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Salar language

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Turkic language of the Oghuz sub-branch
Salar
Salarcha撒拉语
Native toChina
RegionQinghai,Gansu,Xinjiang
EthnicitySalar
Native speakers
70,000 (2002)[1]
Dialects
  • Ili Salar
  • Gaizi (Jiezi)
  • Mengda
Pinyin-based Latin andChinese characters
Official status
Official language in
 China
Language codes
ISO 639-3slr
Glottologsala1264
ELPSalar
Salar is classified as Vulnerable by theUNESCOAtlas of the World's Languages in Danger
This article containsIPA phonetic symbols. Without properrendering support, you may seequestion marks, boxes, or other symbols instead ofUnicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, seeHelp:IPA.

Salar is aTurkic language spoken by theSalar people, who mainly live in the provinces ofQinghai andGansu inChina; some also live inIli,Xinjiang. It is a primary branch and an eastern outlier of theOghuz branch of Turkic, the other Oghuz languages being spoken mostly in West and Central Asia. The Salar number about 105,000 people, about 70,000[6] (2002) speak the Salar language; under 20,000[6] are monolinguals.

According to Salar tradition and Chinese chronicles, the Salars are the descendants of theSalur tribe, belonging to theOghuz Turk tribe of theWestern Turkic Khaganate. During theTang dynasty, the Salur tribe dwelt within China's borders and since then has lived within the Qinghai-Gansu border region.[7][8] Contemporary Salar has some influence fromMandarin Chinese andAmdo Tibetan.

Classification

[edit]

Due to the ethnonym "Salur", which is also shared bysome modern Turkmen tribes, linguists historically tried to establish a link betweenTurkmen varieties and the Salar language. Some placenames in Uzbekistan include the word Salar. Most modern linguists today classify Salar as an independent primary branch of the Oghuz languages.[9][10]

Dialects

[edit]

TheQing Empire deported some Salars who belonged to theJahriyya Sufi order to theIli valley which is in modern-day Xinjiang. Today, a community of about four thousand Salars speaking a distinct dialect of Salar still live in Ili. Salar migrants from Amdo (Qinghai) came to settle the region as religious exiles, migrants, and as soldiers enlisted in the Chinese army to fight rebels in Ili, often following the Hui.[11] The distinctive dialect of the Ili Salar differs from the other Salar dialects because the neighboring Kazakh and Uyghur languages in Ili influenced it.[12] The Ili Salar population numbers around 4,000 people.[13] There have been instances of misunderstanding between speakers of Ili Salar and Qinghai Salar due to the divergence of the dialects.[14] The differences between the two dialect result in a "clearisogloss".[15]

However,Lin Lianyun andHan Jianye divide Salar into two dialects by including Western Salar in the Gaizi dialect: the Gaizi dialect[16] and the Mengda dialect.[17][18] The Gaizi dialect is mainly distributed in Jiezi, Qingshui and Baizhuang inXunhua County, Gandu inHualong County,Dahejia in Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture ofGansu Province andYining County, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. The Mengda dialect is distributed around the Mengda area of Xunhua County. The Mengda dialect is b-Salar, while the Gaizi (or Jiezi) dialect is v-Salar. For example; It lives in the Ili and Jiezi as[clarification needed]vol- "to be",ver- "to give",vax- "to look", and in the Mengda dialect asbol- "to be",ber- "to give",bax- "to look". Also, Mengda lost its⟨gh⟩ phoneme, which has developed into the⟨x⟩ phoneme: Gaizideɣ- "to touch", Mengdadex- "to touch"; Gaiziyaʁ- "to rain", Mengdayaχ- "to rain". While the⟨m⟩ phoneme stood in the Gaizi dialect, it turned into the⟨n⟩ sound in the Mengda dialect: Gaiziqamjü "whip", Mengdaqanjü "whip"; Gaizigöm- "to embed", Mengdagön- "to embed".[17]

Tenishev's comparison of
Jiezi and Mengda (IPA)[19][20]
Jiezi (Gaizi)/tʰ//v//e//i//ɘ//ɨ//ø/
Mengda/ʒʰ//p//ɑ//e//ɑ//i//o/

Although Ili Salar is located far away from other dialects, the dialects of the Salar language are very close to each other. The difference between them is mostly phonological.[17] For example; Ili Salar[21]gölök, Qinghai[17]gölix,gölex "cow".

History

[edit]

Origins and development

[edit]

The ancestor to modern Salar is thought to have diverged first from theProto-Oghuz language, a hypothetical language that all modern Oghuz languages are believed to be descended from. It was brought to the region by a small, nomadic, Muslim community, and received significant influence from other non-Oghuz Turkic languages such asChagatai,[22]Kipchak andthe Karluk languages,[23] along with non-Turkic languages belonging to theSino-Tibetan family.

After theJahriyya revolt, some Salars were deported tothe Ili valley and established a new community in the region. This led to the divergence of a distinctive dialect calledIli Salar influenced by the neighboringKazakh andUyghur languages.[24]

Current situation

[edit]

According to 2002 estimates, Salars number about 105,000 people, and about 70,000 of them speak the Salar language. Only under 20,000 Salars are monolingual.[6][needs update]

The Salar language is the official language in all Salar autonomous areas.[5] Such autonomous areas are theXunhua Salar Autonomous County and theJishishan Bonan, Dongxiang and Salar Autonomous County. In Qinghai Province, most Salar people speak bothQinghai Mandarin (Chinese) and Salar. Rural Salars can speak Salar more fluently while urban Salars often assimilate more into the Chinese-speakingHui Muslim population.[25]

Phonology

[edit]

Salar's phonology has been influenced by Chinese and Tibetan. In addition,/k,q/ and/ɡ,ɢ/ have become separate phonemes due to loanwords, as they have in other Turkic languages.[26]

Consonants[26]
LabialDentalRetroflexAlveolo-
palatal		VelarUvularGlottal
Nasalmn
Plosive/
Affricate		voicelessptt͡ʂt͡ɕkq
voicedbdd͡ʐd͡ʑɡɢ
Fricativevoicelessfsʂɕxh
voiced(v)zʁ
Approximantwlrj
Vowels
FrontBack
unroundedroundedunroundedrounded
Closeiyɯu
Openeøɑo

Salar's vowels are similar to those ofTurkish, with the back vowels/a,ɯ,o,u/ and the corresponding front vowels/e,i,ø,y/.[27] In Ili Salar, the high front vowels i and y, when placed after an initial glide, are spirantized with j transforming into ʝ.[28] Qinghai and Ili Salar have mostly the same consonantal development.[29]

Vocabulary

[edit]

In Qinghai Province, the Salar language has been notably influenced by Chinese and Tibetan.[30] Although of Turkic origin, major linguistic structures have been absorbed from Chinese. Around 20% of the vocabulary is of Chinese origin and another 10% is of Tibetan origin. Yet the official Chinese government policy deliberately covers up these influences in academic and linguistics studies, trying to emphasize the Turkic element and completely ignoring the Chinese superstrate in the Salar language.[31][why?] The Salar language has taken loans and influence from neighboringvarieties of Chinese.[32] Vice versa, the neighboring variants of the Chinese language have also adopted loanwords from the Salar language.[33]

For the verb "to do" Salar uses "ät" (compareTurkishet).[34] For the word "lips" Salar uses "dodax" (compare Turkishdudak).[20] The participlemiš is used by Salar (compare Turkish-mış).[35][36]

Writing system

[edit]

Salars mostly use Chinese for writing while using the Salar language for speaking.[37][38][39]

Salar does not have an official script, but it has sometimes been written down using theArabic script.[40] Some Salar call for a Latin script and some Salar who dislike the Pinyin-based Latin script desire to useChinese characters instead.[41] This lack of an official script has led most Salar to use the Chinese writing system.[42] China offered the Salar an official writing system quite similar to theUyghur Yengi Yezik, but it was rejected for similar reasons as Yengi Yezik was rejected in Xinjiang.

Young Salar have also started to use a Salar script based on the orthography for Turkic languages. It is quite popular with Salars for writing Salar on the internet. There are two main variants that are used, TB30 and TB31. The Arabic script is also still popular among the Salar. The Arabic script has a historical precedent among the Salar; centuries-old documents in the Salar language written in the Arabic script have been discovered.[43][better source needed]

Grigory Potanin used the Cyrillic alphabet to record a glossary of Salar,[44][45][46]Western Yugur language andEastern Yugur language[47][48][49][50] in his 1893 Russian language bookThe Tangut-Tibetan Borderlands of China and Central Mongolia with assistance fromVasily Radlov.[51]

William Woodville Rockhill wrote a glossary of Salar in his 1894 bookDiary of a Journey through Mongolia and Tibet in 1891 and 1892 using the Latin alphabet based on the Wade–Giles romanization system used for Chinese.[52][53][54]

TB30

[edit]

Aa Bb Cc Çç Dd Ee Ff Gg
Ğğ Hh İi Iı Kk Ll Mm Nn Ññ
Oo Öö Pp Qq Rr Ss Şş Tt
Uu Üü Yy Vv Zz

Pinyin-based Latin alphabet

[edit]

Aromanization of the Mengda dialect of Salar based onPinyin has been developed, created by a Salar, Ma Quanlin, who lives in Xunhua.[55] Like Pinyin, which is used to romanizeMandarin Chinese, this Salar romanization is divided into categories of consonants and vowels.[56] Letters that occur both in Pinyin and romanization of Mengda Salar share the same sound values.[57]

Consonants

[edit]
PinyinIPAEnglish approximationExplanation
b[p]spitunaspiratedp, as in spit
p[pʰ]paystrongly aspiratedp, as inpit
m[m]mayas in Englishmummy
f[f]fairas in Englishfun
d[t]stopunaspiratedt, as in stop
t[tʰ]takestrongly aspiratedt, as intop
n[n]nayas in Englishnit
l[l]layas in Englishlove
l[ð]thoseas in Englishthe
g[k]skillunaspiratedk, as in skill
g̲[ɣ]no equivalent in English"thicker and deeper" version of g
k[kʰ]kaystrongly aspiratedk, as inkill
h[x]lochroughly like theScotsch. Englishh as inhay orhot is an acceptable approximation.
j[tɕ]hatchNo equivalent in English. Likeq, but unaspirated. Not thes in Asia, despite the common English pronunciation of "Beijing".
q[tɕʰ]cheekNo equivalent in English. Likecheek, with the lips spread wide withee. Curl the tip of the tongue downwards to stick it at the back of the teeth and strongly aspirate.
x[ɕ]sheNo equivalent in English. Likeshe, with the lips spread and the tip of your tongue curled downwards and stuck to the back of teeth when you sayee.
zh[tʂ]junkRather likech (a sound betweenchoke,joke,true, anddrew, tongue tip curled more upwards). Voiced in a toneless syllable.
ch[tʂʰ]churchas inchin, but with the tongue curled upwards; very similar to nurture in American English, but strongly aspirated.
sh[ʂ]shirtas inshoe, but with the tongue curled upwards; very similar to marsh in American English
r[ʐ],[ɻ]raySimilar to the Englishz in azure andr inreduce, but with the tongue curled upwards, like a cross between English "r" and French "j". InCyrillised Chinese the sound is rendered with the letter "ж".
z[ts]readsunaspiratedc, similar to something between suds and cats; as in suds in a toneless syllable
c[tsʰ]hatslike the Englishts in cats, but strongly aspirated, very similar to the Czech and Polishc.
s[s]sayas insun
y[j],[ɥ]yeaas inyes. Before au, pronounce it with rounded lips.*
w[w]wayas inwater.*
v[v]vitaminas invery.

Vowels

[edit]
PinyinIPAForm withzero initialExplanation
a[ɑ]aas in "father"
o[ɔ](n/a)Approximately as in "office" in British accent; the lips are much more rounded.
e[ɯ̯ʌ],[ə]ea diphthong consisting first of a back, unrounded semivowel (which can be formed by first pronouncing "w" and then spreading the lips without changing the position of the tongue) followed by a vowel similar to English "duh". Many unstressed syllables in Chinese use theschwa[ə] (idea), and this is also written ase.
i[i]yilike English bee.
u[u]wulike English "oo"
ai[aɪ̯]ailike English "eye", but a bit lighter
ei[eɪ̯]eias in "hey"
ui[u̯eɪ̯]weiasu +ei;
ao[ɑʊ̯]aoapproximately as in "cow"; thea is much more audible than theo
iu[i̯ɤʊ̯]youasi +ou
ie[i̯ɛ]yeasi +ê; but is very short;e (pronounced likeê) is pronounced longer and carries the main stress (similar to the initial soundye inyet)
an[an]anas in "ban" in British English (a more open fronteda)
en[ən]enas in "taken"
in[in]yinasi +n
un[yn]yunasü +n;
ang[ɑŋ]angas in GermanAngst (starts with the vowel sound in father and ends in thevelar nasal; like song in some dialects of American English)
eng[əŋ]englikee inen above but with ng added to it at the back
ing[iŋ]yingasi +ng
ong[ʊŋ],[u̯əŋ]wengstarts with the vowel sound in book and ends with the velar nasal sound in sing; asu +eng in zero initial.

Sample texts

[edit]

Here is given an excerpt of the "kiš yiγen ġadïn kiš" ("people-eating woman") story from Ma Wei, Ma Jianzhong & Kevin Stuart's workThe Folklore of China's Islamic Salar Nationality.[58][59]

oholdï bir ninor vumiš
aŋa kiǰičix anor vara
bir gunor ninačux anasini parlïǰani ziden yanbar(r)
yarïm yoldï ulïr xari ġadïnkïšor učiramiš
xari ġadïnkiščix daš išdende zoğziba(r)
bu ninačix yana varǰani aŋnišmiš
e xari nina sen eyiŋ bir kiščuγïŋ munda natburi dimiš

Long ago there was a granny.
She had a little daughter.
One day, the granny came back from the market with her daughter.
Halfway they run into an old woman.
The old woman was sitting on a stone.
This granny came towards her and struck up a conversation:
"Hey old granny, what are you doing here, one person all by yourself ”,
she said.

Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.[60]

Heme kishler hür der, haysiyet ma haklarde adil der, mantik ma vicdan var, kardeshlikden davraneshge.

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^Salar atEthnologue (18th ed., 2015)(subscription required)
  2. ^Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World. Contributors Keith Brown, Sarah Ogilvie (revised ed.). Elsevier. 2010. p. 1109.ISBN 978-0080877754. Retrieved24 April 2014.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  3. ^Olson, James Stuart (1998).An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of China. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 297.ISBN 978-0313288531. Retrieved24 April 2014.
  4. ^Roos, Marti (1998)."Preaspiration in Western Yugur monosyllables". In Johanson, Lars (ed.).The Mainz Meeting: Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Turkish Linguistics, August 3–6, 1994. Turcologica Series. Contributor Éva Ágnes Csató. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 28.ISBN 978-3447038645. Retrieved24 April 2014.
  5. ^abMartí, Fèlix; et al. (2005).Words and worlds: world languages review (illustrated ed.). Multilingual Matters. p. 123.ISBN 978-1-85359-827-2. Retrieved2011-06-03.
  6. ^abcEthnologue.com :report for language code:slr
  7. ^Erdal, Marcel; Nevskaya, Irina, eds. (2006).Exploring the Eastern Frontiers of Turkic. Vol. 60 of Turcologica Series. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. xi.ISBN 978-3447053105. Retrieved24 April 2014.
  8. ^"China's Minority Peoples - The Salars".Cultural-china.com. Cultural China. 2007–2014. Archived fromthe original on 5 October 2013. Retrieved1 April 2013.
  9. ^Erdal, Marcel (2015)."Ana Oğuzca Ve Selçuklu Oğuzcasi".5. Uluslararası Türkiyat Araştırmaları Sempozyumu Bildirileri.
  10. ^"Glottolog 4.4 - Salar".glottolog.org. Retrieved2021-07-27.
  11. ^Dwyer (2007:79)
  12. ^Boeschoten, Hendrik; Rentzsch, Julian, eds. (2010).Turcology in Mainz. Vol. 82 of Turcologica Series. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 279.ISBN 978-3447061131. Retrieved1 April 2013.
  13. ^Dwyer (2007:77)
  14. ^Dwyer (2007:82)
  15. ^Dwyer (2007:86)
  16. ^"Salar: Jiezi dil".globalrecordings.net (in Turkish). Retrieved2022-09-14.
  17. ^abcd马伟 (Ma Wei); 朝克 (Chao Ke) (2016), in  濒危语言——撒拉语研究 [Endangered Languages - Salar Language Studies], 青海 (Qinghai): 国家社会科学基金项目 (National Social Science Foundation Project), pp. 86-95, 263
  18. ^Kaşgarli, Raile ABDULVAHİT (2018-04-29)."SALAR TÜRKÇESİNDEKİ ÇİNCE UNSURLAR".Littera Turca Journal of Turkish Language and Literature (in Turkish).4 (2):428–445.doi:10.20322/littera.409800.
  19. ^Tenishev, Edhem (1976), in Stroj salárskovo jazyká [Grammar of Salar], Moscow: Nauka, p. 250
  20. ^abLin, Lianyun (1985).撒拉语简志 [A Brief History of Salar] (in Chinese). Beijing: 民族出版社. p. 8. 9049•41.
  21. ^Yakup, Abdurishid (2002).An Ili Salar Vocabulary: Introduction and a Provisional Salar-English Lexicon. Tokyo: University of Tokyo.ISBN 9784903875040.
  22. ^Turkic Languages, Volumes 1–2. Harrassowitz Verlag. 1998. pp. 50, 55, 62. Retrieved24 April 2014.
  23. ^Johanson, Lars; Csató, Éva, eds. (1998).The Turkic Languages. Vol. 60 of Turcologica Series (illustrated, reprint ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 400.ISBN 978-0415082006. Retrieved24 April 2014.
  24. ^Dwyer (2007:21)
  25. ^Dwyer (2007:90)
  26. ^abDwyer (2007:96)
  27. ^Dwyer (2007:121)
  28. ^Dwyer (2007:116)
  29. ^Dwyer (2007:212)
  30. ^Johanson, Lars; Utas, Bo, eds. (2000).Evidentials: Turkic, Iranian and Neighbouring Languages. Vol. 24 of Empirical approaches to language typology. Walter de Gruyter. p. 58.ISBN 978-3110161588.ISSN 0933-761X. Retrieved24 April 2014.
  31. ^William Safran (1998). William Safran (ed.).Nationalism and ethnoregional identities in China. Vol. 1 of Cass series—nationalism and ethnicity (illustrated ed.). Psychology Press. p. 72.ISBN 978-0-7146-4921-4. Retrieved2010-06-28.
  32. ^Raymond Hickey (2010). Raymond Hickey (ed.).The Handbook of Language Contact (illustrated ed.). John Wiley and Sons. p. 664.ISBN 978-1-4051-7580-7. Retrieved2010-06-28.
  33. ^Raymond Hickey (2010). Raymond Hickey (ed.).The Handbook of Language Contact (illustrated ed.). John Wiley and Sons. p. 664.ISBN 978-1-4051-7580-7. Retrieved2010-06-28.
  34. ^Hickey, Raymond, ed. (2010).The Handbook of Language Contact (illustrated ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. 665.ISBN 978-1405175807. Retrieved24 April 2014.
  35. ^Göksel, Aslı; Kerslake, Celia, eds. (2000).Studies on Turkish and Turkic Languages: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Turkish Linguistics, Lincoln College, Oxford, August 12–14, 1998. Vol. 46 of Turcologica Series (illustrated ed.). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 201.ISBN 978-3447042932. Retrieved24 April 2014.
  36. ^Hahn, Reinhard F. (1988)."Notes on the Origin and Development of the Salar Language".Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae.42 (2/3): 248, 259, 260.JSTOR 23657773.
  37. ^Guo, Rongxing (2012).Understanding the Chinese Economies. Academic Press. p. 39.ISBN 978-0123978264. Retrieved1 April 2013.
  38. ^"The Salar Nationality".cultural-china.com. Cultural China. 2007–2014. Archived from the original on 23 September 2012. Retrieved1 April 2013.
  39. ^"China's Minority Peoples – The Salars".cultural-china.com. Cultural China. 2007–2014. Archived from the original on 22 May 2012. Retrieved1 April 2013.
  40. ^Embree, Ainslie Thomas; Lewis, Robin Jeanne (1988). Embree, Ainslie Thomas (ed.).Encyclopedia of Asian history. Vol. 4 (2 ed.). Scribner. p. 154.ISBN 978-0-684-18901-7.
  41. ^Safran (1998).Nationalism and Ethnoregional Identities in China (illustrated ed.). London: Frank Cass. p. 77.ISBN 0-7146-4921-X.
  42. ^Evans, Thammy (2006).Great Wall of China: Beijing & Northern China (illustrated ed.). Bradt Travel Guides. p. 42.ISBN 978-1-84162-158-6.
  43. ^Dwyer (2007:91)
  44. ^Potanin, Grigory Nikolayevich (Григорий Николаевич Потанин) (1893).Tangutsko-Tibetskaya okraina Kitaya i Tsentralnaya Mongoliya: puteshestvie G.N. Potanina 1884–1886Тангутско-Тибетская окраина Китая и Центральная Монголія: путешествіе Г.Н. Потанина 1884–1886. Typ. A. S. Suvoryna. pp. 1–.
  45. ^Potanin, Grigory Nikolayevich (Григорий Николаевич Потанин) (1893).Tangutsko-Tibetskaya okraina Kitaya i Tsentralnaya Mongoliya: puteshestvie G.N. Potanina 1884–1886Тангутско-Тибетская окраина Китая и Центральная Монголія: путешествіе Г.Н. Потанина 1884–1886. Typ. A. S. Suvoryna. pp. 426–.
  46. ^Potanin, Grigory Nikolayevich (Григорий Николаевич Потанин) (1893).Tangutsko-Tibetskaya okraina Kitaya i Tsentralnaya Mongoliya: puteshestvie G.N. Potanina 1884–1886Тангутско-Тибетская окраина Китая и Центральная Монголія: путешествіе Г.Н. Потанина 1884–1886. Vol. 2. Typ. A. S. Suvoryna. p. 426.
  47. ^"Yugurology".The Western Yugur Steppe. Archived fromthe original on October 5, 2003.
  48. ^Potanin, Grigory Nikolayevich (Григорий Николаевич Потанин) (1893).Tangutsko-Tibetskaya okraina Kitaya i Tsentralnaya Mongoliya: puteshestvie G.N. Potanina 1884–1886Тангутско-Тибетская окраина Китая и Центральная Монголія: путешествіе Г.Н. Потанина 1884–1886. Typ. A. S. Suvoryna.
  49. ^Potanin, Grigory Nikolayevich (Григорий Николаевич Потанин) (1893).Tangutsko-Tibetskaya okraina Kitaya i Tsentralnaya Mongoliya: puteshestvie G.N. Potanina 1884–1886Тангутско-Тибетская окраина Китая и Центральная Монголія: путешествіе Г.Н. Потанина 1884–1886. Vol. 2. Typ. A. S. Suvoryna.
  50. ^Potanin, Grigory Nikolayevich (Григорий Николаевич Потанин) (1893).Tangutsko-Tibetskaya okraina Kitaya i Tsentralnaya Mongoliya: puteshestvie G.N. Potanina 1884–1886Тангутско-Тибетская окраина Китая и Центральная Монголія: путешествіе Г.Н. Потанина 1884–1886. Typ. A. S. Suvoryna.
  51. ^Poppe, Nicholas (1953)."Remarks on the Salar Language"(PDF).Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies.16 (3/4):438–477.doi:10.2307/2718250.JSTOR 2718250. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2012-03-16.
  52. ^Poppe, Nicholas (1953)."Remarks on the Salar Language"(PDF).Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies.16 (3/4):438–477.doi:10.2307/2718250.JSTOR 2718250. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2012-03-16.
  53. ^William Woodville Rockhill (1894).Diary of a Journey Through Mongolia and Tibet in 1891 and 1892. Smithsonian Institution. pp. 373–376.
  54. ^Rockhill, W. W. (1892). "[Letter from W. W. Rockhill]".Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland:598–602.JSTOR 25197112.
  55. ^Ma, Quanlin; Ma, Wanxiang; Ma, Zhicheng (1993). Stuart, Kevin (ed.).Salar Language Materials(PDF). Sino-Platonic Papers, No. 43. Philadelphia, PA: Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations University of Pennsylvania. p. 3. RetrievedSeptember 30, 2012.
  56. ^Ma, Quanlin; Ma, Wanxiang; Ma, Zhicheng (1993). Stuart, Kevin (ed.).Salar Language Materials(PDF). Sino-Platonic Papers, No. 43. Philadelphia, PA: Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations University of Pennsylvania. p. 3. RetrievedSeptember 30, 2012.
  57. ^Ma, Quanlin; Ma, Wanxiang; Ma, Zhicheng (1993). Stuart, Kevin (ed.).Salar Language Materials(PDF). Sino-Platonic Papers, No. 43. Philadelphia, PA: Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations University of Pennsylvania. p. 3. RetrievedSeptember 30, 2012.
  58. ^Ma, Wei; Ma, Jianzhong; Stuart, Kevin (2001).The Folklore of China's Islamic Salar Nationality. Lewiston, NY: E. Mellen Press.OCLC 606504539.
  59. ^Robbeets, Martin; Cuyckens, Hubert, eds. (2013).Shared Grammaticalization: With Special Focus on the Transeurasian Languages. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. pp. 248–249.ISBN 978-90-272-0599-5.OCLC 875771914.
  60. ^> "OHCHR | Universal Declaration of Human Rights - Salar".www.ohchr.org. Retrieved13 August 2023.

Sources

[edit]
  • Hahn, R. F. 1988. Notes on the Origin and Development of the Salar Language, Acta Orientalia Hungarica XLII (2–3), 235–237.
  • Dwyer, A. 1996. Salar Phonology. Unpublished dissertation University of Washington.
  • Dwyer, A. M. 1998. The Turkic strata of Salar: An Oghuz in Chaghatay clothes? Turkic Languages 2, 49–83.[1][2]
  • Dwyer, Arienne M (2007).Salar: A Study in Inner Asian Language Contact Processes; Part 1: Phonology. Harrassowitz Verlag.ISBN 978-3-447-04091-4.

References

[edit]
  1. ^Johanson, Lars; Utas, Bo, eds. (2000).Evidentials: Turkic, Iranian and Neighbouring Languages. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. p. 59.ISBN 3-11-016158-3.
  2. ^Yakup, Abdurishid (2005).The Turfan Dialect of Uyghur (illustrated ed.). Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 479.ISBN 3-447-05233-3.

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