Raph Levien | |
|---|---|
| Born | |
| Citizenship | American |
| Alma mater | University of California, Berkeley |
| Occupation | Programmer |
| Employer | |
| Known for | Advogato |
| Children | 2 |
| Website | www |
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Raphael Linus Levien (also known asRaph Levien) is a software developer, a member of thefree software developer community, through his creation of theAdvogato virtual community and his work with the free software branch ofGhostscript. From 2007 until 2018, and from 2021 onwards, he was employed atGoogle.[1][2][3] He holds aPhD in Computer Science fromUC Berkeley.[4] He also made acomputer-assisted proof system similar toMetamath:Ghilbert. In April 2016, Levien announced a text editor made as a "20% Project" (Google allows some employees to spend 20% of their working hours developing their own projects):Xi.
The primary focus of Levien's work and research is in the varied areas regarding the theory of imaging—that is, rendering pictures and fonts for electronic display, which in addition to being aesthetically and mathematically important also contribute to the accessibility and search-openness of the web.
Levien has written several papers documenting his research inhalftoning technology, which has been implemented in theGimp-Print free software package, as well as by several commercial implementations. He also created Gill, theGNOME desktop illustration application which aimed at supporting the W3CSVG standard for Vector Graphics. He states it was named afterEric Gill, the English type designer responsible for theGill Sans,Perpetua andJoanna fonts. Direct development on Gill ceased around the year 2000, but afork of its codebase has evolved toSodipodi, and through it toInkscape.
In 2009, Levien completed a PhD thesis entitled 'From Spiral to Spline: Optimal Techniques in Interactive Curve Design'[5] and published a standalone essay on the mathematical history ofElastica.[4] He calls the Elastica "A beautiful family of curves based on beautiful mathematics and a rich and fascinating history."
Beginning in 2010, his work with Google largely focused on introducing high-quality, open licensed, well organized webfonts to the internet through Google's webfont API.[6] Here, his experience with typographical technology, history and industry[5] helped to shape the development of this growing resource, though he has since moved on from the project to work on Android fonts and text layout.[1]
One of his own fonts,Inconsolata (named in 2009 as one of the ten best programming fonts by Hivelogic,[7] and generally known for its clean lines and elegant design) is now available within the Google library.[8] Regarding this font and his curves work in general, Levien had to say, "And, in fact, I don't just use theEuler spirals, I use a mixture of curves (my package is called Spiro, which is kind of an abbreviation for polynomial spirals). Most Inconsolata (the monospaced font mentioned above) is drawn using G4-continuous splines, which are a very close approximation to the Minimum Variation Curve of Henry Moreton. I now think that's overkill, and G2-continuous splines (the Euler spiral ones) are plenty, and could be done with fewer points."[1]
In November 1999, Levien foundedAdvogato, a social website for thefree software community, to test his ideas ofattack-resistant trust metrics and to provide a development-focused forum for the free software community that was free of the kind of commercial motivations of such sites asSourceForge.
The site has been successful from the point of view of the first criterion, surviving many attacks aimed at subverting the attack metric, made both by developers trying out attacks, and byspammers. The site has needed only relatively minor changes to cope with these. The site's trust metric provides, alongsideEpinions, one of the two most important datasets used in the empirical analysis of trust metrics andreputation systems. Levien observed thatGoogle'sPageRank algorithm can be understood to be an attack-resistant trust metric rather similar to that behind Advogato.[9]
The site has had a more rocky road as a forum for free software developers, and currently[when?] hosts less discussion than at its peak as developers have moved from forums toweblogs. Due to this, Advogato has added a syndication feature that includes the weblogs of its current certified developer base. It remains one of the earlier networking sites and is still a place for active discussion on the development of free software.
Levien played a small part in precipitating the relaxation of the UScrypto export legislation, by filing for aCommodities Jurisdiction Request for aT-shirt containing an implementation of theRSA encryption algorithm, in four lines ofPerl. At the time (1995), the code on the T-shirt would have been regarded as amunition by theUnited States and otherNATO governments.
ZD-Net'sInteractive week summarised the issue that patents pose to the free software community:[10]
Levien recognizes the paradox: On one hand, he made money from forcing everyone who used his patented ideas to give him royalties. On the other, he shared the source code of several programs and recognized how the cooperation helped him and others. The two models were in conflict.
As a resolution to this conflict, in March 2000, Levien made apatent grant of hispatent portfolio to the GPL community.
He is divorced, with two sons: Alan and Max. He is a member of theBerkeley Monthly Meeting[11] of theReligious Society of Friends (Quakers).[1] In the bookTeX People: Interviews from the world ofTeX, Levien notes, "I was born inEnkhuizen, the Netherlands, and moved to Virginia when I was three, so I don't really speak Dutch or anything but I do find myself with a liking for herring."[12]
Authority control databases: Academics |
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