Res Gestae Divi Augusti (Eng.The Deeds of the Divine Augustus) is a monumental inscription composed by the firstRoman emperor,Augustus, giving a first-person record of his life and accomplishments.[1] TheRes Gestae is especially significant because it gives an insight into the image Augustus presented to the Roman people. Various portions of theRes Gestae have been found in modernTurkey. The inscription itself is a monument to the establishment of theJulio-Claudian dynasty that was to follow Augustus.[2]
The text consists of a short introduction, 35 body paragraphs and a posthumous addendum. The paragraphs are conventionally grouped into four sections:[3] political career, public benefactions, military accomplishments and a political statement.
The first section (paragraphs 2–14) is concerned with Augustus' political career; it records the offices and political honours that he held. Augustus also lists numerous offices he refused to take and privileges he refused to be awarded. The second section (paragraphs 15–24) lists Augustus' donations of money, land and grain to the citizens of Italy and his soldiers, as well as the public works and gladiatorial spectacles that he commissioned. The text is careful to point out that all this was paid for out of Augustus' own funds. The third section (paragraphs 25–33) describes his military deeds and how he established alliances with other nations during his reign. Finally the fourth section (paragraphs 34–35) consists of a statement of the Romans' approval for the reign and deeds of Augustus. The appendix is written in the third person and likely not by Augustus himself. It summarizes the entire text, lists various buildings that he renovated or constructed and states that Augustus spent 600 millionsilver denarii (24 million gold aurei) from his own funds during his reign on public projects. Ancient currencies cannot be reliably converted into modern equivalents, but it is clearly more than anyone else in the empire could afford. Augustus consolidated his hold on power by reversing the prior tax policy beginning with funding theaerarium militare with 170 million sesterces of his own money.[4][5]
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The text was completed just one month before Augustus' death (19 August AD 14), although most of its content was written years earlier and likely went through many revisions.[6] Augustus left the text with his will, which instructed theSenate to set up the inscriptions. The original, which has not survived, was engraved upon a pair of bronze pillars and placed in front ofAugustus' mausoleum. Many copies of the text were made and carved in stone on monuments or temples throughout theRoman Empire, some of which have survived; most notably, almost a full copy, written in the originalLatin and aGreek translation was preserved on a temple to Augustus inAncyra (theMonumentum Ancyranum ofAnkara,Turkey); others have been found atApollonia andAntioch, both inPisidia.[7]
The text is not a full account of the years between 44 BC, theassassination of Augustus' adoptive fatherJulius Caesar, and AD 14, the year in which he died. Instead, it is a personal account of the first Emperor's life and those achievements that he decided to be worth remembering by the Roman people.[8] It is an independent self-depiction that is written in a literary form which is unique to the ancient world, and it must be read as such.[9] This period of history is seen from Augustus' perspective and the author presents facts that relate only to himself. Augustus' enemies are never mentioned by name.[10] Caesar's murderersBrutus andCassius are called simply "those who killed my father".Mark Antony andSextus Pompey, Augustus' opponents in the East, remain equally anonymous; the former is "he with whom I fought the war," while the latter is merely a "pirate". One writer,Werner Eck, says that it cannot be stated that Augustus made any false statements.[11] Any comprehensive understanding of this period of Roman history should be supplemented by statements from other ancient sources, archaeology, and inscriptions.
The introduction and first two pararagraphs of the inscription found at theMonumentum Ancyranum ofAnkara read as such:
...Below is a copy of the acts of the Deified Augustus by which he placed the whole world under the sovereignty of the Roman people, and of the amounts which he expended upon the state and the Roman people, as engraved upon two bronze columns which have been set up in Rome.
At the age of nineteen, on my own initiative and at my own expense, I raised an army by means of which I restored liberty to the republic, which had been oppressed by the tyranny of a faction. For which service the senate, with complimentary resolutions, enrolled me in its order, in the consulship of Gaius Pansa and Aulus Hirtius, giving me at the same time consular precedence in voting; it also gave me the imperium. As propraetor it ordered me, along with the consuls, "to see that the republic suffered no harm." In the same year, moreover, as both consuls had fallen in war, the people elected me consul and a triumvir for settling the constitution.
Those who slew my father I drove into exile, punishing their deed by due process of law and afterwards when they waged war upon the republic I twice defeated them in battle.[12]
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