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Scutigera coleoptrata

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Species of arthropod

House centipede
Scientific classificationEdit this classification
Domain:Eukaryota
Kingdom:Animalia
Phylum:Arthropoda
Subphylum:Myriapoda
Class:Chilopoda
Order:Scutigeromorpha
Family:Scutigeridae
Genus:Scutigera
Species:
S. coleoptrata
Binomial name
Scutigera coleoptrata

Scutigera coleoptrata, also known as thehouse centipede, is a species ofcentipede that is typically yellowish-grey and has up to 15 pairs of long legs. Originating in theMediterranean region, it has spread to other parts of the world, where it can live in human homes.[1] It is aninsectivore, preying oninsects andarachnids byenvenomating them (but not dangerous to humans).[2]

Etymology

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In 1758,Carl Linnaeus described the species in the tenth edition of hisSystema Naturae, giving the nameScolopendra coleoptrata, writing that it has a "coleopterated thorax" (similar to acoleopter).[3] In 1801,Jean-Baptiste Lamarck separatedScutigera fromScolopendra, calling this speciesScutigera coleoptrata.[4] The wordscutigera comes fromLatingerere'to bear' andscutum'shield', because of the shape of the plates in the back of thechilopod.[5]

Morphology

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The body of an adultScutigera coleoptrata is typically 25 to 35 mm (1.0 to 1.4 in) in length, although larger specimens are sometimes encountered.[6] Up to 15 pairs of longlegs are attached to the rigid body. Together with theantennae they give the centipede an appearance of being 75 to 100 mm (3 to 4 in) in length.[6] The delicate legs enable it to reach surprising speeds of up to 0.4 meters per second (1.3 ft/s) running across floors, up walls and along ceilings.[7] Its body is yellowish-grey and has three darkdorsal stripes running down its length; the legs also have dark stripes.S. coleoptrata has developedautomimicry in that its tail-like hind legs present the appearance of antennae. When the centipede is at rest, it is not easy to tell its cranial end from its caudal end.

Unlike most other centipedes, house centipedes and their close relatives have well-developedfaceted eyes.

Reproduction and development

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House centipedes lay their eggs inspring. In a laboratory observation of 24 house centipedes, an average of 63 and a maximum of 151 eggs were laid. As with many other arthropods, the larvae look like miniature versions of the adult, albeit with fewer legs. Young centipedes have four pairs of legs when they are hatched. They gain a new pair with the firstmolting, and two pairs with each of their five subsequent moltings. Adults with 15 pairs of legs retain that number through three more molting stages (sequence 4-5-7-9-11-13-15-15-15-15 pairs).[8]

House centipedes live anywhere from three to seven years, depending on the environment. They can start breeding in their third year. To begin mating, the male and female circle around each other. They initiate contact with theirantennae. The male deposits his sperm on the ground and the female then uses it to fertilize her eggs.

Behavior and ecology

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Closeup of the head showing forcipules
Scutigera coleoptrata resting on a wall. The antennae are approximately 2 cm long.
Head close-up magnified

House centipedes feed onspiders,bed bugs,termites,cockroaches,silverfish,ants, and other household arthropods. They administervenom by stinging withforcipules. They are mostlynocturnal hunters. Despite their developed eyes, they seem to rely mostly on theirantennae when hunting, which aresensitive to bothsmells andtouch. They use both their mandibles and their legs for holding prey, allowing them to deal with several small insects at the same time. To capture prey they either jump onto it or use their legs in a technique described as "lassoing". Using their legs to beat prey has also been described.[9] Like other centipedes they canstridulate.

In a feeding study,S. coleoptrata showed the ability to distinguish between possible prey, avoiding dangerous insects. They also adapted their feeding pattern to the type of hazard the prey might pose to them. Forwasps, they retreat after applying the venom to give it time to take effect.[9] When the centipede is in danger of becoming prey itself, it can detach any legs that have become trapped. House centipedes have been observed to groom their legs by curling around and grooming them with their forcipules.

In 1902,C. L. Marlatt, anentomologist with theUnited States Department of Agriculture, wrote a brief description of the house centipede:[1]

It may often be seen darting across floors with very great speed, occasionally stopping suddenly and remaining absolutely motionless, presently to resume its rapid movements, often darting directly at inmates of the house, particularly women, evidently with a desire to conceal itself beneath their dresses, and thus creating much consternation.

Habitat

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Outdoors, house centipedes prefer to live in cool, damp places. Centipederespiratory systems do not provide any mechanism for shutting thespiracles, and that is why they need an environment that protects them from dehydration and excessive cold. Most live outside, primarily under large rocks, piles of wood or leaves, in barkdust and especially in compost piles. They often emerge from hiding during the watering of gardens or flowerbeds. These centipedes can be found in almost any part of the house, although they are usually encountered in dark or dimly lit areas such as basements and garages. Inside the home, they can be found in bathrooms and lavatories, which tend to be humid, but they can also be found in drier places like offices, bedrooms and dining rooms. They are usually seen crawling along the ground or floor, but they are capable of climbing walls. The greatest likelihood of encountering them is inspring, when they emerge due to warmer weather and inautumn/fall, when the cooling weather forces them to seek shelter in human habitats.

Distribution

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Scutigera coleoptrata isindigenous to theMediterranean region, but it has spread through much ofEurope,Asia,North America andSouth America.[9] It has also beenintroduced toAustralia.[10]

Biological details

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The faceted eyes ofS. coleoptrata are sensitive to daylight and very sensitive toultraviolet light.[11] They were shown to be able to visually distinguish between different mutations ofDrosophila melanogaster.[12] How this ability fits with itsnocturnal lifestyle and underground natural habitat is still under study. They do not instantly change direction when light is suddenly shone at them, but will retreat to a darker hiding spot.

Some of the plates covering the body segments fused and became smaller during the evolution to the current state ofS. coleoptrata. The resulting mismatch between body segments anddorsal plates (tergites) is the cause for this centipede's rigid body.

Relation between body segments, dorsal plates (tergites), and leg pairs
Tergite1234567891011
Segments123, 45, 67, 8, 910, 1112, 1314, 15161718
(telson)
Leg pairsForcipules12, 34, 56, 7, 89, 1011, 1213, 1415 (antenna-like snare legs)(gonopod)(anus)

Tergites 10 and 11 are not fully developed and segment 18 does not have asternite. This model deviates from descriptions by Lewis who identified only 7 tergites and 15 segments.[13]

Another feature that setsS. coleoptrata apart from other centipedes is that theirhemolymph was found to containproteins for transporting oxygen.

Themitochondrial genome ofS. coleoptrata has been sequenced. This opened up discussions on thetaxonomy andphylogeny of this and relatedspecies.[14]

Interaction with humans

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Unlike its shorter-legged but larger tropical cousins,S. coleoptrata can live its entire life inside a building, usually on the ground levels of homes. While many homeowners may be unsettled by house centipedes due to their speed and appearance, they pose little to no threat towards humans, and are often beneficial as they catch other, more harmful pests, such as cockroaches.[15] They are not aggressive and usually flee when disturbed or revealed from cover. Sting attempts are therefore rare unless the centipede is cornered or aggressively handled. Its small forcipules have difficulty penetrating skin, and even successful stings produce only mild, localized pain and swelling, similar to abee sting. Allergic reactions to centipede stings have been reported, but these are rare; most stings heal quickly and without complication.[6][16]

References

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  1. ^abSteve Jacobs (2009).House Centipede(PDF).Pennsylvania State University. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 17 May 2020.
  2. ^Ricks, Winston."Scutigera Coleoptrata".Animal Diversity. Regents of the University of Michigan. Retrieved28 March 2015.
  3. ^Linné, Carl von; Salvius, Lars (1758).Caroli Linnaei...Systema naturae per regna tria naturae :secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Vol. v.1. Holmiae: Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii.
  4. ^Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste (1801).Systême des animaux sans vertèbres; ou, Tableau général des classes, des classes, des orres et des genres de ces animaux. Paris: L'Auteur.
  5. ^"Scutigera - Wiktionary".en.wiktionary.org. 4 June 2018. Retrieved2020-09-23.
  6. ^abcSteve Jacobs (March 13, 2017)."House Centipedes".Extension.Pennsylvania State University. Retrieved2021-06-08.
  7. ^"The House Centipede is Fast, Furious, and Just So Extra | KQED". 25 September 2018.
  8. ^Walter Ebeling (1978)."Chapter 9, Part 1: Spiders and Ants".Urban Entomology.University of California. pp. 323–353.ISBN 978-0-931876-19-6. Archived fromthe original on 2017-07-08. Retrieved2009-02-09.
  9. ^abcLewis (2007),pp. 185–186.
  10. ^"Species Scutigera coleoptrata Linnaeus, 1758".Australian Faunal Directory. Dept of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water, Australia. 2010. Retrieved15 March 2023.
  11. ^Victor Benno Meyer-Rochow, Carsten H. G. Müller & Magnus Lindström (2006)."Spectral sensitivity of the eye ofScutigera coleoptrata (Linnaeus, 1758) (Chilopoda: Scutigeromorpha: Scutigeridae)".Applied Entomology and Zoology.41 (1):117–122.doi:10.1303/aez.2006.117.
  12. ^Lewis (2007),p. 120.
  13. ^Richard Fox (June 28, 2006)."Scutigera coleoptrata".Lander University. Archived fromthe original on September 1, 2006. RetrievedApril 1, 2010.
  14. ^Enrico Negrisolo, Alessandro Minelli & Giorgio Valle (2004). "The mitochondrial genome of the house centipedeScutigera and the monophyly versus paraphyly of myriapods".Molecular Biology and Evolution.21 (4):770–780.doi:10.1093/molbev/msh078.hdl:11577/2452361.PMID 14963096.
  15. ^Eric R. Eaton (2007).Kaufman Field Guide to Insects of North America. HMCo Field Guides. p. 26.ISBN 978-0-618-15310-7. RetrievedJuly 3, 2009.
  16. ^Jeffrey K. Barnes (May 22, 2003)."House centipede". Arthropod Museum.University of Arkansas. Archived fromthe original on 2017-06-01.

Bibliography

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External links

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