Hoffmann was born inZłoczów,Poland (now Zolochiv,Ukraine), to aPolish-Jewish family, and was named in honor of the Norwegian explorerRoald Amundsen. His parents were Clara (Rosen), a teacher, and Hillel Safran, a civil engineer.[7] After Germany invaded Poland and occupied the town, his family was placed in a labor camp where his father, who was familiar with much of the local infrastructure, was a valued prisoner. As the situation grew more dangerous, with prisoners being transferred to extermination camps, the family bribed guards to allow an escape. They arranged with a Ukrainian neighbor named Mykola Dyuk for Hoffmann, his mother, two uncles and an aunt to hide in the attic and a storeroom of the local schoolhouse, where they remained for eighteen months, from January 1943 to June 1944, while Hoffmann was aged 5 to 7.[8][9]
His father remained at the labor camp, but was able to occasionally visit, until he was tortured and killed by the Germans for his involvement in a plot to arm the camp prisoners. When she received the news, his mother attempted to contain her sorrow by writing down her feelings in a notebook her husband had been using to take notes on a relativity textbook he had been reading. While in hiding his mother kept Hoffmann entertained by teaching him to read and having him memorize geography from textbooks stored in the attic, then quizzing him on it. He referred to the experience as having been enveloped in a cocoon of love.[10][9] In 1944 they moved toKraków where his mother remarried.[4] They adopted her new husband's surname Hoffmann.[4]
Most of the rest of the family was killed inthe Holocaust, though one grandmother and a few others survived.[11] They migrated to the United States on the troop carrierErnie Pyle in 1949.[12]
Hoffmann visitedZolochiv with his adult son (by then a parent of a five-year-old) in 2006 and found that the attic where he had hidden was still intact, but the storeroom had been incorporated, ironically enough, into a chemistry classroom. In 2009, a monument to Holocaust victims was built in Zolochiv on Hoffmann's initiative.[13]
Hoffmann's research and interests have been in the electronic structure of stable and unstable molecules, and in the study of transition states in reactions.[18][19][20][21][22][24][23] He has investigated the structure and reactivity of bothorganic andinorganic molecules, and examined problems in organo-metallic and solid-state chemistry.[12] Hoffman has developed semiempirical and nonempiricalcomputational tools and methods such as theextended Hückel method which he proposed in 1963 for determining molecular orbitals.[14]
WithRobert Burns Woodward he developed theWoodward–Hoffmann rules for elucidatingreaction mechanisms and theirstereochemistry. They realized that chemical transformations could be approximately predicted from subtle symmetries and asymmetries in theelectron orbitals of complex molecules.[25] Their rules predict differing outcomes, such as the types of products that will be formed when two compounds are activated by heat compared with those produced under activation by light.[26] For this work Hoffmann received the 1981 Nobel Prize in chemistry, sharing it with Japanese chemistKenichi Fukui,[27] who had independently resolved similar issues. (Woodward was not included in the prize, which is given only to living persons,[28] although he had won the 1965 prize for other work.) In his Nobel Lecture, Hoffmann introduced theisolobal analogy for predicting the bonding properties oforganometallic compounds.[29]
Some of Hoffman's most recent work, withNeil Ashcroft and Vanessa Labet, examines bonding in matter under extreme high pressure.[12]
What gives me the greatest joy in this work? That as we tease apart what goes on in hydrogen under pressures such as those that one finds at the center of the earth, two explanations subtly contend with each other ... [physical and chemical] ... Hydrogen under extreme pressure is doing just what an inorganic molecule at 1 atmosphere does![12]
In 1988 Hoffmann became the series host in a 26-programPBS education series by Annenberg/CPB,The World of Chemistry, opposite with series demonstratorDon Showalter. While Hoffmann introduced a series of concepts and ideas, Showalter provided a series of demonstrations and other visual representations to help students and viewers to better understand the information.
Since the spring of 2001, Hoffmann has been the host of the monthly seriesEntertaining Science at New York City'sCornelia Street Cafe,[30] which explores the juncture between the arts and science.
He has published books on the connections between art and science:Roald Hoffmann on the Philosophy, Art, and Science of Chemistry andBeyond the Finite: The Sublime in Art and Science.[31]
He co-authored withCarl Djerassi the playOxygen, about thediscovery ofoxygen and the experience of being a scientist. Hoffman's play, "Should've" (2006) about ethics in science and art, has been produced in workshops, as has a play based on his experiences in the holocaust, "We Have Something That Belongs to You" (2009), later retitled "Something That Belongs to You.[31][35]
In 1981, Hoffmann received theNobel Prize in Chemistry, which he shared withKenichi Fukui "for their theories, developed independently, concerning the course of chemical reactions".[28][36]
In August 2017, another symposium was held at the 254th American Chemical Society National Meeting in Washington DC, to honor Hoffmann's 80th birthday.[66]
^Liberato Cardellini: "A final and more personal question: You defined yourself as 'an atheist who is moved by religion'. Looking at the tenor of your life and the many goals you have achieved, one wonders where your inner force comes from." Roald Hoffmann: "The atheism and the respect for religion come form [sic] the same source. I observe that in every culture on Earth, absolutely every one, human beings have constructed religious systems. There is a need in us to try to understand, to see that there is something that unites us spiritually. So scientists who do not respect religion fail in their most basic task—observation. Human beings need the spiritual. The same observation reveals to me a multitude of religious constructions—gods of nature, spirits, the great monotheistic religions. It seems to me there can't be a God or gods; there are just manifestations of a human-constructed spirituality." Liberato Cardellini,Looking for Connections: An Interview with Roald HoffmannArchived April 7, 2015, at theWayback Machine, page 1634.
^abHoffmann, R.; Lipscomb, W. N. (1962). "Theory of Polyhedral Molecules. III. Population Analyses and Reactivities for the Carboranes".The Journal of Chemical Physics.36 (12): 3489.Bibcode:1962JChPh..36.3489H.doi:10.1063/1.1732484.
^abcHoffmann, R.; Lipscomb, W. N. (1962). "Theory of Polyhedral Molecules. I. Physical Factorizations of the Secular Equation".The Journal of Chemical Physics.36 (8): 2179.Bibcode:1962JChPh..36.2179H.doi:10.1063/1.1732849.
^"Roald Hoffmann". Archived from the original on April 22, 2008. RetrievedNovember 20, 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link). Cornell Chemistry Faculty Research
^abc"Roald Hoffmann".NNDB Tracking the Entire World.Archived from the original on December 27, 2014. RetrievedApril 3, 2015.
^"Roald Hoffmann (1937– )".National Medal of Science 50th Anniversary. National Science Foundation.Archived from the original on April 18, 2015. RetrievedApril 3, 2015.
^"Foreign Members".The Royal Society.Archived from the original on July 12, 2015. RetrievedApril 3, 2015.
^"Roald Hoffmann".Kungl. Vetenskapsakademien. Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.Archived from the original on April 8, 2015. RetrievedApril 3, 2015.
^SPHINX Yearbook 2022-2023. Helsinki: Societas Scientiarum Fennica. 2023. p. 331.
“Chemistry's Essential Tension”, Roald Hoffman,Dartmouth College
