Sulaymaniyah orSlemani (Kurdish:سلێمانی,romanized: Silêmanî;[3][4]Arabic:السليمانية,romanized: as-Sulaymāniyyah[5]), is a city in the east of theKurdistan Region ofIraq and is the capital of theSulaymaniyah Governorate. It is surrounded by the Azmar (Ezmer), Goizha (Goyje) and Qaiwan (Qeywan) Mountains in the northeast, Baranan Mountain in the south and the Tasluja Hills in the west. The city has a semi-arid climate with very hot dry summers and cold wet winters.
The modern city of Slemani was founded in 1784[6] by the Ottoman-Kurdish prince Ibrahim Pasha Baban in Collaboration with Azim Beg and Haji Aziz Bey Aghal Dwanze Swarey Meriwane Jawamer Agha Rangena, who named it after his father Sulayman Pasha.[7] Slemani was the capital of the historicKurdish principality ofBaban from 1784 to 1850.
The region of Slemani was known asZamwa prior to the foundation of the modern city in 1784. The capital of theKurdishBaban principality (1649–1850), before Slemani, was a territory named "Qelaçiwalan". At the time of the Babani's rule there were major conflicts between theSafavid dynasty and theOttoman Empire. Qelaçiwalan became a battleground for the two rivals.[8]
In 1783,Ibrahim Baban became ruler of the emirate and began the reconstruction of a city which once constructed byOttoman Sultan Sulayman (the name of Sulaymaniyah came from his name) new city which would become its capital. In 1784 he finished erecting a number of palaces for trade calledQeyserîs and bazaars, which were also used as baths, and began inviting people from the surrounding villages and emirates to move to the newly established city. Soon Melkendî, which was originally intended to be the city itself, instead became one of its quarters.[8] The new city of Slemani was named afterSulayman Baba, who was the firstBaban prince to gain control of the province ofŞarezûr. Sulayman Baban invaded the neighboring Kurdish vassaldom ofArdalan, defeating their forces in 1694. Ottoman SultanMustafa II assigned him the district of Baban.[9]
Haji Aziz Bey Aghal Dwanze Swarey Meriwane Jawamer Agha Rangena is not to be confused with theroyal andaristocraticJwamer Agha, although they share family ties through marriage. He was thebillionaireBey of the noble and aristocratic KurdishNoori-Aghal family, who founded the city of Slemani in collaboration withIbrahim Pasha Baban and Azim Beg. Ibrahim Pasha Baban invited Haji to help build Slemani, and together, they founded the city of Sarkarez.
Haji Aziz Bey Aghal was the first individual to establish a cemetery in Slemani, using his land, which had originally been designated forsumac cultivation. Aghal asserted that he had no intention of generating profit, stating that his personal wealth was sufficient to support the impoverished. He further demonstrated his altruistic nature by opening the doors of hispalace, allowing the poor to take whatever they needed. He provided them withnuts,chicken,rice, and other food items that were typically consumed by the aristocracy of his era.
Additionally, he constructed the first bridge in Slemani, testing its stability by riding hishorse across it. He expressed indifference to his own safety, stating that if he were to perish due to the bridge's collapse, it would serve as a testament to its inadequacy and raise awareness among the citizens. He also built the firstmosque in Slemani, which is currently in poor condition, but has "Aghal" written on its walls.
The house was later sold and converted into a car park by the buyer, a decision that drew criticism from many older Kurds who had known him and disapproved of the change. Despite his death, Haji Aziz Bey Aghal is still highly respected as a nobleman. Many peasants offered to convert to his religion for his actions, but he refused, stating that he did not need any recognition and was content with everything he had. He was also offered royal titles, but he turned them down.
His wife, the noblewoman Princess FatimaKhanum, sold all hergold including her belongings to support her husband in saving hundreds of thousands of peasants with his wealth during theFirst World War. For their acts of charity, they are buried together in a sacred private grave on the sumac farm.[10]
According to Jewish tradition, Sulaiman Baban emphasized the importance of a town having Jewish residents for its completeness. A mission was then sent toQaradagh, a town with a thriving Jewish community, and surrounding villages. The Jews of Qaradagh responded by sending the first group of Jewish inhabitants to Sulaymaniyah.[11]
In the early 1800s refugees from Ardalan moved to Slemani, includingMastura Ardalan, the widow of Xosraw Xanî Erdalan, the ruler of the kingdom. Erdalan wrote an account of Kurdish history in Persian and was buried in Slemani when he died in 1848.[12]
In 1820, only 36 years after the creation of the city, a British man named Rech visited the city and estimated that its population was more than ten thousand, containing 2,144 families of which 2,000 wereMuslim, 130Jewish, and 14Christian.[citation needed]
Ottoman documents from 1907 suggest that there were 8,702 Muslim and 360 non-Muslim residents living in the city at that time.[citation needed] ThePeshkawtin newspaper which was distributed in Slemani in 1920 estimated its population to be around ten thousand.[citation needed]
The early 1920sIraqi Revolt against the British rule of theMandate for Mesopotamia led by Shaikh Mahmud triggered a wave of Jewish emigration from Sulaymaniyah.[11]
According to Iraqi government documents, by 1947 the number of residents had increased to 23,475.[14] In the same year, records documented the existence of three hundred Jewish families, comprising a total of 1,517 individuals. Notably, nearly the entire Jewish community, except one family, madealiyah to the emergingState of Israel in 1951–52.[11]
By 1998, the local population was estimated at 548,747, which grew in 2015 to an estimated 656,100.[14]
The city is located in northern Iraq and Southern Kurdistan. Of themain population centres in the country, it is characterized by its cooler summer temperatures and its rainier winters. Average temperatures range from 0 to 39 °C (32–102 °F). In the winters, there can be a significant amount of snow. Snow falls every year or two.[16][17][18][19][20]
TheUniversity of Slemani was opened in 1968 with instruction in Kurdish, Arabic, and English. It has faculties in engineering, agriculture, the arts, science, and medicine. It is the largest university in the Kurdistan Region.[26] A second university,Sulaimani Polytechnic University[27] was established in 2012, also teaching in Kurdish, English and Arabic.
In 2007The American University of Iraq – Sulaimani,[28] (AUI-S) was a new addition to the American universities in the Middle East, graduating its fifth class in 2016. Instruction at this private, not-for-profit liberal arts university is in English only, featuring a US-accredited program in English as a Second Language (ESL). There are a number of other private universities.
Two independent newspapersHawlati[29] andAwena[30] and two independent political magazinesLvin andShock, are published and distributed in Slemani city. Since 2016, there exists an International Film Festival in the city which is organized by the College of Fine Arts of the University of Sulaymanya.[6]
Slemani is the only city in South Kurdistan that regularly celebrates World Music Day orFête de la Musique. In one trip to the city, a journalist working for the BBC wrote about Slemani's distinct culture:"Culture is hugely important to the Kurdish people, especially in Slemani, but there is a strong pull to the west—modernisation and consumerism—driven perhaps by the satellite televisions they have had access to since they started running their own affairs...And at the university, students mill around the campus, chattering with each other and doing some last-minute cramming for their exams. The war only stopped lectures for a few weeks. There are probably more women than men and they are happy to air their views to anyone who asks."[31]
Romanamphitheater in Slemani, important tourist attraction in the citySarchnar Park
Since 2003, Slemani has experienced a growing local economy. Its economy today relies on tourism, agriculture[34][better source needed] and a number of small factories, most of which are involved in the building trade.
In 2004 the Comprehensive Food Security and Vulnerability Analysis in Iraq released an in-depth survey of the Slemani Governorate in which they surveyed each city. In this survey, one can see the economic boom of 2003 mentioned earlier.[35]
Hewari Shar ParkVictims of theAnfal campaign are represented by broken glass and tiny lights at theAmna Suraka museum in Slemani[36]Kurdish artistTara Jaff playing the Harp during a cultural gathering at Aram GallerySlemani at Night at the Top of Azmar Mountain
The city was visited by more than 60,000 tourists in 2009.[37]Slemani attracted more than 15,000 Iranian tourists in the first quarter of 2010, many drawn by the fact it is not subject to strict laws faced at home.Newroz 2010 drew an exodus of Iranian tourists choosing to celebrate the event in the region.[38]
Sulaimani Museum: It is the second biggest museum after thenational museum in Baghdad. It is home to many Mesopotamian, Kurdish and ancient Persian artifacts dating back to 1792–1750 BC.[39]
^"Snow covers Sulaimaniya".National Iraqi News Agency (NINA). 26 January 2010. Archived fromthe original on 26 February 2014. Retrieved3 March 2013.Sulaimaniya (NINA) –The city of Sulaimaniya witnessed a heavy fall of snow that covered the entire city since Monday midnight. Reporter of the National Iraqi News Agency said 'The citizens of Sulaimaniya woke up on Tuesday morning to see their city covered with snow and the street painted in white color.'
^"Unusually heavy snow hits Iraq's Sulaimaniya".Al Arabiya.Reuters. 14 January 2013. Retrieved3 March 2013.An unusually heavy snowstorm blanketed Sulaimaniya city, in northern Iraq's autonomous Kurdish region, on Saturday (January 12) as severe weather conditions continue to sweep through the region.
^"Tucson Sister Cities".Interactive City Directory. Sister Cities International. Archived fromthe original on 4 October 2013. Retrieved4 September 2013.
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