Roji (露地), lit. 'dewy ground', is theJapanese term used for thegarden through which one passes to thechashitsu for thetea ceremony. Theroji acts as a transitional space leading from the entry gate to the teahouse, and generally cultivates an air ofsimplicity andpurification.^[1]

Theroji developed during theMomoyama era (1573–1603) as thetea ceremony established itself in Japan.^[2]Sen no Rikyū was important in the development of theroji. At his tea houseTai-an, the 'sleeve-brushing pine' gained its name from the garden's diminutive size.^[3] For his tea house atSakai, he planted hedges to obscure the view over theInland Sea, and only when a guest bent over thetsukubai would they see the view. Rikyū explained his design by quoting a verse bySōgi: "A glimpse of the sea through the trees, and the flash of the stream at my feet."^[4][5]Kobori Enshū was also a leading practitioner.^[6]

Theroji is usually divided into an outer and inner garden, with amachiai (waiting arbour). Use of stone as both a decorative and a functional feature is characteristic of theroji.^[7] Typical features include thetsukubai (ablution basin),tōrō (lantern),tobi ishi (stepping stones), andwicket gate.^[8][9][10] Ostentatious plantings are generally avoided in preference formoss,ferns, andevergreens, althoughume andJapanese maple can be used.^[11]

The garden acts as a transitional space between the outside world and the ritual seclusion of the ceremony.^[12] Guests leave behind the outside world and prepare themselves for the aesthetic and spiritual dimension of the ceremony as they pass through the garden.^[13] Theroji also provides an opportunity for participants to purify themselves before entering the tea house by washing their hands and mouths with water at thetsukubai.

The host carefully cleans the garden before the ceremony begins. The host's preparations for the ceremony are thus an extension of the ritual of the ceremony. Preparing the garden is meant to clean and order the host's mind.^[14] During the tea gathering, theroji issprinkled with water three times as a form of repeated purification: once before the guests arrive, once during thenakadachi (a break in the ceremony), and once before the guests leave the teahouse.^[15]

Sadler argues that theroji, with its small size, harmonious proportions, and 'simple suggestiveness' served as a model for domestic Japanese courtyard gardens.^[16]Tobi ishi, originally placed to protect the garden's moss, eventually took on an aesthetic nature. The stones were placed to slow down the visitors on their way to the tea house and encourage contemplation of the everyday, an enduring feature of Japanese gardens. Additionally,tōrō, originally used to light the path for ceremonies held at night, were soon adopted as decorations for other types of gardens, a practice that continues.^[17]

In the works of Japanese writerNakagami Kenji,roji, in the sense of "alley", can also be understood as a euphemism for theburaku ghettos, whereburakumin people used to live.^[18]

• Tea garden
• Moss garden
• Tsubo-niwa

• Media related toRoji at Wikimedia Commons

• Chadō
• Japanese tea gardens

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