Aspringboard ordiving board is used fordiving and is a board that is itself aspring, i.e. a linear flex-spring, of thecantilever type.
Springboards are commonly fixed by ahinge at one end (so they can be flipped up when not in use), and the other end usually hangs over aswimming pool, with a point midway between the hinge and the end resting on an adjustablefulcrum.
Modern springboards are made out of a single-piece extrusion of aircraft-grade aluminum. The Maxiflex Model B, the board used in all major competitive diving events,[1] is made out of such aluminum, and is heat treated for a yield strength of 340,000 kPa (49,000 psi). The slip-resistant surface of the board is created using an epoxy resin, finished with a laminate of flint silica and alumina in between the top coats of resin. This thermal-cured resin is aqua-colored to match the water of a clean pool.[2]
Thespring constant of a springboard is usually adjusted by way of a fulcrum that is located approximately mid way along the springboard. Springboards are usually operated in a linear regime where they approximately obeyHooke's law. When loaded with a diver, the combination of the diver's approximately constantmass, and the constantstiffness of the spring(board) result in aresonance frequency that is adjustable by way of the spring constant (set by the fulcrum position). Since the resulting system is in an approximately linear regime, it may be modeled fairly accurately by a second orderdifferential equation. Typically the resonance frequency can be adjusted over a range of a 2:1 or 3:1ratio.[3]
The fulcrum on competitive diving boards travels over a range of 0.61 metres (24 inches),[4] and is set by way of a foot wheel that is approximately 0.35 m (14 in) indiameter.[3][5][6] To stiffen the spring (as if tightening it), the foot wheel is usually turned counter clockwise. Some may find this counter intuitive, since usually things are tightened by turning clockwise. However, with a little experience, people realize the fulcrum moves in the direction the bottom of the foot faces when placed on the foot wheel.
Springboards are usually located either 1.0 or 3.0 metres (3 ft 3 in or 9 ft 10 in) above the water surface. It is very seldom that one is mounted at a height other than these two standard heights.
Before around 1960, springboards, usually made of wood, were located at heights of either 3 metres (approximately 10 ft), or 6 metres (approximately 20 ft) above the water. American artistNorman Rockwell's painting titledBoy on High Dive (1947) shows a boy (Rockwel's youngest son, Peter) peering over a typical wooden springboard of the early 20th century era at the 20 feet height.[7]
After an incident inWashington in 1993, most US and other pool builders are reluctant to equip a residentialswimming pool with a diving springboard so home diving pools are much less common these days. In the incident, 14-year-old Shawn Meneely made a "suicide dive" (holding his hands at his sides, so that his head hit the bottom first) in a private swimming pool and was seriously injured and became atetraplegic. The lawyers for the family, Jan Eric Peterson and Fred Zeder, successfully sued the diving board manufacturer, the pool builder, and the National Spa and Pool Institute (NSPI) over the inappropriate depth of the pool.[8][9]The NSPI had specified a minimum depth of 7 ft 6 in (2.29 m) which proved to be insufficient in the above case. The pool into which Meneely dived was not constructed to the published standards. The standards had changed after the diving board was installed on the non-compliant pool by the homeowner. But the courts held that the pool "was close enough" to the standards to hold NSPI liable. The multimillion-dollar lawsuit was eventually resolved in 2001 for US$6.6 million ($8 million after interest was added) in favor of the plaintiff.[10] The NSPI was held to be liable, and was financially strained by the case. It filed twice forChapter 11 bankruptcy protection and was successfully reorganized into a new swimming pool industry association.[8]
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