Aspaniel is atype ofgun dog. Spaniels were especially bred to flush game out of denser brush. By the late 17th century, spaniels had been specialized into water and land breeds. The extinctEnglish Water Spaniel was used to retrieve water fowl shot down with arrows. Land spaniels were setting spaniels—those that crept forward andpointed their game, allowing hunters to ensnare them with nets, and springing spaniels — those that sprang pheasants and partridges (for hunting with falcon) and also rabbits and smaller mammals such as rats and mice (for hunting withgreyhounds). During the 17th century, the role of the spaniel dramatically changed as Englishmen began hunting withflintlocks for wing shooting. Charles Goodall and Julia Gasow (1984)[1] write that spaniels were "transformed from untrained, wild beaters, to smooth, polished gun dogs."
The word "spaniel" would seem to be derived from the medieval Frenchespaigneul—"Spanish"—to modern French,espagnol.
TheOxford English Dictionary defines Spaniel as "a breed of dog with a long silky coat and drooping ears".[2]
Not much has changed about spaniels in general over the years, as can be seen in this 1921 entry inCollier's New Encyclopedia:
Their distinguishing characteristics are a rather broad muzzle, remarkably long and full ears, hair plentiful and beautifully waved, particularly that of the ears, tail, and hinder parts of the thighs and legs. The prevailing color is liver and white, sometimes red and white or black and white, and sometimes deep brown, or black on the face and breast, with a tan spot over each eye. The English spaniel is a superior and very pure breed. TheKing Charles is a small variety of the spaniel used as a lapdog. The water spaniels, large and small, differ from the common spaniel only in the roughness of their coats, and in uniting the aquatic propensities of theNewfoundland dog with the fine hunting qualities of their own race. Spaniels possess a great share of intelligence, affection, and obedience, which qualities, combined with much beauty, make them highly prized as companions.
The origin of the wordspaniel is described by theOxford English Dictionary as coming from theOld French wordespaigneul which meant "Spanish (dog)"; this in turn originated from theLatinHispaniolus which simply means "Spanish".[2]
InEdward, 2nd Duke of York's workThe Master of Game, which was mostly a 15th-century translation of an earlier work byGaston III of Foix-Béarn entitledLivre de chasse, spaniels are described as being from Spain as much as allGreyhounds are from England or Scotland.[3] Sixteenth-century English physicianJohn Caius wrote that the spaniels of the time were mostly white, marked with spots that are commonly red. He described a new variety to have come out of France, which were speckled all over with white and black, "which mingled colours incline to a marble blewe".[4]
In the appendices added to the 1909 re-print of Caius' work, the editors suggested that the type of dogs may have been brought into theBritish Isles as early as 900 BC by a branch of theCelts moving from Spain intoCornwall and on into Wales, England and Ireland.[3] Theories on the origin of theWelsh Springer Spaniel support this theory, as it is believed that the breed specifically is a direct descendant of the "Agassian hunting dog" described in the hunting poemCynegetica attributed toOppian of Apamea, which belonged to the Celtic tribes ofRoman Britain:[5]
There is a strong breed of hunting dog, small in size but no less worthy of great praise. These the wild tribes of Britons with their tattooed backs rear and call by the name of Agassian. Their size is like that of worthless and greedy domestic table dogs; squat, emaciated, shaggy, dull of eye, but endowed with feet armed with powerful claws and a mouth sharp with close-set venomous tearing teeth. It is by virtue of its nose, however, that the Agassian is most exalted, and for tracking it is the best there is; for it is very adept at discovering the tracks of things that walk upon the ground, and skilled too at marking the airborne scent.[6]
Another theory of the origin of the spaniel is that theancient Romans imported spaniels intoBritannia by way of the trade routes to theFar East. Colonel David Hancock[7][page needed] adds a belief that the sporting type of spaniel originated in China from the short-faced ancestors of dogs such as thePekingese,Pug andShih Tzu. The theory goes that these ancestors were introduced into Southern Europe and evolved into the small sporting spaniels of the period around AD 1300–1600. The issue of how a short-muzzled dog could evolve into a longer-muzzled dog is addressed by pointing to the evolution of theKing Charles Spaniel into theCavalier King Charles Spaniel in less than a century.[8][self-published source?]
In assisting hunters, it is desirable that spaniels work within gun range, are steady to shot, and are able to mark the fall and retrieve shot game to hand with a soft mouth. A good nose is highly valued, as it is in most gun dog breeds. They are versatile hunters traditionally being used for upland game birds, but are equally adept at hunting rabbits, waterfowl, rats, and mice. Whether hunting in open fields, woodlands, farm lands—in briars, alongfencerows or marshlands, a spaniel can get the job done.[9]
On the basis of function and hunting style, theFédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI) draws a distinction between Continental and Anglo-American spaniels. The FCI places Continental dogs of the spaniel type in the pointing group (Group 7, sect. 1.2) because they function more like setters which "freeze" and point to game. Breeds in this group include theBlue Picardy Spaniel, theFrench Spaniel, theBrittany, thePont-Audemer Spaniel, and theSmall Münsterländer. The FCI classifies most other dogs of the spanieltype as flushing or water dogs (Group 8, sections 2 and 3).[10]
| Type of spaniel | Also known as | Country/region of origin | Min. height | Max. height | Min. weight | Max. weight | Image |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| American Cocker Spaniel | Cocker Spaniel (in the United States) | United States | 13 in (33 cm) | 15 in (38 cm) | 24 lb (11 kg) | 29 lb (13 kg)[11] |  |
| American Water Spaniel | United States | 15 in (38 cm) | 18 in (46 cm) | 25 lb (11 kg) | 45 lb (20 kg)[12] |  | |
| Blue Picardy Spaniel | Epagneul Bleu de Picardie | France | 22 in (56 cm) | 24 in (61 cm)[13] | 43 lb (20 kg) | 45 lb (20 kg)[14] |  |
| Boykin Spaniel | United States | 15 in (38 cm) | 18 in (46 cm) | 25 lb (11 kg) | 45 lb (20 kg)[15] |  | |
| Cavalier King Charles Spaniel | Cavalier Spaniel | United Kingdom | 12 in (30 cm) | 13 in (33 cm) | 13 lb (5.9 kg) | 18 lb (8.2 kg)[16] |  |
| Clumber Spaniel | England | 17 in (43 cm) | 20 in (51 cm) | 55 lb (25 kg) | 85 lb (39 kg)[17] |  | |
| Drentse Patrijshond | Dutch Partridge Dog | Netherlands | 21.5 in (55 cm) | 25.5 in (65 cm) | 55 lb (25 kg) | 77 lb (35 kg)[18] |  |
| English Cocker Spaniel | Cocker Spaniel (In the United Kingdom) | England | 15 in (38 cm) | 17 in (43 cm) | 26 lb (12 kg) | 34 lb (15 kg)[19] |  |
| English Springer Spaniel | England | 19 in (48 cm) | 20 in (51 cm) | 40 lb (18 kg) | 50 lb (23 kg)[20] |  | |
| Field Spaniel | England | 17 in (43 cm) | 18 in (46 cm) | 35 lb (16 kg) | 50 lb (23 kg)[21] |  | |
| French Spaniel | Épagneul français (in France) | France | 21 in (53 cm) | 25 in (64 cm) | 45 lb (20 kg) | 60 lb (27 kg) |  |
| German Spaniel | Deutscher Wachtelhund | Germany | 16 in (41 cm) | 20 in (51 cm) | 44 lb (20 kg) | 66 lb (30 kg)[22] |  |
| Irish Water Spaniel | Whiptail, Shannon Spaniel, Rat Tail Spaniel, and Bog Dog | Ireland | 21 in (53 cm) | 24 in (61 cm) | 45 lb (20 kg) | 65 lb (29 kg)[23] |  |
| King Charles Spaniel | English Toy Spaniel (in the United States) | England | 9 in (23 cm) | 10 in (25 cm) | 6 lb (2.7 kg) | 12 lb (5.4 kg)[24] |  |
| Kooikerhondje | Dutch Spaniel | Netherlands | 14 in (36 cm) | 16 in (41 cm) | 20 lb (9.1 kg) | 24 lb (11 kg)[25] | _11.jpg) |
| Markiesje | Dutch Tulip Hound | Netherlands | 12.5 in (32 cm) | 15.5 in (39 cm) | 13 lb (5.9 kg) | 18 lb (8.2 kg) |  |
| Papillon | Continental Toy Spaniel, Épagneul Nain Continental | France | 8 in (20 cm) | 11 in (28 cm)[26] | 5 lb (2.3 kg) | 10 lb (4.5 kg)[27] |  |
| Phalène | Continental Toy Spaniel, Épagneul Nain Continental | Belgium | 8 in (20 cm) | 11 in (28 cm) | 5 lb (2.3 kg) | 10 lb (4.5 kg)[28] |  |
| Picardy Spaniel | Épagneul Picard | France | 22 in (56 cm) | 23.5 in (60 cm) | 44 lb (20 kg) | 55 lb (25 kg)[29] |  |
| Pont-Audemer Spaniel | Épagneul Pont-Audemer | France | 20 in (51 cm) | 23 in (58 cm)[30] | 40 lb (18 kg) | 53 lb (24 kg)[31] |  |
| Russian Spaniel | Russian hunting spaniel (Русский охотничий спаниель) | Russia | 15 in (38 cm) | 17 in (43 cm) | 28 lb (13 kg) | 40 lb (18 kg)[32] |  |
| Stabyhoun | Frisian Pointer | Netherlands | 19.6 in (50 cm) | 21 in (53 cm) | 30 lb (14 kg) | 50 lb (23 kg)[33] |  |
| Sussex Spaniel | England | 13 in (33 cm) | 15 in (38 cm) | 35 lb (16 kg) | 44 lb (20 kg)[34] |  | |
| Welsh Springer Spaniel | Wales | 17 in (43 cm) | 19 in (48 cm) | 35 lb (16 kg) | 55 lb (25 kg)[35] |  |
| Type of spaniel | Country/region of origin | Period of extinction | Image |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alpine Spaniel | Switzerland | 1830s |  |
| English Water Spaniel | England | 1930s |  |
| Norfolk Spaniel | England | 1902 |  |
| Toy Trawler Spaniel | United Kingdom | 1920s |  |
| Tweed Water Spaniel | England | 19th century |  |
| Manilla Spaniel[36] | Philippines | Early 20th century |
The following breeds are not true spaniels, but are named as such due to their resemblance to the spaniels.[citation needed]
| Type of spaniel | Also known as | Country/region of origin | Min. height | Max. height | Min. weight | Max. weight | Image |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Japanese Chin | Japanese Spaniel | Japan | 9 in (23 cm) | 10 in (25 cm) | 4 lb (1.8 kg) | 11 lb (5.0 kg)[37] |  |
| Pekingese | Chinese Spaniel[38] | China | 8 in (20 cm) | 9 in (23 cm) | 8 lb (3.6 kg) | 14 lb (6.4 kg)[39] |  |
| Tibetan Spaniel | Tibet[40] | 9 in (23 cm) | 11 in (28 cm) | 9 lb (4.1 kg) | 15 lb (6.8 kg)[41] |  | |
| Brittany | Brittany Spaniel | Brittany, France | 17 in (43 cm) | 20.5 in (52 cm) | 30 lb (14 kg) | 45 lb (20 kg) |  |
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