Sthenelaidas (Ancient Greek:Σθενελαίδας) was aSpartan who held the office ofephor in 432 BC. He is best known for having spoken in favour of initiating thePeloponnesian War againstAthens.
Sthenelaidas was either electedephor for the year 433/432 – perhaps as eponymous ephor – or in 432/431, when the eponymous was Aenesias. The majority of modern scholars incline for the latter date.[1]
In late 432, Sthenelaidas presided over a session of theapella, during which the issue of war againstAthens was debated. The kingArchidamus II wanted to temporise, saying that Sparta was not ready for war, but Sthenelaidas made an aggressive speech calling for war immediately.[2] The events are developed in details byThucydides in a famous passage of hisHistory of the Peloponnesian War, where he invented a series of speeches summarising the position of each protagonist. Thucydides wrote a long speech for Archidamus, implicitly compared toPericles for his statesman's qualities, but makes Sthenelaidas pronounce a fewlaconic sentences insisting on the need for Sparta to rapidly support its allies against Athens.[3][4][5][6]
A first vote took place on whether Athens had broken peace, but its result where inconclusive, because the Spartans voted byshouting. Sthenelaidas then asked for adivision. As most of the Spartans were afraid to appear weak by favouring peace, they moved to the group in favour of the war. Sthenelaidas therefore won the vote by a large majority.[7][8] Sparta then sent an embassy to thePythia inDelphi to obtainApollo's support for a war against Athens. A congress of thePeloponnesian League was subsequently called and formally declared war.[9][10]
Ernst Badian has nevertheless suggested that Thucydides distorted the events. Sthenelaidas' motion put to vote was not for or against war, but on whether Athens had broken theThirty Years' Peace, which had been concluded in 445 between Athens and Sparta. The motion is likely authentic as Athenian ambassadors present in Sparta this day reported it to their city, from where Thucydides learnt about it, but it contradicts Sthenelaidas' invented speech, which called for immediate intervention.[11] Badian adds that the motion did not make war inevitable, as several Spartan embassies to Athens are recorded the following year.[12]
Sthenelaidas is the first known Spartan outside the royal families to play a decisive role in shaping Sparta's foreign policy since Hetoimaridas,geronte in 475, andChilon, ephorc. 556 BC.[13] He was the father of the Spartan generalAlcamenes, who probably inherited his hawkish stance against Athens.[14]