926 | Sultan Mangigin | ||||||||||
• 1899 | Datu Piang (Cotabato and Tamontaka) | ||||||||||
| History | |||||||||||
• Established bySharif Kabungsuwan | 1515[1][2] | ||||||||||
| December 1899 | |||||||||||
• Death of Sultan Mangigin | 1926 | ||||||||||
• Disestablished | 1899[3] or 1926[4] | ||||||||||
| Currency | Barter | ||||||||||
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| Today part of | Philippines | ||||||||||
TheSultanate of Maguindanao (Maguindanaon:Kasultanan nu Magindanaw,Jawi: كسولتانن نو مڬیندنو;Filipino:Kasultanan ng Mangindánaw) was a Sunni Muslimsultanate that ruled parts of the island ofMindanao, in the southernPhilippines, especially in modern-dayMaguindanao provinces (Maguindanao del Sur andMaguindanao del Norte),Soccsksargen,Zamboanga Peninsula andDavao Region.
Its known historical influence stretches from thepeninsula of Zamboanga to bay ofSarangani untilDavao Gulf. During the era ofEuropean colonization, the sultanate maintained friendly relations with British and Dutch traders.[5]
According to theYuan annals of 1304 in theNanhai Zhi, a polity known as Wenduling or Bintolang[Notes 1] (文杜陵) was once a vassal state of Po-ni. According to Wang Zhenping, Wenduling may have been the predecessor state of Maguindanao. Wenduling was invaded by then Hindu-BuddhistBrunei (Pon-i),[6] until it rebelled and successfully broke away after theMajapahit invasion of the latter. Islamization then happened afterwards. However, other studies, such as an earlier study by Wang Teh-ming (1964), suggest that Wenduling, known in Hokkien reading as Bintolang or 'Mintolong' was none other thanMindoro, and not Maguindanao. The location of Wenduling remains disputed.[7]
Two brothers named Mamalu and Tabunaway lived peacefully in the Cotabato Valley on Mindanao and thenSharif Kabungsuwan fromJohor in what is now modern dayMalaysia, preached Islam in the area in the 16th century, Tabunaway converted, while Mamalu decided to hold fast to their ancestralanimist beliefs. The brothers parted ways, with Tabunaway heading to the lowlands and Mamalu to the mountains, but they vowed to honor their kinship, and thus an unwritten pact of peace between Maguindanaons and the Teduray was forged through the two brothers.[8]
Shariff Kabungsuwan preachedIslam in the area, which was earlierHindu-influenced fromSrivijaya times, at the end of the 16th century and established himself as Sultan seated inMalabang. He exiled some of his people whoapostatised to Cotabato. He subsequently married into the families of local chieftains and established the Sultanate of Maguindanao, with its seat in Slangan (the western part of present-day Cotabato), making him virtually Sultan of the whole island.[9] The sultanate was largely centered around the Cotabato Valley.
Sultan Muhammad Kudarat, and whose name as a youth was Ullah Untong, was one of the greatest sultans who controlled Mindanao. In his island sanctuary in Sulu, he was known as Sultan Nasiruddin, and is buried there. His grandson Abd al-Rahman continued increasing the Sultanate's power and influence.
The Maguindanao sultanate also had a close alliance with theTernate sultanate of theMoluccas region of Indonesia. Ternate regularly sent military reinforcements to Maguindanao during theSpanish-Moro Wars.[10]
Nevertheless, its power was reduced when theConfederate Sultanates of Lanao declared independence from the Maguindanao Sultanate.
During the Spanish colonial period, the Sultanate of Maguindanao was able to defend its territory, preventing the Spaniards from colonizing the entire coastal Mindanao and ceding the island of Palawan to the Spanish government in 1705. The island priory ceded to him by Sulu Sultan Sahabuddin. This was to have help dissuade Spanish encroachments into the island of Maguindanao and Sulu itself.
Chinese gongs, yellow as a color of royalty, and idioms of Chinese origin entered Mindanao culture.[11] Royalty was connected to yellow.[12] The color yellow was used by the Sultan in Mindanao.[13] Chinese tableware and gongs were exported to the Moros.[14]
Merchant Chinese were tranquilly residing alongside the Moros in Maguindanao.[15]
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Similar to neighboring sultanates, Maguindanao wasdecentralized; every town remained autonomous and ruled by their rajas, datus, etc. However, aspects of centralized authority lay in some sectors of governance absolutely controlled by the sultan. (TBE)
Maguindanao maintained close relations with Ternate, Sulu, and Brunei, but developed a rivalry with Buayan. However, Buayan would become ade facto subject state under Sultan Kudarat of Maguindanao. (TBE)
Since the ratification of apeace treaty between Muslims and Christians in 1645 by Kudarat andZamboanga governor Francisco de Atienza Ibañez, the following period of relative stability ushered an economicgolden age as Maguindanao reopened its harbors to international trade, first based in Kudarat's capital of Simuay (present-daySultan Mastura).[16]
Maguindanao's economy was principally driven by two sectors:trade exports ofraw materials like agricultural and jungle produce, andslave labor; it did not maintain a market large enough for importedspices, gold, silk, and other exotic goods.[17] Consequently, this model largely relied on annual outgoing trade expeditions led by Chinesenakodas accompanying trading chiefs most frequently toTernate andManila, and regularly toAmboina,Makassar,Batavia and elsewhere inJava, and aroundSumatra.[18]
Within Maguindanao, thesa ilud principalities served asentrepôts for both domestic and foreign trade and thesa raya region as itsbreadbasket. Several economic reforms were made under Kudarat: wax wasmonopolized inSarangani and theDavao Gulf ports, and restricted trade in the former only by permission with a license from the Sultan himself. He also acquiredshahbandars to oversee the trade and commodities sectors.[19]
The most important exports wererice,wax,tobacco, andclove andcinnamon barks, alongsidecoconut oil,sago, beans,tortoiseshells,bird's nests, andebony hardwood.[17]
The people of Maguindanao are certainly known under one name, but consist of many different nations.
— Sultan Barahaman in a letter written in 1693 to a Dutch governor in Ternate
At its peak, Maguindanao maintained a diverse mosaic of indigenous ethnicities and communities; besides theMaguindanaon themselves, under various forms ofvassalage wereIranun (includingMaranao),Sama-Bajau,Subanon,Sarangani, andKalagan peoples, while in more mutual yet interdependent trade-based relationships were highlanderTirurays andManobos.[20]
TheIranun peoples settled along the coasts of the entireIllana Bay, including thePulangi andSimuay deltas andPolloc harbor, and further inland along the shore ofLake Lanao asMaranaos. Although they were autonomously led by theirdatus, they were vassals of the Sultan from paying tributes and formal acknowledgements. During Barahaman's reign, their population was estimated to be around 90,000-100,000.
Alongside the Bajaus, they were the most important allies of the Maguindanao; the sultanate heavily depended on their vast manpower to maintain the status quo throughout the region. Paradoxically, however, they were also perceived by Maguindanao royalty as the least trustworthy of all groups; they were apparently notorious for rogue activities, and several punitive expeditions were made to quell minor Iranun uprisings. European traders were sometimes advised to sail south of the predominantly Iranun Polloc area into the Simuay River if heading towards the capital for safety, and were denied permanenttrading posts for the same reason.[21]
TheSama-Bajau, or simply Badjaos, of Maguindanao were primarily based around the Simuay delta, though they werenomads who lived on theshorelines and did not live in permanent settlements like the Iranun; additionally, they were particularly barred from living within the capital itself, though nearby.
Small in numbers, they were typicallyfishermen who supplied sea produce for trading vessels and Maguindaon land dwellers, sometimes sailing as far as theTomini Gulf for catches. However, they were also called upon for a variety of other jobs ranging from supplying boats, joiningslave raiding expeditions, and as boat rowing entourage for royalty and other esteemed officials alongside more dangerous jobs as the Sultan's envoys, interpreters, tribute collection from the coastal settlements, and as river guardians.[22]
TheSubanon peoples of the Zamboanga peninsula were also vassals of the sultanate. Aside from offering manpower, they were entrusted with two main roles: production and trade of localcinnamon (Cinnamomum mindanaense) and maintaining storage networks for the Maguindanao's hardware, especially cannons.[23]
TheTirurays of the southernTiruray Highlands and its coast held a mutual but interdependent position with the sultanate largely defined by trade.Trade pacts were established between Magindanaon datus and Tiruray neighborhoods throughseketas teel ("cutting rattan together"). They largely traded forest and some agricultural produce like wax, tobacco, as well as manpower.[24]
Manobos comprise a variety of different highland peoples in the northern and western mountains surrounding the Cotabato Basin, and like the Tirurays, held largely mutual trade relationships with the sultanate. Manobo territories were outside the margins of any Maguindanao control and considered too dangerous. Consequently, trade activity was restricted to only between them and the royal family and principal datus. They mostly traded gold for clothing.[25]
Since its capture in 1625, the people of theSarangani islands were subjugated by Maguindanao through various enforced trade policies in that area, and may be considered slaves of the sultanate than merely subjects.
Aside from serving as the Sultan's primary warehouse, Kudarat restricted their trading activities with foreigners through his personal permission for a license, except for several Chinese in wax trading. The islands' crossroads position served various professions for the sultanate, from ship repair, agricultural produce, wood, water, and manpower.[25]
Otherwise known in historical accounts as simply peoples of theDavao Gulf area,Kalagans were also subject to similar protectionist trade restrictions by Maguindanao since Kudarat's reign. Maguindanao since shared control of the area with Kandahar (Sangir) until usurpation by the former during Sultan Barahaman's rule.
Probably only the town of present-day Davao and nearby settlements were subjugated and paid tribute. Like Sarangani, they offered manpower and agricultural and forest goods.
Kalangan, another settlement elsewhere in the region, had its own tributaries inland and did not pay tribute to Maguindanao, but provided food and traded wax and lower prices for visiting Maguindanaon traders.[26]
Historical records document 24 Sultans of Maguindanao.[27]
| Reign | Name | Capital | Information and events | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1515-1543 | Sharif Ali Kabungsuwan, styled Sultan Aliwya | Malabang | Johore prince who settled in Malabang around 1515. Descendant ofHassan ibn Ali, son ofFatimah, daughter ofMuhammad. Married into various local royal families and founded the Maguindanao Sultanate. | |||
| 1543-? | Sharif Makaalang | Son of Sharif Kabungsuwan and Angintabu, of MalabangIranun royalty. Also known in tarsilas and Spanish records alike as Saripada. | ||||
| ?-1578 | Datu Bangkaya | Son of Sharif Makaalang. Probably offered friendship with the Spaniards in 1574. | ||||
| 1578-1585 | Datu Dimasangkay | Son of Bangkaya who ruled at old age. Legendary ancestor of all Iranun andMaranao datus. | ||||
| 1585-1597 | Gugu Sarikula | Half brother of Dimasangkay who was probably exiled to Jolo for rebelling. Married into Sulu royalty. | ||||
| 1597-1619 | Kapitan Laut Buisan | Younger half-brother of both Dimasangkay and Salikula, also called Katchil. | ||||
| 1619-1671 | Sultan Kudarat | Lamitan (1619-1637) Simuay (1637-1671) | Son of Buisan. First to unitesa ilud andsa raya polities and opened Simuay as a free trading port, consolidating tribute over many Iranun, Maranao,Manobo, andTirurays, as well asSarangani andDavao by force. Also called Nasir-udin by grandchildren. | |||
| Sultan Dundang Tidulay | Simuay | Son of Kudarat who died earlier than him. Probably ruled for a very brief period of time. Called Saif ud-Din by grandchildren. | ||||
| Sultan Barahaman | Simuay | Son of Tidulay. Also known as Muhammad Shah by his children, Minulu sa Rahmatullah, and Almo Sabat (Arabic,Al Mu-Thabbat). | ||||
| Sultan Kahar Ud-din Kuda | Simuay | Younger brother of Barahaman Also known as Jamal ul-'Azam, Amir ul-‘Umara, and Maulana. A botched offer for alliance with Sultan Shahab ud-Din of Sulu became a pitched battle between both Sultanates, ending with his murder in 1702 personally by Shabab ud-Din himself. | ||||
| Sultan Bayan Ul-Anwar | Slangan | Son of Barahaman. Also known as Jalal ud-Din and Dipatuan during his lifetime, and Mupat Batua after death. His younger brother, Ja'far Sadiq, attempted to revolt against him but kept the throne. | ||||
| Sultan Muhammad Ja'far Sadiq Manamir | Tamontaka | Younger brother of Bayan Ul-Anwar. Also known as Amir ud-Din and Maulana during his lifetime and posthumously as Shahid Mupat. | ||||
| ????-1748 | Sultan Muhammad Tahir Ud-din | Tamontaka | A son of Sultan Bayan ul-Anwar, he was commonly known to the Spaniards as "Dipatuan Malinug". He was also known as Muhammad Shah Amir ud-Din. In a battle in 1733, he killed his uncle Ja’far Sadiq Manamir. In 1736, his father started sharing with him the responsibilities of government. His authority was however contested by two of his cousins, sons of Manamir, forcing him to retire to the interior where he died in Buayan around 1748. | |||
| 1748-1755 | Sultan Muhammad Khair ud-Din | Tamontaka | Son of Sultan Ja’far Sadiq. Also known as Pakir Maulana Kamsa (Arabic:Faqir Maulana Hamzah) or Amir ud-Din Hamza. He also used the name ‘Azim ud-Din and assumed the titleAmir al-Mu'minin ("Commander of the Faithful"). In 1733, after his father was slain, he began to consider himself heir to the throne and thereupon styled himself theRajah Muda. The next year, he was formally invested with the duties of a sultan in the presence of the Spanish officials from Zamboanga. With some Spanish aid, he was able to consolidate his position in Tamontaka and contest the rule of his uncle Bayan ul-Anwar and later that of his cousin Malinug. But upon the latter's death around 1748, the struggle for the sultanate ceased. Pakir Maulana Kamsa emerged as paramount chief of Maguindanao. Around 1755, he started to relinquish some of his powers to his younger brother with the condition that his son, Kibad Sahriyal, would be theRajah Muda. | |||
| 1755-1780(?) | Sultan Pahar Ud-din | Younger brother of Pakir Maulan Kamsa. Also known as Datu Pongloc or Panglu, and posthumously as Mupat Hidayat. He began to exercise the powers of sultan around 1755 and was in the sultan's seat in that same year during Captain Thomas Forrest's visit in Maguindanao.[28] | ||||
| 1780(?)-1805 | Sultan Kibad Sahriyal | His more regal title was Muhammad ‘Azim ud-Din Amir ul-Umara. He was a son of Pakir Maulana Kamsa. Even before the death of his uncle the Sultan, he was already being addressed as “sultan”. He was friendly towards the Spaniards and at least twice entered into peaceful negotiations with them, namely, in 1780 and 1794. He probably governed from 1780 to 1805. | ||||
| 1805-1830 | Sultan Kawasa Anwar Ud-din | Son of Kibad Sahriyal and like his father was also entitled Amir ul-‘Umara. Also known as Iskandar Julkarnain. He entered into a peace treaty with the Spaniards in 1805. He possibly reigned from 1805 to 1830. | ||||
| 1830-1854 | Sultan Iskandar Qudrallah Muhammad Zamal Ul-Azam | Grandson of Kibad Sahriyal and a nephew of Sultan Kawasa. Also known as Iskandar Qudarat Pahar-ud-Din or more popularly as Sultan Untong. In 1837 and 1845, he entered into friendly treaties with the Spaniards. He died either in 1853 and 1854. | ||||
| 1854-1883[29] | Sultan Muhammad Makakwa | Grandson of Kawasa Anwar ud-Din. His rule can be estimated to have lasted from about 1854 to 1884. He died in Nuling (present-day municipality ofSultan Kudarat). | ||||
| 1884-1888[29] | Sultan Muhammad Jalal Ud-din Pablu | Banubu | Son of Makakwa. Also known as Sultan Wata. His capital was at Banubu, just opposite the town of Cotabato across the Pulangi. He died in 1888. | |||
| 1896-1926 | Sultan Mangigin | Cotabato (1896-1900) Sibugay (1900-1926) | Grandson of the famous Datu Dakula of Sibugay, who was a grandson of Kibad Sahriyal (No. 16). He began his rule in 1896. From 1888 to 1896, the Sultanate experienced aninterregnum, possibly because Datu Uto (Sultan Anwar ud-Din of Buayan) wanted his brother-in-law Datu Mamaku (a son of Sultan Qudratullah Untong) to become Sultan. The Spaniards, however, wanted the sultanate to go to one of the Sibugay datus. In December 1900, Sultan Mangigin transferred his residence from Cotabato to Sibugay. In 1906, he married Rajah Putri, the widow of Datu Uto and sister of Datu Mamaku. He eventually retired and died peacefully in Sibugay in 1926.[29][30] | |||
| 1926-1938 | Sultan Muhammad Hijaban Iskandar Mastura Kudarat | Acceded the throne upon Mangigin's death in 1926. By this time, the Sultanate assumed a more ceremonial, traditional character. It continued to be the central institution for traditional and religious affairs of the Maguindanao and Iranun peoples. | ||||
| Sultan Tato Esmael | Assumed the role of Sultan when the eldest grandson of Sultan Mastura, Datu Baraguir refused to become Sultan. The latter was supposedly the most legitimate claimant as matter of right: His father, Datu Mamadra – who could have succeeded – predeceased Sultan Mastura, the incumbent. | 1990-2000 | Sultan Muhammad Gutierez Baraguir |
As of May 2018, there are three major royal families in Maguindanao. Each having an enthroned sultan under the Sultanate of Maguindanao, Kingdom ofBuayan, and Domain ofAllah Valley.[8][31][32]
| Family tree of Maguindanao monarchs | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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