Aspecies description is a formalscientific description of a newly encounteredspecies, typically articulated through ascientific publication. Its purpose is to provide a clear description of a new species oforganism and explain how it differs from species that have been previously described or related species. For a species to be considered valid, a species description must follow established guidelines and naming conventions dictated by relevantnomenclature codes. These include theInternational Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) for animals, theInternational Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN) for plants, and theInternational Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) for viruses. A species description often includes photographs or other illustrations oftype material and information regarding where this material is deposited. The publication in which the species is described gives the new species a formalscientific name. Some 1.9 million species have been identified and described, out of some 8.7 million that may actually exist.[1] Additionally, over five billion species have goneextinct over thehistory of life on Earth.[2]
A name of a new species becomesvalid (available in zoological terminology) with the date of publication of its formal scientific description. Once the scientist has performed the necessary research to determine that the discovered organism represents a new species, the scientific results are summarized in a scientific manuscript, either as part of a book or as a paper to be submitted to ascientific journal.
A scientific species description must fulfill several formal criteria specified by thenomenclature codes, e.g. selection of at least onetype specimen. These criteria are intended to ensure that the species name is clear and unambiguous, for example, theInternational Code of Zoological Nomenclature states that "Authors should exercise reasonable care and consideration in forming new names to ensure that they are chosen with their subsequent users in mind and that, as far as possible, they are appropriate, compact,euphonious, memorable, and do not cause offence."[3]
Species names are written in the 26 letters of the Latin alphabet, but many species names are based on words from other languages, and are Latinized.
Once the manuscript has been accepted for publication,[4] the new species name is officially created.
Once a species name has been assigned and approved, it can generally not be changed except in the case of error. For example, a species of beetle (Anophthalmus hitleri) was named by a German collector afterAdolf Hitler in 1933 when he had recently become chancellor of Germany.[5] It is not clear whether such a dedication would be considered acceptable or appropriate today, but the name remains in use.[5]
Species names have been chosen on many different bases. The most common is a naming for the species' external appearance, its origin, or the species name is a dedication to a certain person. Examples would include a bat species named for the two stripes on its back (Saccopteryx bilineata), a frog named for its Bolivian origin (Phyllomedusa boliviana), and an ant species dedicated to the actorHarrison Ford (Pheidole harrisonfordi). A scientific name in honor of a person or persons is known as a taxonomiceponym or eponymic;patronym andmatronym are the gendered terms for this.[6][7]
A number of humorous species names also exist. Literary examples include the genus nameBorogovia (an extinct dinosaur), which is named after the borogove, a mythical character fromLewis Carroll's poem "Jabberwocky". A second example,Macrocarpaea apparata (a tall plant) was named after the magical spell "to apparate" from theHarry Potter novels byJ. K. Rowling, as it seemed to appear out of nowhere.[8] In 1975, the British naturalistPeter Scott proposed the binomial nameNessiteras rhombopteryx ("Ness monster with diamond-shaped fin") for the Loch Ness Monster; it was soon spotted that it was an anagram of "Monster hoax by Sir Peter S".
Species have frequently been named by scientists in recognition of supporters and benefactors. For example, the genusVictoria (a flowering waterplant) was named in honour ofQueen Victoria of Great Britain. More recently, a species of lemur (Avahi cleesei) was named after the actorJohn Cleese in recognition of his work to publicize the plight of lemurs in Madagascar.
Non-profit ecological organizations may also allow benefactors to name new species in exchange for financial support for taxonomic research and nature conservation. A German non-profit organisation,BIOPAT – Patrons for Biodiversity, has raised more than $450,000 for research and conservation through sponsorship of over 100 species using this model.[9] An individual example of this system is theCallicebus aureipalatii (or "monkey of the Golden Palace"), which was named after theGolden Palace casino in recognition of a $650,000 contribution to theMadidi National Park in Bolivia in 2005.[10]
TheInternational Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants discourages this practice somewhat: "Recommendation 20A. Authors forming generic names should comply with the following ... (h) Not dedicate genera to persons quite unconcerned with botany, mycology, phycology, or natural science in general."[11]
Early biologists often published entire volumes or multiple-volume works of descriptions in an attempt to catalog all known species. These catalogs typically featured extensive descriptions of each species and were often illustrated upon reprinting.
The first of these large catalogs wasAristotle'sHistory of Animals, published around 343 BC. Aristotle included descriptions of creatures, mostly fish and invertebrates, in his homeland, and severalmythological creatures rumored to live in far-away lands, such as themanticore.
In 77 ADPliny the Elder dedicated several volumes of hisNatural History to the description of all life forms he knew to exist. He appears to have read Aristotle's work since he writes about many of the same far-away mythological creatures.
Toward the end of the 12th century,Konungs skuggsjá, anOld Norsephilosophicaldidactic work, featured several descriptions of the whales, seals, and monsters of the Icelandic seas. These descriptions were brief and often erroneous, and they included a description of themermaid and a rare island-like sea monster calledhafgufu. The author was hesitant to mention the beast (known today to be fictitious) for fear of its size, but felt it was important enough to be included in his descriptions.[12]
However, the earliest recognized species authority isCarl Linnaeus, who standardized the moderntaxonomy system beginning with hisSystema Naturae in 1735.[13]
As the catalog of known species was increasing rapidly, it became impractical to maintain a single work documenting every species. Publishing a paper documenting a single species was much faster and could be done by scientists with less broadened scopes of study. For example, a scientist who discovered a new species of insect would not need to understand plants, or frogs, or even insects which did not resemble the species, but would only need to understand closely related insects.
Formal species descriptions today follow strict guidelines set forth by thecodes of nomenclature. Very detailed formal descriptions are made by scientists, who usually study the organism closely for a considerable time. Adiagnosis may be used instead of,[14] or as well as[15] the description. A diagnosis specifies the distinction between the new species and other species, and it does not necessarily have to be based on morphology.[16]In recent times, new species descriptions have been made without voucher specimens, and this has been controversial.[17]
According to the RetroSOS report,[18] the following numbers of species have been described each year in the 2000s.
| Year | Total number of species descriptions | New insect species described |
|---|---|---|
| 2000 | 17,045 | 8,241 |
| 2001 | 17,003 | 7,775 |
| 2002 | 16,990 | 8,723 |
| 2003 | 17,357 | 8,844 |
| 2004 | 17,381 | 9,127 |
| 2005 | 16,424 | 8,485 |
| 2006 | 17,659 | 8,994 |
| 2007 | 18,689 | 9,651 |
| 2008 | 18,225 | 8,794 |
| 2009 | 19,232 | 9,738 |
Works related todescriptions of new species at WikisourceAuthority control databases: National |
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