Robert Brout | |
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| Born | (1928-06-14)June 14, 1928 New York City, U.S. |
| Died | May 3, 2011(2011-05-03) (aged 82) |
| Alma mater | New York University (BS) Columbia University (PhD) |
| Known for | Symmetry breaking Higgs boson Higgs mechanism Cosmic inflation |
| Awards | Sakurai Prize Wolf Prize in Physics (2004) |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Statistical mechanics Quantum field theory Particle physics Cosmology |
| Institutions | Université libre de Bruxelles University of Rochester Cornell University |
Robert Brout (/braʊt/; June 14, 1928 – May 3, 2011) was anAmerican-born Belgiantheoretical physicist who made contributions in elementaryparticle physics. He was a professor ofphysics at theUniversité libre de Bruxelles where he created, together withFrançois Englert, the Service de Physique Théorique.
Brout was born in New York City in 1928.[2] He graduated fromColumbia University in 1953.[3]
After receiving his Ph.D. from Columbia University in 1953, Brout joined Cornell University as faculty. In 1959,François Englert visiting from Belgium spent two years at Cornell as a research associate with Brout. Brout and Englert became close friends and collaborators, and in 1961 when Englert returned to Belgium, Brout followed him and spent the rest of his professional life at the Université libre de Bruxelles, and ultimately acquired Belgian citizenship.
In 1964, Brout, in collaboration withEnglert, discovered how mass can be generated for gauge particles in the presence of a local abelian and non-abelian gauge symmetry. This was demonstrated by them, both classically and quantum mechanically, successfully avoiding theorems initiated by J. Goldstone while indicating that the theory would berenormalizable. Similar ideas have been developed incondensed matter physics.
Peter Higgs andGerald Guralnik,C. R. Hagen, andTom Kibble came to the same conclusion as Brout and Englert. The three papers written on this boson discovery byHiggs, Brout andEnglert, andGuralnik,Hagen,Kibble were each recognized as milestone papers byPhysical Review Letters 50th anniversary celebration.[4] While each of these famous papers took similar approaches, the contributions and differences between the1964 PRL symmetry breaking papers is noteworthy. This work showed that the particles that carry the weak force acquire their mass through interactions with an all-pervasive field that is now known as theHiggs field, and that the interactions occur via particles that are widely known asHiggs bosons. As yet, theseHiggs bosons had not been observed experimentally; however, most physicists believed that they exist.[5][6] On July 4, 2012, it was announced at CERN that a new particle, "consistent with aHiggs boson", had been discovered with 5 sigma confidence in the mass region around 125-126 GeV.[7] In 2013 Englert and Higgs were to receive the Nobel Prize in Physics for their prediction.
In 1971,Gerardus 't Hooft, who was completing his PhD under the supervision ofMartinus J. G. Veltman atUtrecht University, renormalizedYang–Mills theory in accordance with Veltman's suggestion that this was possible. They showed that if the symmetries of Yang–Mills theory were to be broken according to the method suggested by Robert Brout, François Englert, Peter W. Higgs, Gerald Guralnik,C. R. Hagen and Tom Kibble then Yang–Mills theory is indeed renormalizable. Renormalization of Yang–Mills theory is one of the biggest achievements of twentieth century physics. Gerardus 't Hooft and Martinus J. G. Veltman were awarded theNobel Prize in Physics in 1999 for this work.[8]
In addition to this work on elementary particle physics, in 1978, Brout, in collaboration with F. Englert andEdgard Gunzig, was awarded the first prize gravitational award essay[9] for their original proposal ofcosmic inflation as the condition of thecosmos prior to the adiabatic expansion, (i.e. the conventionalBig Bang), aftercosmogenesis.
Brout was awarded the 2010J. J. Sakurai Prize for Theoretical Particle Physics (withGuralnik,Hagen,Kibble,Higgs, andEnglert) by TheAmerican Physical Society "For elucidation of the properties of spontaneous symmetry breaking in four-dimensional relativistic gauge theory and of the mechanism for the consistent generation of vector boson masses."[10] In 2004, Robert Brout, François Englert, and Peter Higgs were awarded theWolf Prize in Physics "for pioneering work that has led to the insight of mass generation, whenever a local gauge symmetry is realized asymmetrically in the world of sub-atomic particles".[11]
Robert Brout contributed greatly to the theory behind the Higgs Boson, for which the 2013 Nobel Prize was awarded.In a 2014 interview with BBC's The Life Scientific Peter Higgs says of the 2013 Nobel Prize that "I think it's good that they restricted the prize to the two of us, because, by implication, they're recognizing Robert Brout as the third who couldn't be awarded the prize."[12]
Brout passed away in 2011 at his home in Linkebeek, Belgium.[13]
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