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Soong Mei-ling | |||||||||||||||||
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| 宋美齡 | |||||||||||||||||
.jpg) Chiang in 1943 | |||||||||||||||||
| First Lady of the Republic of China | |||||||||||||||||
| In office March 1, 1950 – April 5, 1975 | |||||||||||||||||
| President | Chiang Kai-shek | ||||||||||||||||
| Preceded by | Role established | ||||||||||||||||
| Succeeded by | Liu Chi-chun | ||||||||||||||||
| In office August 1, 1943 – January 21, 1949 | |||||||||||||||||
| President | Chiang Kai-shek | ||||||||||||||||
| Preceded by | Vacant | ||||||||||||||||
| Succeeded by | Guo Dejie | ||||||||||||||||
| In office October 10, 1928 – December 14, 1931 | |||||||||||||||||
| President | Chiang Kai-shek | ||||||||||||||||
| Preceded by | Vacant | ||||||||||||||||
| Succeeded by | Vacant | ||||||||||||||||
| Member of theLegislative Yuan | |||||||||||||||||
| In office November 7, 1928 – January 12, 1933 | |||||||||||||||||
| Appointed by | Chiang Kai-shek | ||||||||||||||||
| Personal details | |||||||||||||||||
| Born | (1898-03-04)March 4, 1898 St Luke's Hospital,Shanghai International Settlement | ||||||||||||||||
| Died | October 23, 2003(2003-10-23) (aged 105) New York City, U.S. | ||||||||||||||||
| Resting place | Ferncliff Cemetery,Hartsdale, New York, U.S. | ||||||||||||||||
| Nationality | Republic of China | ||||||||||||||||
| Political party | Kuomintang (ROC) | ||||||||||||||||
| Other political affiliations | Republican (US) | ||||||||||||||||
| Spouse | |||||||||||||||||
| Children |
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| Parents |
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| Education | Wellesley College (BA) | ||||||||||||||||
| Signature |  | ||||||||||||||||
| Chinese name | |||||||||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 宋美齡 | ||||||||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 宋美龄 | ||||||||||||||||
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Soong Mei-ling (also spelledSoong May-ling; March 4, 1898[1] – October 23, 2003), also known asMadame Chiang (Chinese:蔣夫人), was a Chinese political figure. The youngest of theSoong sisters, she marriedChiang Kai-shek and played a prominent role in Chinese politics and foreign relations in the first half of the 20th century.[2]
Soong Mei-ling was born in the Song family home, a traditional house called Neishidi (內史第), inPudong,Shanghai, China.[3] Her passport issued by theQing government showed that she was born on 4 March 1898. Some sources said she was born on 5 March 1898 at St. Luke's Hospital inShanghai,[4][5] while others gave the year as 1897, sinceChinese tradition considers one to be a year old at birth.[1][2]
She was the fourth of six children ofCharlie Soong, a wealthy businessman and formerMethodist missionary fromHainan, and his wife Ni Kwei-tseng (倪桂珍;Ní Guìzhēn). Mei-ling's siblings were eldest sisterAi-ling, second sisterChing-ling, who later became MadameSun Yat-sen, elder brotherTse-ven, usually known as T. V. Soong, and younger brothers Tse-liang (T.L.) and Tse-an (T.A.).[6]
In Shanghai, Mei-ling attended theMcTyeire School for Girls with her sister, Ching-ling. Their father, who had studied in the United States, arranged to have them continue their education in the US in 1907. Mei-ling and Ching-ling attended a private school inSummit, New Jersey. In 1908, Ching-ling was accepted by her sister Ai-ling's alma mater,Wesleyan College, at age 15 and both sisters moved toMacon, Georgia, to join Ai-ling. Mei-ling insisted she have her way and be allowed to accompany her older sister though she was only ten, which she did.[7] Mei-ling spent the year inDemorest, Georgia, with Ai-ling's Wesleyan friend, Blanche Moss, who enrolled Mei-ling as an 8th grader atPiedmont College. In 1909, Wesleyan's newly appointed president, William Newman Ainsworth, gave her permission to stay at Wesleyan and assigned her tutors. She briefly attendedFairmount College inMonteagle, Tennessee in 1910.[8][9]
Mei-ling was officially registered as a freshman at Wesleyan in 1912 at the age of 15. She then transferred toWellesley College two years later to be closer to her older brother, T. V., who, at the time, was studying at Harvard.[10]: 47 By then, both her sisters had graduated and returned to Shanghai. She graduated from Wellesley as one of the 33 "Durant Scholars" on June 19, 1917, with a major in English literature and minor in philosophy. She was also a member of Tau Zeta Epsilon, Wellesley's Arts and Music Society. As a result of her American education, she spoke excellent English, with a southern accent which helped her connect with American audiences.[11]
Soong Mei-ling metChiang Kai-shek in 1920. Since he was eleven years her elder, already married, and aBuddhist, Mei-ling's mother vehemently opposed the marriage between the two, but finally agreed after Chiang showed proof of his divorce and promised to convert toChristianity. Chiang told his future mother-in-law that he could not convert immediately, because religion needed to be gradually absorbed, not swallowed like a pill. They married in Shanghai on December 1, 1927.[12] Although biographers regard the marriage with varying appraisals of partnership, love, politics and competition, it lasted 48 years. The couple had no children.
Madame Chiang initiated theNew Life Movement and became actively engaged in Chinese politics. As her husband rose to become generalissimo and leader of theKuomintang, Madame Chiang acted as his English translator, secretary and advisor. In 1928, she was made a member of the Committee of Yuans by Chiang.[13] She was a member of theLegislative Yuan from 1930 to 1932 and Secretary-General of the Chinese Aeronautical Affairs Commission from 1936 to 1938.[14] In 1937 she led appeals to women to support theSecond Sino-Japanese War, which led to the establishment of women's battalions, such as theGuangxi Women's Battalion.[15][16]
In 1934, Soong Mei-ling was given a villa inKuling town,Mount Lu.Chiang Kai-shek named the villaMei Lu Villa to symbolize the beauty of the mountain. The couple usually stayed at this villa in summertime, so the mountain is called Summer Capital, and the villa is called the Summer Palace.[17][18][19]
DuringWorld War II, Madame Chiang promoted the Chinese cause and tried to build a legacy for her husband. Well versed in both Chinese and Western culture, she became popular both in China and abroad.[14]
In 1945 she became a member of theCentral Executive Committee of the Kuomintang.
Although Soong Mei-ling initially avoided the public eye after marrying Chiang, she soon began an ambitious social welfare project to establish schools for the orphans of Chinese soldiers. The orphanages were well-appointed: with playgrounds, hotels, swimming pools, a gymnasium, model classrooms, and dormitories. Soong Mei-ling was deeply involved in the project and even picked all of the teachers herself. There were two schools – one for boys and one for girls—built on a 405-hectare (1,000-acre) site at the foot ofPurple Mountain, in Nanjing. She referred to these children as her "warphans" and made them a personal cause.[20] The fate of the children of fallen soldiers became a much more important issue in China after the beginning of the war with Japan in 1937. In order to better provide for these children she established the Chinese Women's National War Relief Society.[21]
Soong Mei-ling made several tours to theUnited States to lobby support for the Nationalists' war effort. She drew crowds as large as 30,000 people and in 1943 made the cover ofTime magazine for a third time. She had earlier appeared on the October 26, 1931 cover alongside her husband and on the January 3, 1937 cover, with her husband as "Man and Wife of the Year".[22][23]
Soong dressed ostentatiously during her tours to seek foreign aid, bringing dozens of suitcases filled withChanel handbags, pearl-decorated shoes, and other luxury garments on a visit to theWhite House.[24]: 100 Soong's approach shocked United States First LadyEleanor Roosevelt and prompted resentment from many officials in the Republic of China government.[24]: 100
Arguably showing the impact of her visits, in 1943, theUnited States Women's Army Corps recruited a unit of Chinese-American women to serve with the Army Air Forces as "Air WACs", referred to as the "Madame Chiang Kai-Shek Air WAC unit".[25]
Both Soong Mei-ling and her husband were on good terms withTime magazine senior editor and co-founderHenry Luce, who frequently tried to rally money and support from the American public for theRepublic of China. On February 18, 1943, she became the first Chinese national and the second woman to address both houses of theUS Congress. After the defeat of her husband's government in theChinese Civil War in 1949, Madame Chiang followed her husband toTaiwan, while her sisterSoong Ching-ling stayed inmainland China, siding with thecommunists. Madame Chiang continued to play a prominent international role. She was a Patron of theInternational Red Cross Committee, honorary chair of the British United Aid to China Fund, and First Honorary Member of the Bill of Rights Commemorative Society.[26]
Throughout the 1930s and 1940s, Soong's family embezzled $20 million.[27]: 40 During this period, the Nationalist Government's revenues were less than $30 million per year.[27]: 40 One of the key reasons was that Soong Mei-ling ignored her family's involvement in corruption.[28] The Soong family's eldest son,T.V. Soong, was the Chinese premier finance minister, and the eldest daughter,Soong Ai-ling, was the wife ofKung Hsiang-hsi, the wealthiest man in China. The second daughter,Soong Ching-ling, was the wife of Sun Yat-sen, China's founding father. The youngest daughter, Soong Mei-ling, married Chiang in 1927, and following the marriage, the two families became intimately connected, creating the "Soong dynasty" and the "Four Families". However, Soong was also credited for her campaign for women's rights in China, including her attempts to improve the education, culture, and social benefits of Chinese women.[28] Critics have said that the "Four Families" monopolized the regime and looted it.[29] The US sent considerable aid to the Nationalist government but soon realized the widespread corruption. Military supplies that were sent appeared on the black market. Large sums of money that had been transmitted through T. V. Soong, China's finance minister, soon disappeared. President Truman famously referred to the Nationalist leaders, "They're thieves, every damn one of them." He also said, "They stole $750 million out of the billions that we sent to Chiang. They stole it, and it's invested in real estate down in São Paolo and some right here in New York."[30][31] Soong Mei-ling and Soong Ai-ling lived luxurious lifestyles and held millions in property, clothes, art, and jewelry.[32] Soong Ai-ling and Soong Mei-ling were also the two richest women in China.[33] Despite living a luxurious life for almost her entire life, Soong Mei-ling left only a $120,000 inheritance, and the reason, according to her niece, was that she donated most of her wealth when she was still alive.[34]
DuringChiang Ching-kuo's enforcement campaign in Shanghai after the war, Chiang Ching-kuo arrested her nephewDavid Kung and several employees of the Yangtze Development Corporation on allegations of holding foreign exchange. Mei-ling called Chiang Kai-shek to complain and also called Chiang Ching-Kuo directly.[35]: 181–183 Kung was eventually freed after negotiations.
There were allegations that Mei-ling had a tryst withWendell Willkie, who had been the Republican candidate for president in 1940 and came to Chongqing on a world tour in 1942. The two are said to have left an official reception and gone to one of her private apartments. When Chiang Kai-shek noticed their absence, he gathered his bodyguards, who were armed with machine-guns, marched through the streets, and ransacked her apartment without finding the couple. She is said to have passionately kissed Willkie at the airport the next day and offered to come with him to the United States.[36][37][38]
Scholars dismiss the allegations as weakly sourced, implausible, and even impossible. Jay Taylor's biography of Chiang points out that this infidelity was uncharacteristic of Mei-ling, and that it would have been unlikely for such a major commotion to go unnoticed.[39] In a 2016 review of the evidence Perry Johansson dismisses the allegation entirely, as it was based on the later memory of one person, and he further cites the work of China historian Yang Tianshi. Yang reviewed the official schedules and newspaper accounts of Willkie's visit and found that there was no time or place where the alleged events could have taken place. He also found no mention of it in Chiang's detailed private diaries.[40]
After the death of her husband in 1975, Madame Chiang assumed a low profile. She was first diagnosed withbreast cancer in 1975 and would undergo two mastectomies inTaiwan. She also had an ovarian tumor removed in 1991.[41]
Chang Hsien-yi claimed that Soong Mei-ling and military officials loyal to her expedited thedevelopment of nuclear weapons and even set up a parallel chain of command to further their agenda.[42]
Chiang Kai-shek was succeeded to power by his eldest sonChiang Ching-kuo, from a previous marriage, with whom Madame Chiang had rocky relations. In 1975, she emigrated fromTaiwan to her family's 36 acre (14.6 hectare) estate inLattingtown, New York, where she kept a portrait of her late husband in full military regalia in her living room. She kept a residence inWolfeboro, New Hampshire, where she vacationed in the summer. Madame Chiang returned to Taiwan upon Chiang Ching-kuo's death in 1988, to shore up support among her old allies. However, Chiang Ching-kuo's successor,Lee Teng-hui, proved more adept at politics than she was, and consolidated his position. She again returned to the U.S. and made a rare public appearance in 1995 when she attended a reception held onCapitol Hill in her honor in connection with celebrations of the 50th anniversary of the end of World War II. Madame Chiang made her last visit to Taiwan in 1995. In the2000 Presidential Election on Taiwan, theKuomintang produced a letter from her in which she purportedly supported the KMT candidateLien Chan over independent candidateJames Soong (no relation). James Soong never disputed the authenticity of the letter. Soong sold herLong Island estate in 2000 and spent the rest of her life in the10 Gracie Square apartment on theUpper East Side ofManhattan owned by her niece. An open house viewing of the estate drew many Taiwanese expatriates. When Madame Chiang was 103 years old, she had an exhibition of her Chinese paintings in New York.[43]
Madame Chiang died in her sleep inNew York City, in herManhattan apartment on October 23, 2003, at the age of 105.[2] Her remains were interred atFerncliff Cemetery inHartsdale, New York, pending an eventual burial with her late husband who was entombed inCihu, Taiwan. The stated intention is to have them both buried in mainland China once political differences are resolved.[44][45]
Upon her death, the White House released a statement:
Madame Chiang was a close friend of the United States throughout her life, and especially during the defining struggles of the last century. Generations of Americans will always remember and respect her intelligence and strength of character. On behalf of the American people, I extend condolences to Madame Chiang's family members and many admirers around the world.
Jia Qinglin, chairman of theNational Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC), sent atelegram to Soong's relatives where he expressed deep condolences on her death.[47]
TheNew York Times obituary wrote:
As a fluent English speaker, as a Christian, as a model of what many Americans hoped China to become, Madame Chiang struck a chord with American audiences as she traveled across the country, starting in the 1930s, raising money and lobbying for support of her husband's government. She seemed to many Americans to be the very symbol of the modern, educated, pro-American China they yearned to see emerge—even as many Chinese dismissed her as a corrupt, power-hungry symbol of the past they wanted to escape.[2]
Life magazine called Madame the "most powerful woman in the world"[48] whileLiberty magazine described her as "the real brains and boss of the Chinese government."[49] Writer and diplomatClare Boothe Luce, wife ofTime publisherHenry Luce, once compared her toJoan of Arc andFlorence Nightingale.[50] AuthorErnest Hemingway called her the "empress" of China.[50]
Peru:
South Korea:
Order of Merit for National Foundation, 1st class (1966)[52]Her tour to San Francisco is mentioned (under the name Madame Chiang) inLast Night at the Telegraph Club, a 2021 novel byMalinda Lo. She also appears in "Cooking for Madame Chiang" inDear Chrysanthemums[53] (Scribner, 2023), a novel in stories byFiona Sze-Lorrain.
![Soong giving a bandage to an injured Chinese soldier (c. 1942)[54]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=http%3a%2f%2fwww.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aChinese_Florence_Nightingale.jpg)
Date of birth: 12th day of the 2nd mon., 24th year ofKuang Hsu (3-4-98). While records at Wellesley College and theEncyclopædia Britannica indicate she was born in 1897, the Republic of China government as well as the BBC and theNew York Times cite her year of birth as 1898.[clarification needed] TheNew York Times obituary includes the following explanation: "Some references give 1897 as the year because the Chinese usually consider everyone to be one year old at birth." cf:East Asian age reckoning. However, early sources such as theColumbia Encyclopedia, 1960, give her date of birth as 1896, making it possible that "one year" was subtracted twice.
Definitions from Wiktionary
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Textbooks from Wikibooks
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| Preceded by None | First Lady of the Republic of China 1948–1975 | Succeeded by |
| First ladies (Pre-1947 Constitution) |
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 Nationalist Party / National Government ( National Revolutionary Army)→Constitutional ROC Government (ROC Armed Forces)→Republic of China on Taiwan
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