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The RAE dedicates itself tolanguage planning by applyinglinguistic prescription aimed at promoting linguistic unity within and between various territories, to ensure a common standard. The proposed language guidelines are shown in a number of works.
In 1711, Spain, unlike France, Italy and Portugal, did not have a large dictionary with a comprehensive and collegially elaborated lexicographical repertoire. The initial nucleus of the future Academy was formed that same year by the eight novatores who met in the library of the palace ofJuan Manuel Fernández Pacheco,Duke of Escalona andMarquess of Villena, located in the Plaza de las Descalzas Reales in Madrid.[2]
The Spanish Academy was founded in 3 August 1713 on the initiative of Pacheco, with the purpose of "fixing the voices and words of the Castilian language in their greatest propriety, elegance and purity".[3] The objective was to fix the language in the state of fullness that it had reached during the 16th century and that had been consolidated in the 17th century. The ItalianAccademia della Crusca founded in 1582 and theAcadémie Française founded in 1635 were taken as models.[4]
The first official session of the new corporation was held at the residence of Pacheco on 6 July 1713, an event that is recorded in the book of minutes, begun on 3 August 1713.[5]
Its creation, with twenty-four elected members[6] was approved on 3 October 1714 by Royal Decree ofPhilip V, that gave the academy the right to be called the "Royal Spanish Academy".[7] This meant that the academicians enjoyed the preeminences and exemptions granted to the servants of the Royal Household.[3] It had its first seat at number 26 Valverde Street, from where it moved to Alarcón Street, corner of Felipe IV, its definitive seat.[8]
The emblem chosen was a fiery crucible placed on the fire, with the legendLimpia, fija y da esplendor ("cleans, fixes and gives splendor").[9][10]Collective utility became the main hallmark of the Spanish Academy, differentiating itself from other academies that had proliferated in the golden centuries and that were conceived as mere occasional literary gatherings.
The RAE began establishing rules for the orthography of Spanish beginning in 1741 with the first edition of theOrtographía (spelledOrtografía from the second edition onwards). The proposals of the Academy became the official norm in Spain by royal decree in 1844, and they were also gradually adopted by the Spanish-speaking countries in the Americas.Several reforms were introduced in theNuevas Normas de Prosodia y Ortografía (1959, New Norms of Prosody and Orthography). Since the establishment of the Association of Academies of the Spanish Language in 1951, the Spanish academy works in close consultation with the other Spanish language academies in its various works and projects. The 1999 Orthography was the first to be edited by the twenty two academies together.[11] The current rules and practical recommendations on spelling are presented in the latest edition of theOrtografía (2010).
The headquarters, opened in 1894, is located at Calle Felipe IV, 4, in theward of Jerónimos, next to theMuseo del Prado. The Center for the Studies of the Royal Spanish Academy, opened in 2007, is located at Calle Serrano 187–189.
Juan Manuel Fernández Pacheco, Marquis of Villena c.1700
RAE motto from the title page of one of its publications.Inauguration of the RAE building in Madrid byAlfonso XIII, 1894Title page ofFundación y estatútos de la Real Académia Españóla (Foundation and statutes of the Royal Spanish Academy) (1715)
According to Salvador Gutiérrez, an academic numerary of the institution, the Academy does not dictate the rules but studies the language, collects information and presents it. The rules of the language are simply the continued use of expressions, some of which are collected by the Academy. Although he also says that it is important to read and write correctly.[12] Article 1 of the statutes of the Royal Spanish Academy, translated from Spanish, says the following:[13]
The Academy is an institution with legal personality whose main mission is to ensure that the changes experienced by the Spanish language in its constant adaptation to the needs of its speakers do not break the essential unity it maintains throughout the Hispanic world. It must equally ensure that this evolution preserves the characteristic nature of the language, as gradually consolidated over the centuries, as well as establishing and disseminating the criteria for its proper and correct use, and contributing to its splendor.
To achieve these ends, it shall study and promote the study of the history and present of Spanish, it shall disseminate the writings, literary—especially classics—and non-literary, that it deems important for the knowledge of such matters, and will seek to keep alive the memory of those who, in Spain or in the Americas, have cultivated our language with glory.
As a member of the Association of Academies of the Spanish Language, it shall maintain a special relation with the corresponding and associated academies.
Members of the Academy are known asAcadémicos de número (English:Academic Numerary), chosen from among prestigious people within the arts and sciences, including severalSpanish-language authors, known as The Immortals (Spanish:Los Inmortales), similarly to theirFrench Academy counterparts. The numeraries (Spanish:Números) are elected for life by the other academicians. Each academician holds a seat labeled with a letter from theSpanish alphabet, with upper and lower case letters denoting separate seats. Only eight letters of the alphabet do not have—nor have they had in the past—representation in the seats of the RAE:v,w,x,y,z,Ñ,W,Y.[14]
Countries with a Spanish language academy
The Academy has included Latin American members from the time ofRafael María Baralt, although some Spanish-speaking countries have their own academies of the language.
Diccionario de la lengua española (Spanish Language Dictionary). The 1st edition was published in 1780, and the 23rd edition in 2014.[15] It can be consulted for free online as of October 2017[16] and was published in Spain and other Spanish-speaking countries to mark the tricentennial of the founding of the RAE.[citation needed]
TheDiccionario esencial de la lengua española (Essential Dictionary of the Spanish Language) was published in 2006 as a compendium of the 22nd edition of the Dictionary of the Spanish Language.[17]
Ortografía de la lengua española (Spanish Language Orthography). The 1st edition was published in 1741 and the latest edition in 2010. The edition of 1999 was the first spelling book to cover the whole Hispanic world, replacing theNuevas normas de prosodia y ortografía (New Rules for Prosody and Spelling) of 1959.[citation needed]
Nueva gramática de la lengua española (New Spanish Language Grammar, 1st edition: 1771, latest edition: 2009).[18][19] The latest edition is the first grammar to cover the whole Hispanic world, replacing the priorGramática de la lengua española (Grammar of the Spanish Language, 1931) and theEsbozo de una Nueva gramática de la lengua española (Outline of a New Grammar of the Spanish Language, 1973). TheNueva gramática de la lengua española is available in 3 different versions: TheEdición completa (Complete Edition) includes 3,800 pages in two volumes to describe morphology and syntax (published 4 December 2009) plus a third volume of phonetics and phonology and a DVD (early 2010).[citation needed]
TheGramática básica (Basic Grammar) is a 305-page volume directed to people who received secondary education, and which can be adaptable for school use; it was first published in 2011.[21][22][23]
The RAE has also published two other works by individual editors:Gramática de la lengua española (Grammar of the Spanish Language, by Emilio Alarcos Llorach, 1994) andGramática descriptiva de la lengua española (Descriptive Grammar of the Spanish Language, 3 volumes, directed by Ignacio Bosque and Violeta Demonte, 1999).[citation needed]
Diccionario panhispánico de dudas (Pan-Hispanic Dictionary of Doubts, 1st edition: 2005). Resolves doubts related to the use of the Spanish language. Can be consulted online since 2006.[24]
Diccionario del estudiante (Student's Dictionary, 1st edition: 2005). Directed to students in secondary education between 12 and 18 years-old.[25]
Diccionario práctico del estudiante (Student's Practical Dictionary, 1st edition: 2007) is an adapted version for Latin America of the Student's Dictionary.[26]
Diccionario de americanismos (Dictionary of Americanisms) is a listing of Spanish language terms of the Americas and their meaning. First edition published in 2010.[27]
^Concha, Víctor García de la (10 June 2014).La Real Academia Española. Vida e historia (in Spanish). Grupo Planeta Spain. p. 19.ISBN978-84-670-4202-3.
^ab"Ortografía de la lengua española".Real Academia Española y Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española (in Spanish). Madrid: Real Academia Española. Archived fromthe original on 5 July 2024. Retrieved10 July 2024.
^Kukuk, Nick (12 June 2023). "The Real Academia Española in the Age of Social Networks".ILCEA (51).doi:10.4000/ilcea.17329.
^Concha, Víctor García de la (10 June 2014). "La Gesta Del Diccionario".La Real Academia Española. Vida e historia (in Spanish). Grupo Planeta Spain. p. 43.ISBN978-84-670-4202-3.
^Concha, Víctor García de la (10 June 2014). "La Gesta Del Diccionario".La Real Academia Española. Vida e historia (in Spanish). Grupo Planeta Spain. p. 35.ISBN978-84-670-4202-3.
^Terry, Edward Davis (1960). "The Founding Date of the Real Academia Española".Romance Notes.2 (1):31–35.ISSN0035-7995.JSTOR43800040.
^Répide, Pedro (2011).Las calles de Madrid. Madrid: Ediciones La librería. p. 751.ISBN9788487290909.
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