Rudolf Diels | |
|---|---|
 Rudolf Diels in 1933 | |
| Director of theGestapo | |
| In office 26 April 1933 – 20 April 1934 | |
| Appointed by | Hermann Göring |
| President | Paul von Hindenburg |
| Chancellor | Adolf Hitler |
| Preceded by | None (office established) |
| Succeeded by | Reinhard Heydrich |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1900-12-16)16 December 1900 Berghausen,Hesse-Nassau,Prussia,German Empire |
| Died | 18 November 1957(1957-11-18) (aged 56) Katzenelnbogen,Rhineland-Palatinate,West Germany |
| Cause of death | Gunshot wound |
| Political party | Nazi Party |
| Spouse(s) | Hildegard Mannesmann, Ilse Göring[1] |
Rudolf Diels (16 December 1900 – 18 November 1957) was a German civil servant and head of theGestapo in 1933–34.[2] He obtained the rank of SS-Oberführer and was a protégé ofHermann Göring.
Diels was born inBerghausen in theTaunus, the son of a farmer.[3] He went to school inWiesbaden.[4] He served in the army towards the end ofWorld War I and was posted inHaguenau,Alsace in an intelligence role.[4] After the war, he studied law at theUniversity of Marburg from 1919.[4] At university he had a reputation as a drinker and philanderer.[5] While there he also received a number ofdueling scars resulting from theacademic fencing once practised by young upper-class Austrians and Germans.[6]
He joined thePrussian interior ministry in 1930 and was promoted to an advisory position in the Prussian police in 1932, targeting political radicals, bothCommunists andNazis.[3] He was head of thePrussian Political Police whenAdolf Hitler came to power on 30 January 1933. Göring was made minister president for Prussia in April of that year, replacingCarl Severing, and was impressed with Diels' work and new-found commitment to theNazi Party. Diels became a protégé of Göring.[3] In April 1933, Göring appointed him as chief of the new Prussian state police department 1A, concerned with political crimes.[7] Department 1A was soon renamed theGeheime Staatspolizei (Secret State Police), or Gestapo.[8] During this time, he had a romantic relationship withMartha Dodd, the daughter of the US ambassador to Germany.[9]
On 27 February 1933 theReichstag fire occurred and Diels was the main interrogator of the principal accused,Marinus van der Lubbe.[3] He told Hitler he thought that the fire was set by this single man. However, Hitler was convinced it was the Communists.[3] Diels attracted the attention of political rivals, includingSS chiefHeinrich Himmler and his deputy,Reinhard Heydrich. In 1933 and 1934, Himmler and Heydrich took over the political police of state after state. Soon only Prussia was left outside their control.[1][10] Concerned that Diels was not ruthless enough to effectively counteract the power of theSturmabteilung (SA), Göring handed over control of the Gestapo to Himmler on 20 April 1934. Also on that date, Hitler appointed Himmler chief of all German police outside Prussia. Heydrich, named chief of the Gestapo by Himmler on 22 April 1934, also continued as head of the SS Security Service, theSicherheitsdienst (SD).[11] Effectively smeared, but with Göring's aid, Diels narrowly avoided execution during theNight of the Long Knives at the end of June 1934, fleeing his post for five weeks. Thereafter, he was briefly Deputy Police President of Berlin before being appointedRegierungspräsident (administrative president) of the local government ofCologne in 1934.[3][12] Diels was then appointed administrative president of Hannover in 1936.[12]
He maintained his association with Göring, marrying his cousin, Ilse Göring.[3] Göring saved him from prison notably in 1940 when Diels declined to order the arrest of Jews. He was later arrested by the Gestapo in 1944 after the20 July Plot to assassinate Hitler and imprisoned, but survived.[3]
Diels presented an affidavit for the prosecution at theNuremberg trials, but was also summoned to testify by Göring's defense lawyer. He was interned until 1948. After 1950 he served in the post-war government ofLower Saxony[3] and then in the Ministry of the Interior, until his retirement in 1953.
Diels' memoirs,Lucifer Ante Portas: Von Severing bis Heydrich, were published in 1950. It was pre-released in the German weeklyDer Spiegel between May and July 1949 in nine episodes.[13] A less cautious work was published after his retirement,Der Fall Otto John ("The Case ofOtto John") (1954).
Diels died on 18 November 1957 when his rifle accidentally discharged while he washunting.[3][14]
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