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Space ShuttleDiscovery

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Space Shuttle orbiter (1984–2011)

Discovery
Top view of a spaceplane in space.
Discovery in orbit in 2011, during STS-133, the orbiter's final flight
TypeSpaceplane
ClassSpace Shuttle orbiter
Eponym
Serialno.OV-103
OwnerNASA
ManufacturerRockwell International
Specifications
Dry mass78,000 kilograms (172,000 lb)
RocketSpace Shuttle
History
First flight
Last flight
  • February 24 – March 9, 2011
  • STS-133
Flights39
Flight time8,783 hours
Travelled238,539,663 kilometres (148,221,675 mi) aroundEarth[1]
Orbits5,830 around Earth
FateRetired
Location
Space Shuttle orbiters
Space ShuttleDiscovery at theSteven F. Udvar-Hazy Center
Discovery rollout ceremony in October 1983
Discovery and SCA 905 at Vandenberg Air Force Base, November 6, 1983

Space ShuttleDiscovery (Orbiter Vehicle Designation:OV-103) is a retired AmericanSpace Shuttle orbiter. Thespaceplane was one of theorbiters fromNASA'sSpace Shuttle program and the third of five fully operational orbiters to be built.[2] Its first mission,STS-41-D, flew from August 30 to September 5, 1984. Over 27 years of service it launched and landed 39 times, aggregating more spaceflights than any other spacecraft as of December 2024[update].[3] The Space Shuttle launch vehicle had three main components: theSpace Shuttle orbiter, a single-use central fuel tank, and two reusablesolid rocket boosters. Nearly 25,000heat-resistant tiles cover the orbiter to protect it from high temperatures on re-entry.[4]

Discovery became the third operational orbiter to enter service, preceded byColumbia andChallenger.[5] After the Challenger and Columbia accidents, Discovery became the oldest surviving orbiter. It embarked on its final mission,STS-133, on February 24, 2011, and touched down for the last time atKennedy Space Center on March 9,[6] having spent a cumulative total of nearly a full year in space.Discovery performed both research andInternational Space Station (ISS) assembly missions, and also carried theHubble Space Telescope into orbit among other satellites.

Discovery was the first operational shuttle to be retired, followed byEndeavour and thenAtlantis. The shuttle is now on display at theSteven F. Udvar-Hazy Center of theSmithsonianNational Air and Space Museum.

History

[edit]

The nameDiscovery was chosen to carry on a tradition based on ships of exploration,[2] primarilyHMS Discovery,[7] one of the ships commanded by CaptainJames Cook during his third and final major voyage from 1776 to 1779, andHenry Hudson'sDiscovery,[2] which was used in 1610–1611 to exploreHudson Bay and search for aNorthwest Passage. Other ships bearing the name have includedHMS Discovery[8] of the 1875–1876British Arctic Expedition to the North Pole, andRRS Discovery, which carried the 1901–1904Discovery Expedition toAntarctica, led byCaptain Scott.[9]

Space ShuttleDiscovery launched theHubble Space Telescope and conducted thesecond andthird Hubble service missions. It also launched theUlysses probe and threeTDRS satellites. TwiceDiscovery was chosen as the "Return To Flight" Orbiter, first in 1988 after theloss ofChallenger in 1986, and then again for the twin "Return To Flight" missions in July 2005 and July 2006 after theColumbia disaster in 2003.Project Mercury astronautJohn Glenn, who was 77 at the time, flew withDiscovery onSTS-95 in 1998, making him the oldest person to go into space at that time in history.[10]

Had plans to launchUnited States Department of Defense payloads fromVandenberg Air Force Base gone ahead,Discovery would have become the dedicatedUS Air Force shuttle.[11] Its first West Coast mission,STS-62-A, was scheduled for 1986, butcanceled in the aftermath of theChallenger disaster.

On May 27, 1999,Discovery was launched onSTS-96, the first shuttle mission to dock with theInternational Space Station.[12]

Discovery was retired after completing its final mission,STS-133 on March 9, 2011. The spacecraft is now on display in Virginia at theSteven F. Udvar-Hazy Center, an annex of theSmithsonian Institution'sNational Air and Space Museum.[13]

Construction milestones

[edit]
DateMilestone[9]
1979 January 29Contract Award toRockwell International's Space Transportation Systems Division inDowney, California
1979 August 27Start long lead fabrication of Crew Module
1980 June 20Start fabrication lowerfuselage
1980 November 10Start structural assembly of aft-fuselage
1980 December 8Start initial system installation aft fuselage
1981 March 2Start fabrication/assembly ofpayload bay doors
1981 October 26Start initial system installation, crew module, Downey
1982 January 4Start initial system installation upper forward fuselage
1982 March 16Midfuselage on dock,Palmdale, California
1982 March 30Elevons on dock, Palmdale
1982 April 30Wings arrive at Palmdale fromGrumman
1982 April 30Lower forward fuselage on dock, Palmdale
1982 July 16Upper forward fuselage on dock, Palmdale
1982 August 5Vertical stabilizer on dock, Palmdale
1982 September 3Start of Final Assembly
1982 October 15Body flap on dock, Palmdale
1983 January 11Aft fuselage on dock, Palmdale
1983 February 25Complete final assembly and closeout installation, Palmdale
1983 February 28Start initial subsystems test, power-on, Palmdale
1983 May 13Complete initial subsystems testing
1983 July 26Complete subsystems testing
1983 August 12Completed Final Acceptance
1983 October 16Rollout from Palmdale
1983 November 5Overland transport from Palmdale toEdwards Air Force Base
1983 November 9Delivery toKennedy Space Center
1984 June 2Flight Readiness Firing
1984 August 30First Flight (STS-41-D)

Features and upgrades

[edit]
On the maiden voyage ofDiscovery:Judith Resnik,Henry Hartsfield,Michael L. Coats,Steven A. Hawley,Charles D. Walker, andRichard M. Mullane
Discovery after booster separation
Discovery is approaching the International Space Station during STS-121. The payload in the shuttle's cargo compartment would be attached to the ISS later in the mission. The spaceship's unique 'teardrop' feature, consisting of several black tiles near the cockpit, is clearly visible.
Discovery approaching theISS onSTS-121, its 'teardrop' feature clearly visible
Discovery sends theHubble Space Telescope into orbit on April 25, 1990

During its construction,Discovery was fitted with several black tiles near the middle starboard window where there should have been white tiles. It is unknown if this was the result of a harmless manufacturing mishap or done intentionally to give a distinctive look to the shuttle. This feature has been called 'teardrop' and allowedDiscovery to be told apart from the rest of the fleet without looking at its name, although often unnoticed by the uninitiated.[14]

The spacecraft weighed roughly 6,870 lb (3,120 kg) less thanColumbia when it was brought into service due to optimalizations determined during the construction and testing ofEnterprise,Columbia andChallenger.[10]Discovery weighs 6 pounds (2.7 kg) heavier thanAtlantis and 363 pounds (165 kg) heavier thanEndeavour after further weight-saving adjustments were made.[15]

Part of theDiscovery weight optimizations included the greater use of quiltedAFRSI blankets rather than the whiteLRSI tiles on the fuselage, and the use ofgraphite epoxy instead of aluminum for the payload bay doors and some of the wing spars and beams.[16]

Upon its delivery to the Kennedy Space Center in 1983,Discovery was modified alongsideChallenger to accommodate the liquid-fueledCentaur-G booster, which had been planned for use beginning in 1986 but was cancelled in the wake of theChallenger disaster.[17]

Beginning in late 1995, the orbiter underwent a nine-monthOrbiter Maintenance Down Period (OMDP) inPalmdale, California. This included outfitting the vehicle with a fifth set of cryogenic tanks and an external airlock to support missions to theInternational Space Station. As with all the orbiters, it could be attached to the top of specialized aircraft and did so in June 1996 when it returned to the Kennedy Space Center, and later in April 2012 when sent to the Udvar-Hazy Center, ridingpiggy-back on amodified Boeing 747.[10]

AfterSTS-105,Discovery became the first of the orbiter fleet to undergo Orbiter Major Modification (OMM) period at the Kennedy Space Center. Work began in September 2002 to prepare the vehicle for Return to Flight. The work included scheduled upgrades and additional safety modifications.[10]

Decommissioning

[edit]
Main article:Space Shuttle retirement
SCA N905NA carryingDiscovery on the last flyover of theNational Mall at around 10:15 am EDT, during its 11:05 am landing atDulles airport on April 17, 2012[18]

Discovery wasdecommissioned on March 9, 2011.[19][20] NASA offeredDiscovery to theSmithsonian Institution'sNational Air and Space Museum for public display and preservation, after a month-longdecontamination process,[21] as part of the national collection.[22][23][24]Discovery replacedEnterprise, which was in the Smithsonian's display at theSteven F. Udvar-Hazy Center until 2011.[25][26][27]Discovery was transported toWashington Dulles International Airport on April 17, 2012, and was transferred to the Udvar-Hazy on April 19 where a welcome ceremony was held. Afterwards, at around 5:30 pm,Discovery was rolled to its "final wheels stop" in the Udvar Hazy Center.[28][29]

Enterprise andDiscovery exchanged andDiscovery on display at the National Air and Space Museum,Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center

Flights

[edit]
The Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS), one of the many satellites deployed fromDiscovery

By its last mission,Discovery had flown 149 million mi (240 million km) in 39 missions, completed 5,830 orbits, and spent 365 days in orbit over 27 years.[30]Discovery flewmore flights than any other Orbiter Shuttle, including four in 1985 alone.Discovery flew both "return to flight" missions after theChallenger andColumbia disasters:STS-26 in 1988,STS-114 in 2005, andSTS-121 in 2006.Discovery flew the ante-penultimate mission of the Space Shuttle program,STS-133, having launched on February 24, 2011.Endeavour flewSTS-134 andAtlantis performedSTS-135, NASA's last Space Shuttle mission. On February 24, 2011, Space ShuttleDiscovery launched from Kennedy Space Center's Launch Complex 39-A to begin its final orbital flight.[31]

Flights listing

[edit]
#DateDesignationNotesLength of journey
1August 30, 1984STS-41-DFirstDiscovery mission:Judith Resnik became second American woman in Space. Threecommunications satellites were put into orbit, includingLEASAT F2.6 days, 00 hours,
56 minutes, 04 seconds
2November 8, 1984STS-51-ALaunched two and rescued two communications satellites including LEASAT F1.7 days, 23 hours,
44 minutes, 56 seconds
3January 24, 1985STS-51-CLaunchedDODMagnumELINT satellite.3 days, 01 hours,
33 minutes, 23 seconds-
4April 12, 1985STS-51-DLaunched two communications satellites including LEASAT F3. Carried first incumbent United Statesmember of Congress into space,SenatorJake Garn (R–Utah)6 days, 23 hours,
55 minutes, 23 seconds
5June 17, 1985STS-51-GLaunched two communications satellites,Sultan Salman al-Saud becomes first Saudi Arabian in space.7 days, 01 hours,
38 minutes, 52 seconds
6August 27, 1985STS-51-ILaunched two communications satellites including LEASAT F4. Recovered, repaired, and redeployed LEASAT F3.7 days, 02 hours,
17 minutes, 42 seconds
7September 29, 1988STS-26Return to flight afterSpace ShuttleChallenger disaster, launchedTDRS-3.4 days, 01 hours,
00 minutes, 11 seconds
8March 13, 1989STS-29LaunchedTDRS-4.4 days, 23 hours,
38 minutes, 52 seconds
9November 22, 1989STS-33Launched DOD Magnum ELINT satellite.5 days, 00 hours,
06 minutes, 49 seconds
10April 24, 1990STS-31Launch ofHubble Space Telescope (HST).5 days, 01 hours,
16 minutes, 06 seconds
11October 6, 1990STS-41Launch ofUlysses.4 days, 02 hours,
10 minutes, 04 seconds
12April 28, 1991STS-39Launched DOD Air Force Program-675 (AFP-675) satellite.8 days, 07 hours,
22 minutes, 23 seconds
13September 12, 1991STS-48Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS).5 days, 08 hours,
27 minutes, 38 seconds
14January 22, 1992STS-42International Microgravity Laboratory-1 (IML-1).8 days, 01 hours,
14 minutes, 44 seconds
15December 2, 1992STS-53Department of Defense payload.7 days, 07 hours,
19 minutes, 47 seconds
16April 8, 1993STS-56Atmospheric Laboratory (ATLAS-2).9 days, 06 hours,
08 minutes, 24 seconds
17September 12, 1993STS-51Advanced Communications Technology Satellite (ACTS).9 days, 20 hours,
11 minutes, 11 seconds
18February 3, 1994STS-60First Shuttle-Mir mission; Wake Shield Facility (WSF). First Russian launched in an American spacecraft (Sergei Krikalev).8 days, 07 hours,
09 minutes, 22 seconds
19September 9, 1994STS-64LIDAR In-Space Technology Experiment (LITE).10 days, 22 hours,
49 minutes, 57 seconds
20February 3, 1995STS-63Rendezvous withMir space station. First female shuttle pilotEileen Collins.[15]8 days, 06 hours,
29 minutes, 36 seconds
21July 13, 1995STS-70LaunchedTDRS-7.8 days, 22 hours,
20 minutes, 05 seconds
22February 11, 1997STS-82ServicingHubble Space Telescope (HST) (HSM-2).9 days, 23 hours,
38 minutes, 09 seconds
23August 7, 1997STS-85Cryogenic Infrared Spectrometers and Telescopes (CRISTA).11 days, 20 hours,
28 minutes, 07 seconds
24June 2, 1998STS-91Final Shuttle/Mir Docking Mission.9 days, 19 hours,
55 minutes, 01 seconds
25October 29, 1998STS-95SPACEHAB, second flight ofJohn Glenn, who was 77 years of age at that time, the oldest man in space and third incumbent member of Congress to enter space.Pedro Duque became the firstSpaniard in space.8 days, 21 hours,
44 minutes, 56 seconds
26May 27, 1999STS-96First Space Shuttle mission to dock with the International Space Station[15]9 days, 19 hours,
13 minutes, 57 seconds
27December 19, 1999STS-103ServicingHubble Space Telescope (HST) (HSM-3A).7 days, 23 hours,
11 minutes, 34 seconds
28October 11, 2000STS-92International Space Station Assembly Flight (carried and assembled theZ1 truss); 100th Shuttle mission.12 days, 21 hours,
43 minutes, 47 seconds
29March 8, 2001STS-102International Space Station crew rotation flight (Expedition 1 andExpedition 2)12 days, 19 hours,
51 minutes, 57 seconds
30August 10, 2001STS-105International Space Station crew and supplies delivery (Expedition 2 andExpedition 3)11 days 21 hours,
13 minutes, 52 seconds
31July 26, 2005STS-114First "Return To Flight" mission sinceSpace ShuttleColumbia disaster;International Space Station (ISS) supplies delivery, new safety procedures testing and evaluation,Multi-Purpose Logistics Module (MPLM)Raffaello.13 days, 21 hours,
33 minutes, 00 seconds
32July 4, 2006STS-121Second "Return To Flight" mission since theSpace ShuttleColumbia disaster, owing to concerns surrounding foam debris from the external tank during STS-114;International Space Station (ISS) supplies delivery, test new safety and repair techniques.12 days, 18 hours,
37 minutes, 54 seconds
33December 9, 2006STS-116ISS crew rotation and assembly (carries and assembles theP5 truss segment); Last flight to launch on pad39-B;
First night launch since Space ShuttleColumbia disaster.		12 days, 20 hours,
44 minutes, 16 seconds
34October 23, 2007STS-120ISS crew rotation and assembly (carries and assembles theHarmony module).15 days, 02 hours,
23 minutes, 55 seconds
35May 31, 2008STS-124ISS crew rotation and assembly (carries and assembles theKibō JEM PM module).13 days, 18 hours,
13 minutes, 07 seconds
36March 15, 2009STS-119International Space Station crew rotation and assembly of a fourth
starboard truss segment (ITS S6) and a fourth set ofsolar arrays and batteries. Also replaced a failed unit for a system that converts urine to drinking water.		12 days, 19 hours,
29 minutes, 33 seconds
37August 28, 2009STS-128International Space Station crew rotation and ISS resupply using theLeonardo Multi-Purpose Logistics Module. Also carried theC.O.L.B.E.R.T treadmill named afterStephen Colbert13 days 20 hours, 54 minutes, 40 seconds
38April 5, 2010STS-131ISS resupply using the Leonardo Multi-Purpose Logistics Module. The mission also marked the first time that four women were in space and the first time that two Japanese astronauts were together on a space station.[32] Longest mission for this Orbiter.15 days 2 hours, 47 minutes 11 seconds‡
39February 24, 2011STS-133The mission launched at 4:53 pm EST on February 24, was carrying thePermanent Multipurpose Module (PMM) Leonardo, theELC-4 andRobonaut 2 to the ISS.[33] Final flight ofDiscovery.12 days 19 hours,
4 minutes, 50 seconds

‡ Longest shuttle mission forDiscovery
– shortest shuttle mission forDiscovery

Mission and tribute insignias

[edit]
NASA Orbiter Tribute for Space ShuttleDiscovery
Mission insignia forDiscovery flights
STS-41-DSTS-51-ASTS-51-CSTS-51-DSTS-51-GSTS-51-ISTS 26STS 29
STS 33STS 31STS 41STS 39STS 48STS 42STS 53STS 56
STS 51STS 60STS 64STS 63STS 70STS 82STS 85STS 91
STS 95STS 96STS 103STS 92STS 102STS 105STS 114STS 121
STS 116STS 120STS 124STS 119STS 128STS 131STS 133

Flow directors

[edit]

The Flow Director was responsible for the overall preparation of the shuttle for launch and processing it after landing, and remained permanently assigned to head the spacecraft's ground crew while the astronaut flight crews changed for every mission. Each shuttle's Flow Director was supported by a Vehicle Manager for the same spacecraft. Space ShuttleDiscovery's Flow Directors were:

  • Until 01/1991: John J. "Tip" Talone Jr. (afterwards Flow Director forEndeavour)[34]
  • 01/1991 – 09/1992: John C. "Chris" Fairey[34]
  • 09/1992 – 10/1996:David A. King[35]
  • 10/1996 – 05/2000: W. Scott Cilento[36]
  • 12/2000 – 03/2011: Stephanie S. Stilson[37]

Gallery

[edit]
The launch ofSTS-41-D,Discovery's first missionSTS-121 launched on July 4, 2006 – the only Shuttle to launch onIndependence DaySTS-119 on the night of March 11, 2009Discovery sits atop a modifiedBoeing 747 as it touches downDiscovery lands after its first flight,STS-41-D
Discovery performing theRendezvous pitch maneuver prior to docking with theInternational Space StationThe Space ShuttleDiscovery soon after landingModified Boeing 747 carryingDiscoverySTS-124 comes to a close asDiscovery lands at theKennedy Space CenterDiscovery's final touchdown on Kennedy Space Center's runway, concluding theSTS-133 mission andDiscovery's 27-year career

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]

Public Domain This article incorporatespublic domain material from websites or documents of theNational Aeronautics and Space Administration.

  1. ^NASA (October 2010)."NASAfacts Discovery (OV-103)"(PDF).Archived(PDF) from the original on October 26, 2010. RetrievedOctober 21, 2010.
  2. ^abcNASA (2007)."Space Shuttle Overview: Discovery (OV-103)".National Aeronautics and Space Administration.Archived from the original on November 7, 2007. RetrievedNovember 6, 2007.
  3. ^"Most re-used spacecraft".Guiness World Records. RetrievedDecember 12, 2024.
  4. ^"10 Cool Facts About NASA's Space Shuttle Discovery | Space Shuttle Retirement". Space.com. April 18, 2012.Archived from the original on June 22, 2013. RetrievedAugust 30, 2013.
  5. ^"Discovery's last mission flight to space begun". February 24, 2011. Archived fromthe original on July 16, 2011. RetrievedMarch 9, 2011.
  6. ^"Discovery's Final Touchdown A Success". redOrbit.com. Archived fromthe original on August 20, 2011. RetrievedMarch 9, 2011.
  7. ^"Discovery (OV-103)".science.ksc.nasa.gov. Archived fromthe original on February 9, 2021. RetrievedFebruary 28, 2015.
  8. ^"How Did the Space Shuttle Discovery Get Its Name?".Space.com. February 22, 2011.Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. RetrievedFebruary 28, 2015.
  9. ^ab"Discovery (OV-103)". NASA/KSC. Archived fromthe original on June 10, 2011. RetrievedMarch 10, 2011.
  10. ^abcd"Space Shuttle Overview: Discovery (OV-103)". NASA.Archived from the original on November 7, 2007. RetrievedMarch 10, 2011.
  11. ^"Part II. Discovery (OV-103)"(PDF).Space Transportation System Haer No. TX-116. NASA.gov.Archived(PDF) from the original on October 22, 2020. RetrievedFebruary 28, 2015.
  12. ^"STS-96 - NASA".
  13. ^"Space Shuttle Discovery Joins the National Collection". April 12, 2011. Archived fromthe original on January 21, 2012. RetrievedJuly 31, 2011.
  14. ^"Tire marks and teardrop tiles: Smithsonian curator on shuttle Discovery at 30 years | collectSPACE".collectSPACE.com.Archived from the original on November 7, 2022. RetrievedAugust 4, 2022.
  15. ^abc"Space Shuttle Discovery Facts".Florida Today. April 10, 2011.Archived from the original on August 16, 2016. RetrievedMay 1, 2011.
  16. ^"STS-41D Press Kit"(PDF). NASA. August 1984. p. 13. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on March 15, 2013. RetrievedJuly 12, 2013.Graphite epoxy has replaced some internal aluminum spars and beams in the wings and in the payload bay doors.
  17. ^Lardas, Mark (2012).Space Shuttle Launch System: 1972–2004. Osprey Publishing. p. 37.
  18. ^Pearlman, Robert Z. (April 17, 2012)."Space Shuttle Discovery lands, for the last time, in Washington, D.C."The Christian Science Monitor.Archived from the original on May 15, 2018. RetrievedApril 17, 2012.The air- and spacecraft duo landed at Washington Dulles International Airport at 11:05 am EDT (1505 GMT).
  19. ^"Consolidated Launch Manifest". NASA. 2007.Archived from the original on October 13, 2007. RetrievedOctober 10, 2007.
  20. ^Bergin, Chris (2006)."NASA sets new launch date targets through to STS-124". NASASpaceflight.com.Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. RetrievedOctober 15, 2007.
  21. ^Chow, Denise (March 9, 2011)."Space Shuttle Discovery Lands on Earth After Final Voyage". SPACE.com.Archived from the original on March 11, 2011. RetrievedMarch 10, 2011.
  22. ^Pearlman, Robert (2008)."NASA seeks shuttle suitors: Museums may need to cover the costs for retired orbiters". collectspace.com.Archived from the original on January 26, 2009. RetrievedDecember 17, 2008.
  23. ^"NASA Solicits Ideas for Displaying Retired Space Shuttles and Main Engines" (Press release). NASA. December 17, 2009.Archived from the original on April 6, 2013. RetrievedJanuary 23, 2013.
  24. ^Berger, Eric (December 7, 2009)."Discovery is Smithsonian's".Houston Chronicle.Archived from the original on January 3, 2010. RetrievedJanuary 3, 2010.
  25. ^Pearlman, Robert Z. (March 17, 2010)."NASA Primes Retired Test Shuttle Enterprise For One Last Flight".Space.com.Archived from the original on February 27, 2011. RetrievedMarch 14, 2011.
  26. ^"news – "NASA readies retired test shuttle Enterprise for one last flight"". collectSPACE. March 15, 2010.Archived from the original on September 13, 2013. RetrievedAugust 30, 2013.
  27. ^"NYC, L.A., Kennedy Space Center, Smithsonian to get the 4 retired space shuttles".USA Today. April 12, 2011.Archived from the original on May 26, 2012. RetrievedApril 12, 2011.
  28. ^"Welcome, Discovery!". Smithsonian Air and Space Museum. Archived fromthe original on February 2, 2012. RetrievedJanuary 30, 2012.
  29. ^Associated Press/NBC Washington (January 24, 2012)."Udvar-Hazy Center Getting a 2nd Space Shuttle". NBC Washington.Archived from the original on March 6, 2012. RetrievedJanuary 30, 2012.
  30. ^Dunn, Marcia (March 9, 2011)."Space shuttle Discovery lands, ends flying career".Salt Lake Tribune. Associated Press.Archived from the original on March 15, 2011. RetrievedMarch 10, 2011.
  31. ^Travis, Matthew (February 24, 2011)."STS-133 space shuttle Discovery launches for the final time". The Spacearium, SpaceflightNews.net via YouTube.Archived from the original on November 10, 2021. RetrievedJune 23, 2011.
  32. ^Four Women, Two Japanese in Space at Same TimeArchived July 25, 2011, at theWayback MachineAsian American Press, April 8, 2010
  33. ^"Shuttle Discovery takes off on its final flight". CNN. February 24, 2011.Archived from the original on November 10, 2012. RetrievedMarch 10, 2011.
  34. ^abMalone, Lisa (January 8, 1991)."KSC Names Two Space Shuttle Flow Directors". KSC Release No. 5-91. Archived fromthe original on January 1, 2014. RetrievedSeptember 8, 2013.
  35. ^"NASA – KSC Names David King as Shuttle Discovery's Flow Director".www.nasa.gov.Archived from the original on September 27, 2016. RetrievedSeptember 8, 2013.
  36. ^"KSC Release No. 120-96". Archived fromthe original on February 21, 2013. RetrievedSeptember 8, 2013.
  37. ^KSC, Kay Grinter (June 6, 2013)."Kennedy Biographies".NASA.Archived from the original on January 24, 2023. RetrievedSeptember 8, 2013.

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