Paul Gardner Allen (January 21, 1953 – October 15, 2018) was an American businessman, computer programmer, researcher, film producer, explorer, sports executive, investor, author, and philanthropist. He co-foundedMicrosoft Corporation with his childhood friendBill Gates in 1975, which was followed by themicrocomputer revolution of the 1970s and 1980s. Allen was ranked as the44th-wealthiest person in the world byForbes with an estimated net worth of $20.3 billion at the time of his death in October 2018.[2][3]
Allen quit from day-to-day work at Microsoft in early 1983 after aHodgkin lymphoma diagnosis, remaining on its board as vice-chairman. He and his sister,Jody Allen, foundedVulcan Inc. in 1986,[4] a privately held company that managed his business and philanthropic efforts. At the time of his death, he had a multi-billion dollar investment portfolio, including technology and media companies, scientific research, real estate holdings, private space flight ventures, and stakes in other sectors. He owned theSeattle Seahawks of theNational Football League[5] and thePortland Trail Blazers of theNational Basketball Association,[6] and was part-owner of theSeattle Sounders FC ofMajor League Soccer.[7] Under Allen's helm, the Seahawks wonSuper Bowl XLVIII and made it to two other Super Bowls (XL andXLIX). In 2000 he resigned from his position on Microsoft's board and assumed the post of senior strategy advisor to the company's management team.
Allen was diagnosed withnon-Hodgkin lymphoma in 2009. He died ofseptic shock related to cancer on October 15, 2018, at the age of 65.[17] Shortly after his death, in April 2019, the Allen-fundedStratolaunch first flew and became the largest aircraft in history bywingspan.[18]
Allen was born on January 21, 1953, inSeattle, Washington, to Kenneth Sam Allen (a librarian)[19] and Edna Faye (née Gardner) Allen[20] (a fourth-grade teacher).[21] From 1965 to 1971 he attendedLakeside School,[22] a private school in Seattle where he befriendedBill Gates, with whom he shared an enthusiasm for computers.[22] They used Lakeside'sTeletype terminals to develop their programming skills on severaltime-sharing computer systems.[23] They also used the laboratory of the Computer Science Department of theUniversity of Washington for personal research and computer programming until they were banned in 1971 for abusing their privileges.[24]
Gates and Allen joined withRic Weiland and Gates' childhood best friend and first collaborator, Kent Evans, to form the Lakeside Programming Club and find bugs inComputer Center Corporation's software, in exchange for extra computer time.[25] In 1972, after Evans' sudden death due to a mountain climbing accident, Gates turned to Allen for help finishing an automated class scheduling system for Lakeside.[26] They then formedTraf-O-Data to maketraffic counters based on theIntel 8008 processor. According to Allen, he and Gates would godumpster diving during their teenage years for computer program code.[27]
The title page of theassembly language code that producedAltair BASIC, developed by Allen, Gates, andMonte Davidoff, with two early Microsoft business cards showing Gates as president and Allen as vice president
Allen and Gates formed Microsoft in 1975 inAlbuquerque, New Mexico, and began marketing aBASIC programming language interpreter, with their first employee being high school friend and collaboratorRic Weiland.[33][23] Allen came up with the name of "Micro-Soft", a combination of "microcomputer" and "software".[34]
Microsoft committed to delivering a disk operating system (DOS) to IBM for the originalIBM PC in 1980, although they had not yet developed one, and Allen spearheaded a deal for Microsoft to purchaseQDOS (Quick and Dirty Operating System) written byTim Paterson who was employed atSeattle Computer Products.[35][36] As a result of this transaction, Microsoft secured a contract to supply the DOS that ran on IBM's PC line, which opened the door to Allen's and Gates' wealth and success.[23]
The company restructured on June 25, 1981, to become an incorporated business in its home state of Washington (with a further change of its name to "Microsoft Corporation, Inc."). As part of the restructuring, Gates became president of the company and chairman of the board, and Allen became executive vice president and vice chairman.[23][37] The relationship between Allen and Gates became strained as they argued even over small things.[26] Allen effectively left Microsoft in 1982 after being diagnosed withHodgkin's lymphoma, though he remained on the board of directors as vice chairman.[23][38] Gates reportedly asked Allen to give him some of his shares to compensate for the higher amount of work that Gates was doing.[39][40] According to Allen, Gates said that he "did almost everything onBASIC" and the company should be split 60–40 in his favor. Allen agreed to this arrangement, which Gates later renegotiated to 64–36.[41] In 1983, Gates tried to buy Allen out at $5 per share, but Allen refused and left the company with his shares intact; this made him a billionaire when Microsoft went public.[41][42] Gates later repaired his relationship with Allen, and the two men donated $2.2 million to their childhood school Lakeside in 1986.[26] They remained friends for the rest of Allen's life.[43]
Allen resigned from his position on the Microsoft board of directors on November 9, 2000, but he remained as a senior strategy advisor to the company's executives.[1][44][45] In January 2014, he still held 100 million shares of Microsoft.[46]
Vulcan Capital is an investment arm of Allen's Seattle-based Vulcan Inc., which has managed his personal fortune. In 2013, Allen opened a new Vulcan Capital office inPalo Alto, California, to focus on making new investments in emerging technology and internet companies.[47]
Apps: Allen backed A.R.O., the startup behind the mobile app Saga;[49] SportStream, a social app for sports fans;[50] and a content-management app calledFayve.[51]
Ticketmaster: In November 1993, Allen invested more than $325 million to acquire 80% ofTicketmaster.[55][56] In 1997,Home Shopping Network acquired 47.5% of Allen's stock in exchange for $209 million worth of their own stock.[57]
Charter Communications: In 1998, Allen bought a controlling interest inCharter Communications.[58] Charter filed for bankruptcy reorganization in 2009, with Allen's loss estimated at $7 billion. Allen kept a small stake after Charter emerged from reorganization, worth $535 million in 2012.[59] The company's 2016 purchase and subsequent merger ofTime Warner Cable with Charter's subsidiary,Spectrum, made Charter Communications the second-largest cable company in the U.S.[60][61]
Allen confirmed that he was the sole investor behind aerospace engineer and entrepreneurBurt Rutan'sSpaceShipOnesuborbital commercialspacecraft on October 4, 2004.[62] The craft was developed and flown byMojave Aerospace Ventures, which was a joint venture between Allen and Rutan's aviation company,Scaled Composites. SpaceShipOne climbed to an altitude of 367,442 feet (111,996 m) over theMojave Air and Space Port and was the first privately funded effort to successfully put a civilian in suborbital space. It won theAnsari X Prize competition and received the $10 million prize.[63]
On December 13, 2011, Allen announced the creation ofStratolaunch Systems, based at theMojave Air and Space Port. TheStratolaunch is a proposed orbital launch system consisting of a dual-bodied, 6-engine jet aircraft, capable of carrying a rocket to high altitude; the rocket would then separate from its carrier aircraft and fire its own engines to complete its climb into orbit. If successful, this project would be the first wholly privately funded space transport system.[64] Stratolaunch, which is partnering withOrbital ATK and Scaled Composites, is intended to launch in inclement weather, fly without worrying about the availability of launch pads and to operate from different locations. Stratolaunch plans to ultimately host six to ten missions per year.[65] On April 13, 2015, Vulcan Aerospace was announced. It is the company within Allen's Vulcan Inc. that plans and executes projects to shift how the world conceptualizes space travel through cost reduction and on-demand access.[66]
On April 13, 2019, the Stratolaunch aircraft made its maiden flight, reaching 15,000 ft (4,600 m) and 165 kn (306 km/h) in a 2 h 29 min flight.[67][68] Stratolaunch CEO Jean Floyd offered this comment: "We dedicate this day to the man who inspired us all to strive for ways to empower the world's problem-solvers, Paul Allen. Without a doubt, he would have been exceptionally proud to see his aircraft take flight". Upon its flight, the airplane became the largest in history bywingspan.[18]
As of the end of May 2019, Stratolaunch Systems Corporation had ceased operations.[69]
Allen'sVulcan Real Estate[70] division offers development and portfolio management services, and was involved in the redevelopment of theSouth Lake Union neighborhood immediately north of downtown Seattle.[71] Vulcan has developed 6.3 million square feet (590,000 m2) of new residential, office, retail andbiotechnology research space, and has a total development capacity of 10,000,000 sq ft (930,000 m2). Vulcan advocated for the Seattle Streetcar line known asSouth Lake Union Streetcar, which runs from Seattle'sWestlake Center to the south end of Lake Union.[72] In 2012,The Wall Street Journal called Allen's South Lake Union investment "unexpectedly lucrative" and one that led to his firm selling a 1,800,000-square-foot (170,000 m2) office complex toAmazon.com for US$1.16 billion, one of the most expensive office deals ever in Seattle.[73] "It's exceeded my expectations", Allen said of the South Lake Union development.[74]
Sports and event centers: Allen funded the development of Portland'sModa Center, which he purchased in 2007.[75] He also contributed $130 million to help buildCenturyLink Field in Seattle.[76]
Seattle Cinerama: Allen purchased Seattle's historic Cinerama Theater in 1998, and upgraded it with 3-D capability and digital sound, in addition to interior and exterior refurbishing. The theater installed the world's first commercial digital laser projector in 2014.[77]
Hospital Club: Allen opened the Hospital Club in London in 2004 as a professional and social hub for people working in the creative arts.[78] A second location in Los Angeles is under construction.[79]
Allen purchased the Portland Trail Blazers NBA team in 1988 from California real estate developerLarry Weinberg for $70 million.[6] He was instrumental in the development and funding of theModa Center (previously known as the Rose Garden), the arena where the Blazers play. He purchased the arena on April 2, 2007, and stated that this was a major milestone and a positive step for the franchise.[23][80] The Allen-owned Trail Blazers reached the playoffs 19 times including theNBA Finals in1990 and1992.[81] According toForbes, the Blazers were valued at $2.09 billion in 2021 and ranked No. 13 out of 30 NBA teams.[82]
In 2002, the team moved into Seahawks Stadium (now known asLumen Field), after Allen invested into the upgrade of the stadium.[88] Acquired for US$200 million in 1997,[83][84] the Seahawks were valued at $1.33 billion in August 2014 byForbes, which says the team has "one of the most rabid fan bases in the NFL".[89] Under the helm of Allen, the Seahawks made theSuper Bowl three times followingNFC Championship victories (2005,2013,2014), and wonSuper Bowl XLVIII in February 2014.[90]
Allen's Vulcan Sports & Entertainment is part of the ownership team of Seattle Sounders FC, aMajor League Soccer (MLS) franchise that began play in 2009 atCenturyLink Field, a stadium which was also controlled by Allen.[7] The ownership team also includes film producerJoe Roth, businessmanAdrian Hanauer, and comedianDrew Carey. The Sounders sold out every home game during its first season, setting a new MLS record for average match attendance.[91]
In 2013, Vulcan Productions co-produced the Richard E. Robbins-directed filmGirl Rising[107] which tells the stories of girls from different parts of the world who seek an education. Globally, over 205 million households watchedGirl Rising during the CNN premier,[108] and over 4 million people have engaged withGirl Rising through websites and social media. Through the associated 10×10 program, over $2.1 million has been donated to help girls receive an education worldwide.[109]
Also in 2013, Vulcan Productions signed on as a producing partner ofPandora's Promise,[110] a documentary about nuclear power, directed by Oscar-nominated directorRobert Stone. It was released on CNN in November 2013. A variety of college and private screenings as well as panel discussions have been hosted throughout the country.[111]
Allen gave more than $2 billion towards the advancement of science, technology, education, wildlife conservation, the arts, and community services in his lifetime.[13] The Paul G. Allen Family Foundation, which he founded with his sister Jody, was established to administer a portion of Allen's philanthropic contributions. Since its formation, the foundation has given more than $494 million to over 1,500 nonprofits; and,[112] in 2010, Allen became a signatory ofThe Giving Pledge, promising to give at least half of his fortune to philanthropic causes.[113] Allen received commendations for his philanthropic commitments including theAndrew Carnegie Medal of Philanthropy[114] andInside Philanthropy's "Philanthropist of the Year".[115]
In September 2003, Allen launched theAllen Institute for Brain Science with a $100 million contribution dedicated to understanding how the human brain works. In total, Allen donated $500 million to the institute, making it his single largest philanthropic recipient. Since its launch, the Allen Institute for Brain Science has taken aBig Science andopen science approach to tackle projects. The institute makes research tools available to the scientific community using an open data model.[116] Some of the institute's projects include theAllen Mouse Brain Atlas,Allen Human Brain Atlas and the Allen Mouse Brain Connectivity Atlas. The Allen Institute is also helping to advance and shape theWhite House'sBRAIN Initiative as well as theHuman Brain Project.[117]
In December 2014, Allen committed $100 million to create theAllen Institute for Cell Science in Seattle. The institute is investigating and creating a virtual model of cells in the hope of bringing forth treatment of different diseases.[120] Like the institutes before it, all data generated and tools developed will be made publicly available online.[121]
Launched in 2016 with a $100 million commitment, ThePaul G. Allen Frontiers Group aims to discover and support ideas at the frontier of bioscience in an effort to accelerate the pace of discovery.[122] The group will target scientists and research areas that "some might consider out-of-the-box at the very edges of knowledge".[123]
Allen launched the Allen Distinguished Investigators Awards (ADI) in 2010 to support scientists pursuing early-stage research projects who often have difficulty securing funding from traditional sources.[124] Allen donated the seed money to buildSETI'sAllen Telescope Array, eventually contributing $30 million to the project.[125]
Allen provided more than $7 million to fund a census of elephant populations in Africa, the largest such endeavour since the 1970s. TheGreat Elephant Census team flew over 20 countries to survey African savannah elephants. The survey results were published in 2015 and showed rapid rates of decline which were accelerating.[127]
He began supporting theUniversity of British Columbia'sSea Around Us Project in 2014 to improve data on global fisheries as a way to fightillegal fishing. Part of his $2.6 million in funding went towards the creation ofFishBase,[128] an online database about adult finfish.[129] Allen funded the Global FinPrint initiative, launched in July 2015, a three-year survey of sharks and rays in coral reef areas. The survey is the largest of its kind and designed to provide data to help conservation programs.[130][131]
Allen backedWashington state initiative 1401 to prohibit the purchase, sale and distribution of products made from 10 endangered species including elephants, rhinos, lions, tigers, leopards, cheetahs, marine turtles, pangolins, sharks and rays. The initiative gained enough signatures to be on the state's ballot on November 3, 2015, and passed.[132]
Alongside theUnited States Department of Transportation (USDOT), Allen and Vulcan Inc. launched the Smart City Challenge,[133] a contest inviting American cities to transform their transportation systems. Created in 2015 with the USDOT's $40 million commitment as well as $10 million from Allen's Vulcan Inc., the challenge aims to create a first-of-its-kind modern city that will demonstrate how cities can improve quality of life while lowering greenhouse gas emissions.[134] The winning city wasColumbus, Ohio.[135]
As a member of theInternational SeaKeepers Society, Allen hosted its proprietary SeaKeeper 1000TM oceanographic and atmospheric monitoring system on all three of his megayachts.[136]
Allen funded the building ofmicrogrids, which are small-scale power grids that can operate independently, in Kenya, to help promote reusable energy and empower its businesses and residents.[137] He was an early investor in the Mawingu Networks, a wireless and solar-powered Internet provider which aims to connect rural Africa with the world, and Off Grid Electric, a company focused on providing solar energy to people in emerging nations.[138]
In 2014, Allen pledged at least $100 million toward the fight to end theEbola virus epidemic in West Africa,[139] making him the largest private donor in the Ebola crisis. He also created a website called TackleEbola.org[140] as a way to spread awareness and serve as a vehicle for donors to fund projects in need. The site highlighted organizations working to stop Ebola that Allen supported, such asInternational Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement,Médecins Sans Frontières,Partners in Health,UNICEF andWorld Food Program USA. On April 21, 2015, Allen brought together key leaders in the Ebola fight at the Ebola Innovation Summit in San Francisco. The summit aimed to share key learnings and reinforce the need for continued action and support to reduce the number of Ebola cases to zero, which was achieved in January 2016.[141]
In October 2015, the Paul G. Allen Family Foundation announced it would award seven new grants totaling $11 million to prevent future widespread outbreaks of the virus.[142]
In 2012, along with his research team and theRoyal Navy, Allen attempted to retrieve theship's bell fromHMS Hood, which sank in theDenmark Strait during World War II, but the attempt failed due to poor weather. On August 7, 2015, they tried again and recovered the bell in very good condition.[143] It was restored and put on display in May 2016 in theNational Museum of the Royal Navy, Portsmouth, in remembrance of the 1,415 crewmen lost.[144]
An active art collector, Allen gifted more than $100 million to support the arts.[154] On October 15, 2012, the Americans for the Arts gave Allen theEli and Edythe Broad Award for Philanthropy in the Arts.[155] Allen loaned out more than 300 pieces from his private art collection to 47 different venues. The original 541-page typescript ofBram Stoker's novelDracula was in his collection at one point.[156] In 2013, Allen soldBarnett Newman'sOnement VI (1953) atSotheby's in New York for $43.8 million, then the record for a work by the abstract artist.[157][158]
In 2015, Allen founded the Seattle Art Fair, a four-day event with 60-plus galleries from around the world including the participation of theGagosian Gallery,David Zwirner. The event drew thousands and inspired other satellite fairs throughout the city.[159]
In August 2016, Allen announced the launch of Upstream Music Fest + Summit,[160] an annual festival fashioned afterSouth by Southwest.[161] Held inPioneer Square, the first festival took place in May 2017.[162] It was cancelled in 2019 following Allen's death in 2018.[163]
In 1989, Allen donated $2 million to theUniversity of Washington to construct the Allen Library, which was named after his father Kenneth S. Allen, a former associate director of the University of Washington library system.[168] In the same year, Allen donated an additional $8 million to establish the Kenneth S. Allen Library Endowment.[169] In 2012, the endowment was renamed the Kenneth S. and Faye G. Allen Library Endowment after Allen's mother (a noted bibliophile) died.[170]
In 2002, Allen donated $14 million to the University of Washington to construct the Paul G. Allen Center for Computer Science and Engineering.[171] The building was dedicated in October 2003.[172]
In 2010, Allen announced a gift of $26 million to build the Paul G. Allen School of Global Animal Health atWashington State University, his alma mater. The gift was the largest private donation in the university's history.[173]
In 2016, Allen pledged a $10 million donation over four years for the creation of the Allen Discovery Centers atTufts University andStanford University. The centers would fund research that would read and write the morphogenetic code. Over eight years the donation could be as much as $20 million.[174]
In 2017, Allen donated $40 million (with an additional $10 million from Microsoft) to reorganize the University of Washington's Computer Science and Engineering department into the Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science and Engineering.[175]
While Allen expressed interest in romantic love and one day having a family,[176] he never married and had no children.[177] His marriage plans with his first girlfriend were cancelled as he felt he "was not ready to marry at 23".[39] He was sometimes consideredreclusive.[178][179] In the 1990s, he purchasedRock Hudson's Los Angeles estate from film directorJohn Landis and added the Neptune Valley recording studio to the property. Allen's family put the home on the market for $56 million after his death.[180]
Paul Allen and the Underthinkers perform at the Allen Institute for Brain Science's 10th-anniversary gala.
Allen received his first electric guitar at the age of sixteen, and was inspired to play it by listening toJimi Hendrix.[181] In 2000, Allen played rhythm guitar on the independently produced albumGrown Men.[182] In 2013, he had a major label release on Sony's Legacy Recordings:Everywhere at Once by Paul Allen and the Underthinkers.[183] PopMatters.com describedEverywhere at Once as "a quality release of blues-rock that's enjoyable from start to finish".[184][185]
On February 7, 2018, an interview by the magazineNew York on theirVulture website,Quincy Jones expressed respect for Allen's talent, saying he "sings and plays just like Hendrix".[186]
Allen's 414-foot (126 m) yacht,Octopus, was launched in 2003.[187] As of 2019, it was 20th on thelist of motor yachts by length. The yacht is equipped with two helicopters, a submarine, anROV, a swimming pool, a music studio and a basketball court.[188]Octopus is a member ofAMVER, a voluntary group ship reporting system used worldwide by authorities to arrange assistance for those in distress at sea.[189] The ship is also known for its annual celebrity-studded parties which Allen hosted at theCannes film festival,[190] where Allen and his band played for guests. These performances included musicians such asUsher andDave Stewart.[191]Octopus was also used in the search for a missing American pilot and two officers whose plane disappeared offPalau,[192] and the study of a rare fish called acoelacanth, among many others.[193] Following Allen's death in 2018,Octopus was refitted and put on the market for $325 million.[194]
Allen also ownedTatoosh, one of the world's 100 largest yachts. In January 2016, it was reported thatTatoosh severely damaged approximately 1300 square meters of coral reef in the West Bay replenishment zone,Cayman Islands.[195] In April 2016, the Department of Environment (DoE) and Allen's Vulcan Inc. successfully completed a restoration plan to help speed recovery and protect the future of coral in this area.[196]
In 2011, Allen's memoir,Idea Man: A Memoir by the Co-founder of Microsoft, was published by Portfolio, aPenguin Group imprint. The book recounts how Allen became enamored with computers and, at an early age, conceived the idea for Microsoft, recruited his friend Bill Gates to join him, and launched what would become the world's most successful software company. It also explores Allen's business and creative ventures following his 1983 departure from Microsoft, including his involvement in SpaceShipOne, his purchase of the Portland Trail Blazers and Seattle Seahawks, his passion for music, and his ongoing support for scientific research. The book made theNew York Times Best Seller list. A paperback version, which included a new epilogue, was published on October30, 2012.[197][198]
Allen was diagnosed with Stage 1-AHodgkin's lymphoma in 1982.[41] His cancer was successfully treated by several months ofradiation therapy.[38] Allen was diagnosed withnon-Hodgkin lymphoma in 2009. Likewise, the cancer was successfully treated until it returned in 2018. It ultimately caused his death byseptic shock on October 15, 2018.[199][17] He was 65 years old.[200][201]Allen's sister,Jody Allen, was named executor and trustee of his estate.[194][202]
Several Seattle-area landmarks, including theSpace Needle,Columbia Center andLumen Field, as well as various Microsoft offices throughout the United States, were illuminated in blue on November 3, 2018, as a tribute to Allen.[203] He was also honored by his early business partner and lifelong friendBill Gates, who said in a statement:
Paul loved life and those around him, and we all cherished him in return. He deserved much more time, but his contributions to the world of technology and philanthropy will live on for generations to come. We will miss him tremendously.[43]
On October 30, 2008, the Seattle-King County Association of Realtors honored Allen for his "unwavering commitment to nonprofit organizations in the Pacific Northwest and lifetime giving approaching US$1 billion".[205]
In 2009, Allen's philanthropy as the long-time owner of thePortland Trail Blazers was recognized with an Oregon Sports Award.[206]
On October 26, 2010, Allen was awarded the W. J. S. Krieg Lifetime Achievement Award for his contributions to the field of neuroscience by the Cajal Club.[207]
On January 26, 2011, at Seattle'sBenaroya Hall, Allen was named Seattle Sports Commission Sports Citizen of the Year, an award that has been renamed the Paul Allen Award.[208]
On October 22, 2014, Allen received a Lifetime Achievement Award fromSeattle Business magazine for his impact in and around the greater Puget Sound region.[212]
On December 31, 2014, online philanthropy magazineInside Philanthropy made Allen their inaugural "Philanthropist of the Year"[115] for his ongoing effort to stop the Ebola outbreak in West Africa, breaking ground on a new research center in Seattle, and his battle to save the world's oceans.
On July 18, 2015,Ischia Global Film & Music Festival recognized Allen with the Ischia Humanitarian Award. Event organizers honored Allen for his contributions to social issues through his philanthropic efforts.[214]
On August 25, 2015, Allen was named a recipient of theAndrew Carnegie Medal of Philanthropy for his work to "save endangered species, fight Ebola, research the human brain, support the arts, protect the oceans, and expand educational opportunities for girls".[215]
On October 3, 2015, the Center for Infectious Disease Research presented Allen with the 2015 "Champion for Global Health Award" for his leadership and effort to fight Ebola.[216]
On October 3, 2019, Allen was posthumously inducted into theSeattle Seahawks Ring of Honor, ironically he was the 12th person inducted into the Ring Of Honor, which is a fitting for the number 12, which represents the fans.[219]
Honorary degree from theWashington State University. The university bestowed its highest honor, the Regents' Distinguished Alumnus Award, upon him.[220]
^ab"Stratolaunch, the World's Biggest Airplane, Takes Flight". Condé Nast Ars Technica. April 14, 2019.Archived from the original on April 14, 2019. RetrievedApril 15, 2019."Even though he wasn't there today, as the plane lifted gracefully from the runway, I did whisper a 'thank you' to Paul for allowing me to be a part of this remarkable achievement,
^Sandler, Adam. "Industry's #1 has a ticket to rule".Daily Variety. p. 17.
^Budnick, Dean; Baron, Josh (2011).Ticket Masters: the rise of the concert industry and how the public got scalped. Toronto: ECW Press. pp. 227–229, 232.ISBN978-1-55022-949-3.
^"The World's Largest Plane's First Flight From Every Angle".Popular Mechanics. April 15, 2019.Archived from the original on April 15, 2019. RetrievedApril 15, 2019.The tests come after a long series of taxi tests that always stopped just short of achieving actual flight, but now that threshold has been crossed, and the engineers seem pleased with the results.
^"Stratolaunch, the World's Biggest Airplane, Takes Flight".Wired. April 13, 2019.Archived from the original on April 15, 2019. RetrievedApril 15, 2019.the company hopes to use the twin-fuselage, six-engined, catamaran-style aircraft to launch satellite-bearing rockets into space.
^"Exclusive: Space firm founded by billionaire Paul Allen closing operations - sources".Reuters. May 31, 2019.Archived from the original on June 4, 2019. RetrievedJune 5, 2019.Stratolaunch Systems Corporation, the space company founded by late billionaire and Microsoft Corp co-founder Paul Allen, is closing operations, cutting short ambitious plans to challenge traditional aerospace companies in a new "space race," four people familiar with the matter said on Friday.
^ifthen.com."Vulcan Real Estate".vulcanrealestate.com.Archived from the original on July 9, 2018. RetrievedJuly 5, 2018.
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