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TheSixtiers (Russian:Шестидесятники,romanized: Shestydesiatnyky,Ukrainian:Шістдесятники,romanized: Shistdesiatnyky; "people of the 60s") were representatives of а new generation of the SovietIntelligentsia, who entered the cultural and political life of theUSSR during the late 1950s and 1960s, after theKhrushchev Thaw.[1] Most of them were born between 1925 and 1945, and their worldviews were formed by years ofStalin's repressions and purges, which affected many of the Sixtiers' immediate families, andWorld War II, in which many of them had volunteered to fight.
The Sixtiers were distinguished by their liberal and anti-totalitarian views, and romanticism, which found vivid expressions in music and visual arts. Although most of the Sixtiers believed inCommunist ideals, they had come to be strongly disappointed with Stalin's regime and its repression of basic civil liberties.
The Sixtiers can be roughly divided into two groups: the "physicists" (those involved in sciences) and the "lyricists" (those involved in arts, such as writers, theatre and film professionals, etc.). Among some of the common attributes and pastimes of the Sixtiers wereBard (singer-songwriter) music, poetry, disillusionment in politics, and love for camping trips to remote regions of the USSR.
After the beginning of thePerestroika andGlasnost policies (in the late 1980s – early 1990s), the term "Sixtiers" was also used to denote the representatives of the new generation of communist elites whose political views were formed in the late 1950s – early 1960s. These include politiciansM. Gorbachev, O. Yakovlev, philosophersA. Zinoviev,M. Mamardashvili,Y. Levada, political scientistsA. Bovin, F. Burlatsky, mass media editorsV. Korotych, E. Yakovlev,S. Zalygin, poetsBoris Slutsky,Robert Rozhdestvensky,Andrei Voznesensky,Yevgeny Yevtushenko,Alexander Kushner,Victor Sosnora,Bella Akhmadulina,Yunna Morits,Oleg Chukhontsev, dramatistAlexander Vampilov. and many others.
Some parallels can be drawn between the Sixtiers and theNew Left andhippie movements in the West, but even closer similarities can be found with the more intellectual-orientedBeat Generation.[1]
The Ukrainian Sixtiers movement was dominated by national ideas.[2] Many Ukrainian Sixtiers defended the national language and culture,[3] and freedom of artistic creativity.
The most famous members of the movement were writersIvan Drach,Valeriy Shevchuk, Mykola Vingranovsky, V. Drozd,Hryhir Tiutiunnyk,Borys Oliynyk, V. Donchyk,Vasyl Symonenko, Mykola Kholodny,Lina Kostenko,Yevhen Hutsalo; painting artistsAlla Horska, Viktor Zaretsky,Boris Chichibabin; textile and painting artistLyubov Panchenko; literary criticsIvan Dziuba,Yevhen Sverstyuk; directorLes Tanyuk; film directorsSergei Parajanov,Yuri Ilyenko; art critics Roman Korogodsky, Y. Smyrny; and translators Hryhoriy Kochur,Mykola Lukash andMykhailyna Kotsiubynska.
The Sixtiers opposed official dogmatism, professed freedom of creative expression,cultural pluralism, and the priority of universal values over class ones. They were largely influenced by the Westernhumanistic culture, the traditions of theExecuted Renaissance and the Ukrainian culture of the late XIX – early XX centuries.
Cultural activities of the Sixtiers included informal literary readings and art exhibitions, vigils in memory of repressed artists, and theatre performances. The members of the movement also composed petitions in defense of Ukrainian culture. The Club of Creative Youth "Contemporary" (founded in 1959–60) inKyiv and the club "Snowdrop" (founded in 1962) inLviv became centers of alternative national culture. The Sixtiers restored the traditions of the classical pre-revolutionary intelligentsia, which aspired to spiritual independence, political alienation, the ideals of civil society and service to the people.
Since the freethinking Sixtiers failed to keep within the official ideological and aesthetic boundaries, their cultural activities caused dissatisfaction of the authorities. The end of 1962 marked the start of massive pressure on the nonconformist intelligentsia. The Sixtiers were not allowed to be published, and were accused of "formalism," "inaction," and "bourgeois nationalism". In response, the ideas of the Sixtiers began to spread insamizdat. As many as 200[4] Ukrainian Sixtiers were arrested in a1965–1966 purge.[5]
Faced with fierce resistance fromthe party apparatus, some of the Sixtiers compromised with the authorities, while others evolved intopolitical dissidents, members of the human rights movement, and open opposition to the regime.[6]
