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Ascale ruler is a tool for measuring lengths and transferring measurements at a fixedratio of length; two common examples are anarchitect's scale andengineer's scale. In scientific and engineering terminology, a device to measure linear distance and create proportional linear measurements is called a scale. A device for drawing straight lines is a straight edge orruler. In common usage, both are referred to as a ruler.
An architect's scale is a specializedruler designed to facilitate the drafting and measuring ofarchitectural drawings, such asfloor plans and Multi-view orthographic projections.
Because thescale of such drawings is often smaller than life-size, an architect's scale features multipleunits of length and proportional length increments.[1]
For accuracy and longevity, the material used should be dimensionally stable and durable. Scales were traditionally made of wood, but today they are usually made of rigidplastic oraluminum.
In theUnited States, and prior tometrication inBritain,Canada andAustralasia, architect's scales are marked as a ratio of xinches-to-the-foot (typically written asx″=1′-0″). For example, one inch measured from a drawing with a scale of "one-inch-to-the-foot" is equivalent to one foot in the real world (a scale of 1:12)....one inch measured from a drawing with a scale of "two-inches-to-the-foot" is equivalent to six inches in the real world (a scale of 1:6). It is not to be confused with a true unitless ratio. A 1:5 architectural scale (inches to feet) would be a 1:60 unitless scale (inches to inches) since there are 60 inches in 5 feet.
Typical scales used in the United States are:[1]
The following scales are generally grouped in pairs using the same dual-numbered index line (one scale is read from the right, and the other scale is read from the left):
| three-inches-to-the-foot (3″=1′-0″) (ratio equivalent 1:4) | one-and-one-half-inch-to-the-foot (1+1⁄2″=1′-0″) (1:8) |
| one-inch-to-the-foot (1″=1′-0″) (1:12) | one-half-inch-to-the-foot (1⁄2″=1′-0″) (1:24) |
| three-quarters-inch-to-the-foot (3⁄4″=1′-0″) (1:16) | three-eighths-inch-to-the-foot (3⁄8″=1′-0″) (1:32) |
| one-quarter-inch-to-the-foot (1⁄4″=1′-0″) (1:48) | one-eighth-inch-to-the-foot (1⁄8″=1′-0″) (1:96) |
| three-sixteenths-inch-to-the-foot (3⁄16″=1′-0″) (1:64) | three-thirty-seconds-inch-to-the-foot (3⁄32″=1′0″) (1:128) |
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Architect's scale rulers used in Britain and othermetric countries are marked withratios without reference to a base unit. Therefore, a drawing will indicate both its scale (ratio) and the unit of measurement being used.
In Britain, and elsewhere, the standard units used on architectural drawings are the(SI) unitsmillimetres (mm) andmetres (m), whereas in Francecentimetres (cm) and metres are most often used.
In Britain, for flat rulers, the paired scales often found on architect's scales are:
For triangular rulers, the paired scales are:
Less common scales are:
In France, in engineering departments or architectural offices, here are some scales used :
Anengineer's scale is a tool for measuring distances and transferring measurements at a fixedratio of length. It is commonly made ofplastic or aluminum and is just over 300 millimetres (12 in) long, but with the only 300 mm of markings, leaving the ends unmarked so that the first and last measuring ticks do not wear off. It is used in making engineering drawings, commonly calledblueprints, blue lines, or plans on a specific scale. For example, "one-tenth size" would appear on a drawing to indicate a part larger than the drawing on the paper itself. It is not to be used to measure machined parts to see if they meet specifications.
In theUnited States this scale is divided into decimalized fractions of aninch but has a cross-section like an equilateral triangle, which enables the scale to have six edges indexed for measurement. One edge is divided into tenths of an inch, and the subsequent ones are directly marked for twentieths, thirtieths, fortieths, fiftieths, and finally sixtieths of an inch. Referred to as 1:10, 1:20, 1:30,1:40, 1:50 or 1:60 scale.[2] Typically in civil engineering applications, 1:10 (1″=10′) is used exclusively for detail drawings. 1:20 and 1:40 scales are used for working plans. 1:60 is normally used only to show large areas of a project.
In 1918 French described the US engineer's scale using the term "civil engineers' scale", and it was said to be "used for plotting and map drawing, and the graphic solution of problems."[3]