| Romanian Land Forces | |
|---|---|
| Forțele Terestre Române | |
 Thecoat of arms of the Land Forces General Staff | |
| Founded | 24 November [O.S. 12 November] 1859 |
| Country | Romania |
| Type | Army |
| Role | Infantry,Artillery,Armour,Mountain troops,Airborne,ISR,CBRN |
| Size | 35,500[1] |
| Part of | Romanian Armed Forces |
| Command HQ | Bucharest |
| Anniversaries | 23 April |
| Commanders | |
| Chief of the Land Forces Staff | Major General Ciprian Marin[2] |
| Notable commanders | MarshalConstantin Prezan MarshalAlexandru Averescu MarshalIon Antonescu |
| Insignia | |
| Roundel |  |
| Military colors |  |
| Identification flag (obverse) |  |
TheRomanian Land Forces (Romanian:Forțele Terestre Române) is the army ofRomania, and the main component of theRomanian Armed Forces. Since 2007, full professionalization and a major equipment overhaul have transformed the nature of the Land Forces.[3]
The Romanian Land Forces was founded on 24 November [O.S. 12 November] 1859.[4][5] It participated in theRomanian War of Independence against theOttoman Empire, theSecond Balkan War againstBulgaria,World War I against theCentral Powers (in which it won the decisive battles ofMărăști andMărășești), and theHungarian–Romanian War. During most ofWorld War II (until 1944), Romanian forces supported theAxis powers, fighting against theSoviet Union on theEastern Front. From August 1944 until the end of the war, Romania fought against Germany under the control of the Soviet Union. When thecommunists seized power after the Second World War, the army underwent reorganisation andsovietization.
Following theRomanian Revolution of 1989, due to shortage of funds, many units were disbanded and much equipment was phased out. Likewise, Romanian military capability declined because of a lack of fuel as well as training. However, since the late 1990s, a number of positive changes have come about and the level of combat readiness has been growing steadily; since 1996, themilitary budget has grown more than four times, rising from 636 million dollars to 2.8 billion dollars in 2007.Conscription has been abolished and professionalisation has been completed.
The modernMoldavian andWallachian armies were formed in 1830 followingRegulamentul Organic.[6] During the1848 Wallachian Revolution,Gheorghe Magheru assembled an army at Râureni (now part ofRâmnicu Vâlcea). However, due to the lack of proper equipment and the hesitation of some revolution leaders, Magheru ordered his troops to disband when theOttoman forces swept intoBucharest to stop the revolution.[7] A battle between the Bucharestfire company together withLine infantry soldiers against the Ottomans also took place atDealul Spirii in 1848.[8]
The current Romanian Land Forces were formed in 1860, immediately after theunification ofWallachia withMoldavia, and were commanded byAlexandru Ioan Cuza,Domnitor of Romania until his abdication in 1866.[9] In 1877, at the request ofGrand Duke Nicholas Konstantinovich of Russia[10] the Romanian army fused with the Russian forces, and led byKing Carol I, fought in what was to become theRomanian War of Independence. They participated in theSiege of Plevna and several other battles.[11] The Romanians won the war, but suffered about 10,000 casualties (dead and wounded).[12][13]
The Romanian Army entered theSecond Balkan War againstBulgaria, allowing Romania to annexSouthern Dobruja (also known as the Cadrilater). Although some 330,000 troops were mobilised, the Romanians met little resistance in Bulgaria and as such this is not considered a major conflict in Romanian history. This was due to historical claims on land and the area no longer belongs to Romania. During the Second Balkan War, the Romanian Army suffereda cholera outbreak that provoked 1,600 deaths.[14][15][16]
On 6 July 1916, theKingdom of Romania declared war on theGerman Empire andAustria-Hungary, following the initial success of theBrusilov Offensive (a major Russian offensive against the armies of theCentral Powers on theEastern Front). The Romanian armies enteredTransylvania (then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire), together withRussian forces. However, German forces under the command of GeneralErich von Falkenhayn stalled the attack in November 1916, and drove back the Romanian forces. At the same time, Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman forces invaded southern Romania, forcing the country into a two-front war. The Central Powers drove deep into Romania and conquered the southern part of the country (Wallachia, including Bucharest) by the end of 1916. The Romanian forces, led byMarshalConstantin Prezan, retreated into the north-east part of Romania (Moldavia). In the summer of 1917 however, Prezan, aided byIon Antonescu, successfully defended the remaining unoccupied territories against German and Austro-Hungarian forces led byField MarshalAugust von Mackensen.[17] GeneralAlexandru Averescu led theSecond Army in victory at theBattle of Mărăști (22 July to 1 August 1917),[18] while Major GeneralsConstantin Cristescu andEremia Grigorescu led theFirst Army in victory at theBattle of Mărășești (6 August to 8 September 1917).[19][20]
As a result of theRussian Revolution, Romania was left isolated and unable to continue the war, and was forced to sign the Treaty of Bucharest with the Central Powers.[21] Later on, in 1919, Germany agreed, in theTreaty of Versailles Article 259, to renounce all the benefits provided to it by the Treaty of Bucharest in 1918. After the success of theVardar offensive on theMacedonian front, which put Bulgaria out of the war, Romania re-entered the war on 10 November 1918, a day before its end in the West.[22]
AfterWorld War I, in December 1918, theGreat National Assembly of Alba Iulia proclaimed aunion with the Kingdom of Romania. Later on, in April 1919, the newly establishedHungarian Soviet Republic vowed to retake occupied territories by force, andHungarian troops attacked Romanian formations in Transylvania.[23] Under the command of generalsGheorghe Mărdărescu andTraian Moșoiu, the Romanian Army defeated the Hungarians andoccupied Budapest in August 1919.
In June 1940 theSoviet Union occupied Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina. After General (laterMarshal)Ion Antonescu took power in September 1940,Fascist Romania signed theTripartite Pact with theAxis Powers and subsequently took part inOperation Barbarossa in 1941. An expeditionary force invaded the Soviet Union inBessarabia and southernUkraine, alongside theWehrmacht. The expeditionary force, 'Army Group Antonescu,' was composed on 22 June 1941 of the3rd Army, the4th Army, the 2nd Army Corps, and the 11th Infantry Division.[24] The 3rd Army comprised the4th Army Corps (6th and 7th Infantry Divisions), the Cavalry Corps, theMountain Corps, two separate artillery battalions, a TA unit, and the Air Force's 3rd Army Cooperation Command. The 4th Army consisted of the 3rd Army Corps, the 5th Army Corps, the 11th Army Corps (two fortress brigades), and the 4th Army Cooperation Command. The army group-level 2nd Army Corps, under Major GeneralNicolae Macici, controlled the 9th and 10th Infantry Divisions and the 7th Cavalry Brigade. Additionally the 1st Armoured Division was formed for service on the Eastern Front. The Army Group's first offensive, in conjunction with theEleventh Army,Operation München, enabled Romania to retake the territory immediately east of theDnister, former part of Moldavia. The Romanian armies saw their first major battles atOdessa andSevastopol, and in 1942 advanced with other Axis forces deeper into Soviet territory during operationCase Blue. In early November, Romanianmountain troops under the command of Brigadier GeneralIoan Dumitrache tookNalchik, the farthest point of Axis advance into theCaucasus.
The worst defeat for the Romanian expeditionary force on theEastern Front occurred atStalingrad, where, during the Soviet counter-offensive of November 1942, the thinly spread forces of theThird Army (under the command of GeneralPetre Dumitrescu, deployed north of Stalingrad) and of theFourth Army (under the command of Lieutenant GeneralConstantin Constantinescu-Claps, deployed south of Stalingrad) were attacked by vastly superior Soviet forces and suffered combined losses of some 158,000 personnel.
During April–May 1944 the Romanian forces led by GeneralMihai Racoviță, together with elements of theGerman Eighth Army were responsible for defending Northern Romania during the SovietFirst Jassy-Kishinev Offensive, and took part in theBattles of Târgu Frumos. In late August 1944, theRed Army enteredeastern Romania.
On 23 August 1944, acoup led byKingMichael I of Romania deposed Marshal Antonescu and set up a pro-Soviet government. It has been estimated that the royal coup shortened the war by six months.[25] Romania soon declared war onNazi Germany and its allies, and theFirst Army (under the command of General Macici and laterVasile Atanasiu) and theFourth Army (under the command of Lieutenant GeneralGheorghe Avramescu and laterNicolae Dăscălescu) were pressed into action. After expelling the last of the Wehrmacht and Hungarian Army units from Romania at the battles ofTurda andCarei, the Romanian armies took part in theSiege of Budapest and thePrague Offensive of May 1945.
TheSoviet occupation of Romania led to a complete reorganisation of the Romanian Land Forces under the supervision of the Red Army.[26] At the onset, pro-German elements were purged from the Romanian armed forces. In 1944–45, two divisions were formed out of Romanian volunteers—ex-prisoners of war, trained and indoctrinated in the Soviet Union during the war, but also of many Communist activists. One was theTudor Vladimirescu First Volunteer Division, under the command of ColonelNicolae Cambrea, and the other theHorea, Cloșca și Crișan Division, under the command of GeneralMihail Lascăr (who later served asMinister of Defence from 1946 to 1947). These two units formed the nucleus of the new Romanian Land Forces under Soviet control. The postwar reorganization of the Land Forces included cavalry, but the arm disappeared from the force with the disbandment in November 1954 of the 59th Cavalry Division atOradea.[27]
After theRomanian Communist Party seized political power, thesovietization of the army commenced, under the supervision of the new Minister of Defence,Emil Bodnăraș. Thirty per cent of the officers and noncommissioned officers (mostly experienced soldiers, and a potential source of opposition) were purged from the military.[28] This involved copying the Soviet model of military and political organisation, and changing the military doctrine of combat and defence, also in the context of Romania's integration in the strategic system of the Soviets, at the beginning of theCold War.[29]
In the early 1950s the RLF reached a level of 12 rifle, one mechanised, and one tank division. From 1959[30] the rifle and mechanised divisions were converted to mechanized (motorized rifle) divisions, and reductions in strength began. Rottman writes that "force size dropped to six mechanized and two armored divisions by 1970 [actually 1968]. From 1970 to 1976, three more motor rifle divisions were formed, but one was deactivated in 1977, and the eight motor rifle and two armored division figure remained that way for the rest of the Cold War."[31][32]
From 1947 to 1960 the country seems to have been divided into three major military regions:Cluj,Bacău, and Bucharest in the west, east, and south, respectively.[33] In wartime the land forces in each military region would become anarmy corps with their headquarters in Cluj-Napoca,Iași, and Bucharest. Armies seem to have succeeded military regions in 1960, and three armies seem to have become four in 1980. What is known is that on 1 July 1947Fourth Army became 3rd Military Region, based in Cluj. The 3rd Military Region became the 3rd Army on 30 April 1960, and the 4th Army on 5 April 1980.[34]
During the 1980s, the land forces numbered 140,000 personnel, of whom two-thirds were conscripts.[35] In 1989 the land forces were organized in four armies: theFirst Army atBucharest, theSecond Army atBuzău, theThird Army atCraiova, and theFourth Army atCluj-Napoca.[36]
The land forces consisted of eight mechanised (infantry) divisions (1st, Bucharest,2nd, Craiova,9th,Constanța, 10th,Iași, 11th,Oradea, 18th,Timișoara, 67th,Brăila and81st,Dej) two armored divisions (the 57th Tank Division at Bucharest and the6th Tank Division atTârgu Mureș), one armored brigade, four mountain (infantry) brigades, and four parachute infantry regiments.[37]
According to the 165-year 'History of Modern Romanian Artillery,' in 1989 each of the four armies were organized into a headquarters and reporting formations under them, which were organized as follows:[38]
The mechanized divisions were organized along the Soviet model with a division HQ, three mechanized infantry regiments, one tank regiment, combat and service support units, and a full complement of 10,700 infantry soldiers, having 130 main battle tanks, 216 wheeled armoured personnel carriers (APCs), 30 wheeled armoured reconnaissance vehicles, 18 light SPGs SU-76, 54 towed 120mm. M-38/-43 (or Md.1982 120mm. Romanian made) mortars, 36 towed122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30) and 12 truck-mounted (Romanian production) 122mm. multiple rocket launchers APR-40 (which will become later, after an extensive modernization, theLAROM MRL system). Compared to similar Soviet, Hungarian, or Bulgarian divisions, the Romanian ones were more poorly equipped, both in terms of number and quality of heavy weapons. The armored divisions were composed of 3 tank regiments and one mechanized infantry regiment plus support units. The artillery, antitank, and air defence regiments of divisions provided specialised fire support that enabled motorised rifle and tank regiments to maneuver. Each of the four Army Commands comprised an antiaircraft artillery brigade and an air defense missile artillery regiment (Surface-to-Air). Three of the four air defense missile regiments were equipped with2K12 Kub systems, and the fourth regiment with9K33 Osa SAMs in the late 1980s the artillery regiments of mechanized and tank divisions were organized into a regimental HQ, two artillery battalions and one multiple rocket launcher battalion.
In terms of their combat equipment, the RLF operated a total of 2,825 tanks: 1,059 outdated (soviet WW-2 type)T-34-85 tanks, 785 Soviet and Czechoslovak T-55/-55A/-55AM tanks, 415 Romanian built TR-77-580, 535 Romanian builtTR-85-800, and 31 SovietT-72 "Ural-1" tanks. The 9th and the 11th Mechanized Divisions operated Romanian built TR-77-580 tanks, the 2nd Mechanized Division and the 57th Tank Division operated Romanian builtTR-85-800 tanks, the 10th and 81st Mechanized Divisions and the 6th Tank Division operated soviet and Czechoslovak built T-55/-55A/-55AM tanks, while the remaining three mechanized divisions (1st, 18th and 67th) were equipped with mixed equipment, including a number of outdated sovietT-34-85 tanks, within their mechanized regiments. The 1st MechanizedTudor Vladimirescu Division apparently operated four types of tanks, from the modern SovietT-72 "Ural-1", to a number of Romanian TR-77-580 and Soviet T-55A tanks, and to the outdatedT-34-85 tanks.
The predominantly defensive structure of the Romanian Land Forces was also highlighted by the five anti-tank (missile-artillery) regiments (each with 36 Romanian made100 mm anti-tank gun M1977 and 12 ATGM launcher vehicle based on BRDM-2 4x4 scout armoured car a.k.a. 9P133 "Malyutka" (with9M14 Malyutka anti-tank guided missiles) and 9P148 "Konkurs" (with9M113 Konkurs anti-tank guided missiles), placed especially in the areas most exposed to a possible armored attack, and subordinated to the four army commands. Besides these, there were also nine anti-tank artillery battalions, mostly subordinated to the mechanized divisions, some equipped with Romanian made100 mm anti-tank gun M1977, but the majority with older Soviet production85 mm antitank gun D-48.
Surface-to-surface missile battalions were divided into four batteries, each equipped with one missile launcher. The RLF operated 329K52 Luna-M short-range artillery rocket systems and 18R-17 Elbrus tactical ballistic missile systems. Each mechanized division had a "Luna-M" missile battalion, while two of the four army commands had also an "Elbrus" missile brigade. Proven to be fairly inaccurate in combat, "Luna-M" (a.k.a. FROG-7) and "Elbrus" (a.k.a. SCUD-B) missiles would be rather less effective weapons carrying conventional high-explosive warheads. Tipped with nuclear or chemical warheads, however, they could be devastating. According to one former Romanian official writing in 1988, Romania produced chemical agents that could be delivered by battlefield missiles. Thevânători de munte specialised troops, reactivated in 1961, were formed up into an independent branch of the RLF with 4 separate mountain brigades in 1989. The vânători de munte were seen as the best-trained forces of the Army in the communist Romania. Each brigade had a mechanized company equipped withMLVM APCs and a mountain artillery battalion of 76mm. mountain guns Md.1982 (similar to Yugoslav76 mm mountain gun M48), but most of the equipment was for a motorized light infantry unit.
During the early 1990s, some major units were disbanded and much equipment was phased out or scrapped due to a severe shortage of funds. The whole land forces structure was reorganized from armies into territorial corps, and from regiments intobattalions. In the mid-1990s, the situation of the land forces was critical: the military budget was one third that of 1989 (636 million dollars), 50% of the equipment was older than 30 years, and 60% of the armoured vehicles and 85% of the missile units were non-operational. Due to lack of fuel and training, the level of combat readiness and military capability was extremely low (only about 30% of the entire land forces were operational). However, after 1996 thegovernment took serious action; the military budget was increased greatly, and modernisation of equipment commenced.[39] Officially, the program to modernize and restructure the armed forces began on 11 April 2000.[40]
In 2005, the army comprised eight combat, four combat support, and two logisticbrigades, while ten combat, five combat support and two logistic brigades were further mobilised in case of crisis. Many of these units have been reorganized as part of the2007 Force Plan.[41]
Currently, about 75,000 military personnel and 15,000 civilians comprise the armed forces, for a total of 90,000 men and women. Out of the 75,000 military personnel, about 43,000 are in the Land Forces.[42]
The Romanian Land Forces are undergoing a three-stage modernisation. In 2007, the first short-term stage was completed (reorganisation of the command structure and implementation of the voluntary military service). 2015 marked the end of the second stage (operational integration in bothNATO and the European Union). 2025 is the set date for when the long-term stage is to be completed (full technical integration in NATO and the EU). The stages aim at modernising the structure of the armed forces, reducing the number of personnel, as well as acquiring newer and improved technology that is compatible with NATO standards.[43]
Romania abolished compulsory military service on 23 October 2006.[44] This came about due to a2003 constitutional amendment which allowed the parliament to make military service optional. TheParliament of Romania voted to abolish conscription in October 2005, with the vote formalising one of many military modernisation and reform programmes that Romania agreed to when it joined NATO in March 2004.[45]
Inpeacetime, the supreme commander of the Land Forces is theMinister of Defence, while in wartime, thepresident assumes the role of supreme commander.[41] The main combat formations of Romania are the 2nd Infantry DivisionGetica, and the 4th Infantry DivisionGemina. Until 2015, the Romanian Land Forces fielded a third division, namely the 1st DivisionDacia. Before June 2008, the 1st and 4th divisions were known as the 1st Territorial Army Corps and the 4th Territorial Army Corps, and in turn they used to be known as the1st Army and4th Army prior to 2000. However, due to their personnel having been reduced considerably to reach compatibility withNATO standards, they were renamed and reorganized as divisions. In 2010, the Joint HQ command was renamed as the 2nd Infantry DivisionGetica and received units from the 1st and 4th Infantry divisions.
The official day of the Land Forces is celebrated each year, on 23 April.[46]
.jpg)
The Romanian Land Forces have completely overhauled their equipment in the past few years, replacing them with more modern equipment.[47]TheTR-85M1 "Bizon"main battle tank and theMLI-84M "Jder"infantry fighting vehicle are the most modern, domestically produced equipment of the Romanian Land Forces. Also, 43 ex-GermanFlakpanzer Gepard anti-aircraft systems were commissioned in late 2004.[48]
The Land Forces ordered about 100United States ArmyHumvees; the first eight were delivered to theMilitary Police in December 2006. 31Piranha III armoured vehicles (LAV III variant) and 60URO VAMTAC high mobility vehicles were also ordered in 2007 for deployment inIraq andAfghanistan.[49][50] The land forces are also purchasing additionalPiranha III armored vehicles.[51] The Land Forces ordered 227Piranha V armoured vehicles. The first batch of 36 vehicles, produced at GDELS-Mowag's facilities inKreuzlingen, Switzerland, entered service with the26th Infantry Battalion "Neagoe Basarab", also known as the Red Scorpions, inCraiova in October 2020.[52] Another 133 units will be produced in Romania, atBucharest Mechanical Factory.[53]
Equipment Summary (2023):[1]
| Equipment | Numbers |
|---|---|
| Main battle tanks | 377 |
| Armouredinfantry fighting vehicles | 241 |
| Armoured personnel carriers | 749 |
| Artillery guns,howitzers andmortars | 1,136 |
| Multiple rocket launchers | 158 |
The evolution of thespecial forces within the Romanian Land Forces led to the establishment of the1st Special Operations Regiment on 1 August 2009, headquartered atTârgu Mureș. It later became the 6th Special Operations Brigade on 25 October 2011.[54]
The most famous and well trained unit is the1st Special Operations Battalion "Vulturii" was created in March 2003.[55] Members of the special forces battalion have benefitted from courses abroad, such as theUnited States Army Special Forces (Green Berets) course, theUnited States Marine Corps Force Recon course, as well as other courses.[56] The Special Forces battalion became fully operational during 2007, after a company had already been commissioned in early 2006.[57] In 2018, the 6th Special Operations Brigade was transformed into theSpecial Operations Forces Command being directly subordinated to theGeneral staff of Defence.[58]
The current Romanianreconnaissance battalions (the 313th, the 317th and the 528th) are also considered special forces units, and were formed in the 1960s during thecommunist regime. After the revolution, the units suffered from a lack of funds which resulted in the temporary disbandment of the 313th Battalion. However, their equipment was completely overhauled in the past few years and the combat readiness and capabilities have regained full strength.[59]
TheSpecial Detachment of Protection and Intervention (DSPI), former Rapid Intervention Squad (DIR) of the Ministry of Defence is an elitespecial operations unit currently belonging to theGeneral Directorate for Defense Intelligence. It is a military special unit, formed of highly skilled individuals, a very large percentage of its members being champions in martial arts, athletic disciplines and so on. DIR was, until December 2003, top secret.[60]
After theRomanian Revolution, many firing ranges and training areas were closed and abandoned due to lack of funds. Currently, the military schools and training units of the Romanian Land Forces are directly subordinated to the central headquarters. There are 5 military high schools (Câmpulung Moldovenesc,Alba Iulia,Craiova,Breaza, andConstanța), five military academies, one officer school (Pitești), 3 training schools (Sibiu,Pitești,Buzău) and 9 training battalions.[61]
In the past few years, many training exercises have taken place in Romania with otherBalkan orAllied countries. Most of these exercises took place atBabadag, which is one of the largest and most modern trainingfiring ranges and military facilities in Europe, with a total surface area of 270 square kilometres. It was announced on 6 December 2006 that 1,500U.S. troops stationed atMihail Kogălniceanu, which in time will formJoint Task Force East, will be using Babadag as a training base.[62]
The Romanian Land Forces distinguishes four career paths: officers (Ofițeri),warrant officers (Maiștrii militari),NCO's (Subofițeri) and enlisted men (Soldați și gradați voluntari). TheMarshal (Mareșal) rank can be given only in wartime by thePresident of Romania;[63] in fact, Romania had only three marshals coming from the officers` rank in its history:Ion Antonescu,Alexandru Averescu andConstantin Prezan. KingsFerdinand I,Carol II andMihai I also held the rank of Marshal of Romania. KingCarol I held simultaneous ranks as Russian Marshal and GermanField marshal.
| Armed Forces |
| ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ministry of Internal Affairs | |||||||
| Intelligence agencies | |||||||
