Religion in Latin America is characterized by the historical predominance ofCatholicism,[2] and growing number and influence ofProtestants andirreligious people.[3] According toLatinobarómetro in 2024, 54% of the population is Catholic, 19% is evangelical and 19% is not religiously affiliated.[1]
The majority of Latin Americans areChristians (90%),[2] mostlyRoman Catholics.[5][6] Membership inProtestant denominations is increasing, particularly inBrazil,Honduras,Guatemala,Nicaragua,El Salvador andPuerto Rico.[7] In particular,Pentecostalism has experienced massive growth.[8][9] This movement is increasingly attracting Latin America's middle classes.[10]Anglicanism also has a long and growing presence in Latin America.
According to the detailedPew Research Center multi-country survey in 2014, 69% of the Latin American population is Catholic and 19% is Protestant, rising to 22% in Brazil and over 40% in much of Central America. More than half of these are converts.[11][12] According to the 2014 Pew survey, the 46 countries and territories of Latin America and the Caribbean comprised, in absolute terms, theworld's second-largest Christian population (24%; including U.S., British, Dutch and French territories), after the 50 countries and territories ofEurope (26%; including Russia, excluding Turkey), but just before the 51 countries and territories ofSub-Saharan Africa (24%; including Mauritania, excluding Sudan).[13] A 2024 survey by M&R Consultadores found that 36.2% of Latin Americans identified as Catholic, 31% as Nondenominational believers and 27.7% as Protestant.[14]
Christianity is one of the main religions in Latin America today, but it has not always been like that. Christianity was an idea that Spanish conquistadors brought with them when they came to the New World and something that they attempted to spread once they got there. Converting the native people of the Americas was one of the main objectives of the Spanish conquest of theAmericas.[15] Funded by papal grants,Spanish monarchs andconquistadors were incentivized to convert the people of the Americas to Christianity.[15] This conversion of the natives allowed the Spaniards to claim theNew World as theirs as they were spreading the word, and it also served to unify the new lands. This conversion and spread of Christianity is calledevangelization, and theclergy felt it was their duty to carry out this task.[15]
Within this spread, different religious orders took different approaches toward converting the natives. The first of these were theFranciscans. The Fransiciancs believed that emulating Christ would cause the natives to be drawn to Christianity.[15] They relied on the “pursuit of apostolic poverty and charity” and hoped that emulating Christ in their actions would draw the natives towards the religion.[15] The Franciscans also had a slightly different outlook on why conversion was necessary. They believed that the end times would come once Christianity had been spread to all corners of the world.[15] Because of this, they rushed through their conversion and focused more on trying tobaptize as many people as possible than making sure that the natives had a deep understanding of the Christian faith. TheDominicans had a very different outlook on conversion. They believed that the people needed to have a deep connection with God before they could be baptized, so they spent more time at each location, making sure that the natives fully understood the word before baptizing them and moving on to the next area.[15] Not only did they have a different outlook on conversion themselves, but also the Natives as people. While the rest of the Spanish world saw them as savages, the Dominicans recognized that they were people and that the Spaniards were no better than them.[16] The Spaniards also sinned against their God, so in the Dominicans’ minds, this made them no different than the natives.[16] They were also the ones who saw the effects of the natives' culture on their conversion, and this was also part of why they spent time at each location, ensuring they did not blend the two religions together. These are just two of the many different religious orders that attempted to convert the Americas to Christianity. While each group had slightly different ways of converting the natives, these two orders give the two overarching ideals behind conversing: slow and focusing on understanding or fast and concentrating on the number of conversions.
While each religious group went about conversion slightly differently, every group faced a similar set of problems. These challenges came in the form of cultural and language barriers. These differences came to a head in a coloquio in 1524.[15] Here, religious leaders from both sides came together and expressed their views on the religious transformation. The Spaniards voiced their views on how the conversion should go, and the natives shared their fears about it. According to one of the Mexican lords, the natives were not opposed to the idea of a new religion or learning aspects of it, but he warned of trying to do too much and to avoid angering the natives' gods.[15] He told them to proceed slowly with great deliberation if they were to continue their conversion. The language barrier was one of the biggest challenges the Spaniards had to overcome. The natives had hundreds of different languages, making it nearly impossible for missionaries to share the word with the different groups.[15] To fix this, missionaries convert parts of theBible intoNahuatl.[15] This was thelingua franca, the language of government and trade, of most of Mexico and parts of Central America, and it gave them the best way to reach as many people as possible with the least amount of work.[15] The other challenge they faced was cultural. With the natives having such a long and deep history and culture before the Spaniards got there, it was hard to convince them to give up the religion they had been practicing for centuries. This eventually led to a distorted conversion.[16] The natives blended the two religions together and created a hybrid, some of which is still practiced today in Mexico. This blended nature of religion and the adoption of a new religion into old practices is calledtransculturation.[15] This was especially prevalent in Mexico and their god,Texcatlipoca. Due to the speed at which most areas of Mexico were converted, there were gaps in their knowledge. Because of this, they associated characteristics of their god with the ChristianGod.[15] While initially missionaries thought this was a good sign and the natives were learning, it led to a distorted view of Christianity where they agreed with certain beliefs and incorporated them into their pre-existing religion.[15] While there was some success with conversion, natives would often reject the ideals altogether or find ways to bend them to fit their old religion.[17] If neither of these things worked, then many would just run away, either to find a new home or back to their old home they had before the Spanish came.[17] This, however, was not all bad. Missionaries could use their love for festivals and rituals to entice people to worship God.[16] It allowed them to blend what they knew the natives liked with what they tried to teach them.[16] This process led to many natives accepting aspects of Christianity, known assyncretism.[16] Syncretism was the blend of both old and new. It was applying the basics they had learned from the missionaries and combining them with their religious customs to make their hybrid religions.[16] Part of the reason for this pushback against the Christian religion was caused by the Spanish. The way they conquered the lands of the Americas and then forced the natives to learn Christianity created the image of a “conquering God” rather than a God of love and peace.[18] This contrasting image caused many to become confused by the differing images the missionaries were portraying and caused the natives to push back against the conversion.[18]
Indigenous creeds and rituals are still practiced in countries with large percentages of Amerindians, such asBolivia, Guatemala, Mexico, andPeru. Various Afro-Latin American traditions such asSantería,Candomblé,Umbanda, andMacumba are also practiced, mainly inCuba and Brazil.
Argentina hosts the largest communities of bothJews (180,000-300,000)[19][20][21] andMuslims (500,000-600,000)[22][23][24] in Latin America.Brazil is the country with more practitioners in the world ofAllan Kardec'sSpiritism. Practitioners ofJudaism,Mormonism,Jehovah's Witnesses,Buddhism,Islam,Hinduism,Bahá'í Faith, andShinto are also present in Latin America.[25]
| Country | Christian (%) | Catholic (%) | Protestant (%) | Otherreligions (%) | Unaffiliated (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Argentina | 85,5 | 74,7 | 10,8 | 3,5 | 11,0 |
 Bolivia | 94,4 | 76,0 | 18,4 | 2,5 | 3,1 |
 Brazil | 88,7 | 64,6 | 24,1 | 4,3 | 8,0 |
 Chile | 82,1 | 66,2 | 15,9 | 2,5 | 15,4 |
 Colombia | 94,7 | 81,7 | 13,0 | 2,3 | 3,0 |
 Costa Rica | 89,9 | 70,7 | 19,2 | 4,0 | 6,1 |
 Cuba | 50,1 | 45,8 | 4,3 | 7,2 | 42,7 |
 Dominican Republic | 90,2 | 68,9 | 21,3 | 4,0 | 5,8 |
 Ecuador | 93,1 | 80,9 | 12,2 | 2,3 | 4,6 |
 El Salvador | 81,8 | 51,7 | 30,1 | 2,2 | 16,0 |
 Guatemala | 86,8 | 47,1 | 39,7 | 1,7 | 11,5 |
 Honduras | 88,8 | 49,8 | 39,0 | 3,2 | 8,0 |
 Mexico | 92,0 | 82,9 | 9,1 | 3,4 | 4,6 |
 Nicaragua | 83,5 | 54,4 | 29,1 | 3,8 | 12,7 |
 Panama | 92,7 | 76,0 | 16,7 | 3,3 | 4,0 |
 Paraguay | 96,1 | 88,2 | 7,9 | 2,3 | 1,6 |
 Peru | 93,6 | 80,6 | 13,0 | 3,0 | 3,4 |
 Puerto Rico | 92,2 | 61,5 | 30,7 | 1,4 | 6,4 |
 Uruguay | 52,4 | 42,8 | 9,6 | 4,6 | 43,0 |
 Venezuela | 91,4 | 75,8 | 15,6 | 3,3 | 5,3 |
| Country | Catholic (%) | Protestant (%) | Unaffiliated (%) | Other (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Paraguay | 89 | 7 | 1 | 2 |
| Mexico | 81 | 9 | 7 | 4 |
| Colombia | 79 | 13 | 6 | 2 |
| Ecuador | 79 | 13 | 5 | 3 |
| Bolivia | 77 | 16 | 4 | 3 |
| Peru | 76 | 17 | 4 | 3 |
| Venezuela | 73 | 17 | 7 | 4 |
| Argentina | 71 | 15 | 12 | 3 |
| Panama | 70 | 19 | 7 | 4 |
| Chile | 64 | 17 | 16 | 3 |
| Costa Rica | 62 | 25 | 9 | 4 |
| Brazil | 61 | 26 | 8 | 5 |
| Dominican Republic | 57 | 23 | 18 | 2 |
| Puerto Rico | 56 | 33 | 8 | 2 |
| El Salvador | 50 | 36 | 12 | 3 |
| Guatemala | 50 | 41 | 6 | 3 |
| Nicaragua | 50 | 40 | 7 | 4 |
| Honduras | 46 | 41 | 10 | 2 |
| Uruguay | 42 | 15 | 37 | 6 |
| Latin America | 69 | 19 | 8 | 4 |
| Countries | Population Total | Christians % | Christian Population | Unaffiliated % | Unaffiliated Population | Other religions % | Other religions Population |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Argentina | 44,830,000 | 85.4% | 38,420,000 | 12.1% | 5,320,000 | 2.5% | 1,090,000 |
| Bolivia | 11,830,000 | 94% | 11,120,000 | 4.1% | 480,000 | 1.9% | 230,000 |
| Brazil | 210,450,000 | 88.1% | 185,430,000 | 8.4% | 17,620,000 | 3.5% | 7,400,000 |
| Chile | 18,540,000 | 88.3% | 16,380,000 | 9.7% | 1,800,000 | 2% | 360,000 |
| Colombia | 52,160,000 | 92.3% | 48,150,000 | 6.7% | 3,510,000 | 1% | 500,000 |
| Costa Rica | 5,270,000 | 90.8% | 4,780,000 | 8% | 420,000 | 1.2% | 70,000 |
| Cuba | 11,230,000 | 58.9% | 6,610,000 | 23.2% | 2,600,000 | 17.9% | 2,020,000 |
| Dominican Republic | 11,280,000 | 88% | 9,930,000 | 10.9% | 1,230,000 | 1.1% | 120,000 |
| Ecuador | 16,480,000 | 94% | 15,490,000 | 5.6% | 920,000 | 0.4% | 70,000 |
| El Salvador | 6,670,000 | 88% | 5,870,000 | 11.2% | 740,000 | 0.8% | 60,000 |
| Guatemala | 18,210,000 | 95.3% | 17,360,000 | 3.9% | 720,000 | 0.8% | 130,000 |
| Honduras | 9,090,000 | 87.5% | 7,950,000 | 10.5% | 950,000 | 2% | 190,000 |
| Mexico | 126,010,000 | 94.1% | 118,570,000 | 5.7% | 7,240,000 | 0.2% | 200,000 |
| Nicaragua | 6,690,000 | 85.3% | 5,710,000 | 13% | 870,000 | 1.7% | 110,000 |
| Panama | 4,020,000 | 92.7% | 3,720,000 | 5% | 200,000 | 2.3% | 100,000 |
| Paraguay | 7,630,000 | 96.9% | 7,390,000 | 1.1% | 90,000 | 2% | 150,000 |
| Peru | 32,920,000 | 95.4% | 31,420,000 | 3.1% | 1,010,000 | 1.5% | 490,000 |
| Uruguay | 3,490,000 | 57% | 1,990,000 | 41.5% | 1,450,000 | 1.5% | 50,000 |
| Venezuela | 33,010,000 | 89.5% | 29,540,000 | 9.7% | 3,220,000 | 0.8% | 250,000 |
| Latin America | 653,390,000 | 89.7% | 585,850,000 | 8% | 52,430,000 | 2.3% | 15,110,000 |
| Country | Catholic (%) | Protestant (%) | Unaffiliated (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Paraguay | 72 | 7 | 0 |
| Mexico | 72 | 5 | 15 |
| Colombia | 57 | 15 | 20 |
| Ecuador | 65 | 19 | 13 |
| Bolivia | 63 | 20 | 9 |
| Peru | 64 | 21 | 9 |
| Venezuela | 72 | 8 | 14 |
| Argentina | 63 | 9 | 25[28] |
| Panama | 52 | 29 | 11 |
| Chile | 45 | 17 | 37 |
| Costa Rica | 52 | 25 | 18 |
| Brazil | 46 | 28 | 17 |
| Dominican Republic | 43 | 28 | 25 |
| El Salvador | 40 | 35 | 21 |
| Guatemala | 39 | 40 | 18 |
| Honduras | 36 | 43 | 19 |
| Uruguay | 33 | 6 | 52 |
| Latin America | 54 | 19 | 19 |
Nicaragua was absent from the survey.[1]
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)20.4% No one, 5.1% Atheist, 0.7% Agnostic