Robert G. Ingersoll | |
|---|---|
 Ingersollc. 1865–80 | |
| 16thAttorney General of Illinois | |
| In office 1867–1869 | |
| Preceded by | David B. Campbell (1848) |
| Succeeded by | Washington Bushnell |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Robert Green Ingersoll (1833-08-11)August 11, 1833 Dresden, New York, U.S. |
| Died | July 21, 1899(1899-07-21) (aged 65) Dobbs Ferry, New York, U.S. |
| Resting place | Arlington National Cemetery |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse | Eva Parker Ingersoll |
| Children | Eva Ingersoll Brown Maud Ingersoll Probasco |
| Relatives | Ebon Clarke Ingersoll (brother) Eva Ingersoll Wakefield (granddaughter) |
| Occupation | Politician,orator, lecturer |
| Signature |  |
| Writing career | |
| Period | 19th century |
| Genre | Satire,essay,social commentary,political commentary,philosophical literature,biblical criticism |
| Subject | Freethought,agnosticism,humanism,abolitionism,women's rights |
Robert Green Ingersoll (/ˈɪŋɡərˌsɔːl,-ˌsɒl,-səl/; August 11, 1833 – July 21, 1899), nicknamed "the Great Agnostic", was an American lawyer, writer, andorator during theGolden Age of Free Thought, who campaigned in defense ofagnosticism.
Robert Ingersoll was born inDresden, New York. His father, John Ingersoll, was anabolitionist-sympathizingCongregationalist preacher, whose radical opinions caused him and his family to relocate frequently. For a time, Rev. John Ingersoll substituted as preacher for American revivalistCharles G. Finney while Finney was on a tour of Europe. Upon Finney's return, Rev. Ingersoll remained for a few months as co-pastor/associate pastor with Finney. The elder Ingersoll's later pastoral experiences influenced young Robert negatively, however, as The Elmira Telegram described in 1890:[1]
Though for many years the most noted of American infidels, Colonel Ingersoll was born and reared in a devoutly Christian household. His father, John Ingersoll, was a Congregationalist minister and a man of mark in his time, a deep thinker, a logical and eloquent speaker, broad minded and generously tolerant of the views of others. The popular impression which credits Ingersoll's infidelity in the main to his father's severe orthodoxy and the austere and gloomy surroundings in which his boyhood was spent is wholly wrong. On the contrary, the elder Ingersoll's liberal views were a source of constant trouble between him and his parishioners. They caused him to frequently change his charges, and several times made him the defendant in church trials. His ministerial career was, in fact, substantially brought to a close by a church trial which occurred while he was pastor of the Congregational Church atMadison, Ohio, and at which his third wife appeared as the prosecutor. Upon this occasion, he was charged with prevarication and unministerial conduct. The evidence adduced – the trial is one of the abiding traditions of the dull little town of Madison – was of the most trivial and ridiculous character, but the committee which heard it decided that, though he had done "nothing inconsistent with his Christian character," he was "inconsistent with his ministerial character," and forbade him to preach in the future. Elder John went before the higher church authorities and was permitted to continue his clerical labors. However, he soon removed to Wisconsin, going from there to Illinois, where he died. The Madison trial occurred when young Robert was nine years old, and it was the unjust and bigoted treatment his father received which made him the enemy, first of Calvinism, and later of Christianity in its other forms.
During 1853, "Bob" Ingersoll taught a term of school inMetropolis, Illinois, where he let one of his students, the future Judge Angus M. L. McBane, do the "greater part of the teaching, while Latin and history occupied his own attention". At some time prior to his Metropolis position, Ingersoll had also taught school inMount Vernon, Illinois.[2]
Ingersoll was married, February 13, 1862, toEva Amelia Parker (1841–1923). They had two daughters. The elder daughter,Eva Ingersoll-Brown, was a renowned feminist and suffragist.[3]
Later that year, the family settled inMarion, Illinois, where Robert and his brotherEbon Clarke Ingersoll were admitted to the bar in 1854. A county historian writing 22 years later noted that local residents considered the Ingersolls as a "very intellectual family; but, being Abolitionists, and the boys beingdeists, rendered obnoxious to our people in that respect."[4]
While in Marion, he learned law from JudgeWillis Allen and served as deputy clerk for John M. Cunningham, Williamson County's County Clerk and Circuit Clerk. In 1855, after Cunningham was named registrar for the federal land office in southeastern Illinois atShawneetown, Illinois, Ingersoll followed him to the riverfront city along theOhio River. After a brief time there, he accepted the deputy clerk position with John E. Hall, the county clerk and circuit clerk of Gallatin County, and also a son-in-law ofJohn Hart Crenshaw.[5] On November 11, 1856, Ingersoll caught Hall in his arms when the son of a political opponent assassinated his employer in their office.[6]
When he relocated to Shawneetown, he continued toread law with Judge William G. Bowman who had a large library of both law and the classics. In addition to his job as a clerk, he and his brother began their law practice using the name "E.C. and R.G. Ingersoll".[7] During this time they also had an office inRaleigh, Illinois, then the county seat of neighboringSaline County. As attorneys following the court circuit he often practiced alongside Cunningham's soon-to-be son-in-law,John A. Logan, the state's attorney and political ally to Hall.
With his earlier mentor Cunningham having moved back to Marion after the land office's closing in 1856, and Logan's relocation toBenton, Illinois, after his marriage that autumn, Ingersoll and his brother moved toPeoria, Illinois, where they finally settled in 1857.
Ingersoll was involved with several major trials as an attorney, notably theStar Route trials, a major political scandal in which his clients were acquitted.[8] He also defended aNew Jersey man charged withblasphemy.[9] Although he did not win the acquittal, his vigorous defense is considered to have discredited blasphemy laws and few other prosecutions followed.
For a time, Ingersoll representedcon artist James Reavis, the "Baron of Arizona", pronouncing his Peralta Land Grant claim valid.[10]
With the beginning of theAmerican Civil War, he raised the11th Regiment Illinois Volunteer Cavalry of theUnion Army and assumed command. The regiment fought in theBattle of Shiloh. Ingersoll was later captured ina skirmish with theConfederates nearLexington, Tennessee on December 18, 1862, then paroled – i.e. released on his oath that he would not fight again against the Confederate States of America until formally exchanged for a captured Confederate soldier or officer of like rank (who was often under parole himself, making the practice a matter of honor and formality, which could be extended to individuals or even entire regimentsen masse). This was an old practice which was still commonly observed early in the war, until theDix–Hill Cartel broke down under political distress. Unable to perform his duties under his officer's commission while paroled, he tendered his resignation as commanding officer on June 30, 1863.
After the war, he served asIllinois Attorney General. He was a prominent member of theRepublican Party and, though he never held elected office, he was nonetheless an active participant in politics. According toRobert Nisbet, Ingersoll was a "staunch Republican."[11] His speech nominatingJames G. Blaine for the 1876 presidential election was unsuccessful, asRutherford B. Hayes received the Republican nomination, but the speech itself, known as the "Plumed Knight" speech, was considered a model of political oratory. His opinions onslavery, woman'ssuffrage, and other issues of the time would sometimes become part of the mainstream, but his atheism/agnosticism effectively prevented him from ever pursuing or holding political offices higher than that of state attorney general.Illinois Republicans tried to persuade him to campaign for governor on the condition that Ingersoll conceal hisagnosticism during the campaign, which he refused to do.
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On October 30, 1880, Ingersoll was introduced as "the Great Agnostic" by Rev.Henry Ward Beecher, before a political speech delivered to a large audience at the Academy of Music in Brooklyn.[12] He was ironically referred to as "Pope Bob" as early as 1879 by theChicago Times.[13] In an unpublished 1881 lecture entitled "The Great Infidels", he attacked the doctrine of Hell: "All the meanness, all the revenge, all the selfishness, all the cruelty, all the hatred, all the infamy of which the heart of man is capable, grew, blossomed, and bore fruit in this one word – Hell."[14]He opposed theChinese Exclusion Act and supported a more lenient policy toward Chinese workers coming to the United States.[15] Ingersoll defended women’s rights and opposedracial discrimination andcapital punishment.[16]
Ingersoll was elected toThe Lambs Theatre Club in 1889[17] and gave an address to their first public "gambol" at theBroadway Theatre on March 3, 1891; his address "brought many laughs".[18]: 66
Ingersoll died fromcongestive heart failure at the age of 65. Soon after his death, his brother-in-law, Clinton P. Farrell, collected copies of Ingersoll's speeches for publication. The 12-volumeDresden Editions kept interest in Ingersoll's ideas alive and preserved his speeches for future generations. Ingersoll's ashes are interred inArlington National Cemetery.
Susan Jacoby credits Ingersoll for the revival ofThomas Paine's reputation in American intellectual history, which had decreased after the publication ofThe Age of Reason published during 1794–95. Paine postulated that men, not God, had written the Bible, and Ingersoll included this work in his lectures on freethinking. As the only freethinker of his time with a wide audience outside of the unbelieving circle, he reintroduced Paine's ideas to a new generation.[19]
In 2005, a popular edition of Ingersoll's work was published by Steerforth Press. Edited by thePulitzer Prize-winning music criticTim Page,What's God Got to Do With It: Robert Ingersoll on Free Speech, Honest Talk and the Separation of Church and State brought Ingersoll's thinking to a new audience.
There are two streets in the City of Madison, Wisconsin that are named after him: North Ingersoll Street and South Ingersoll Street.[citation needed]; although many sensible persons might argue that any street divided into North and South sections (typically at its intersection by the main street of the town) is still in fact one street, Ingersoll Street, just as North Middleburg and South Middleburg are most likely still just both parts of the town of Middleburg.
Ingersoll enjoyed a friendship with the poetWalt Whitman, who considered Ingersoll the greatest orator of his time. "It should not be surprising that I am drawn to Ingersoll, for he is 'Leaves of Grass' ... He lives, embodies, the individuality, I preach. I see in Bob [Ingersoll] the noblest specimen – American-flavored – pure out of the soil, spreading, giving, demanding light."[20]
The feeling was mutual. Upon Whitman's death in 1892, Ingersoll delivered the eulogy at the poet's funeral. The eulogy was published to great acclaim and is considered a classicpanegyric.[21]
| Legal offices | ||
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| Preceded by office abolished | Attorney General of Illinois 1867–1869 | Succeeded by |
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