| EastEnders | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Genre | Soap opera |
| Created by | |
| Written by | Various |
| Directed by | Various |
| Starring | |
| Theme music composer | |
| Opening theme | EastEnders theme tune |
| Country of origin | United Kingdom |
| Original language | English |
| No. of episodes | 7,108 |
| Production | |
| Executive producers | Various (currentlyChris Clenshaw) |
| Producers | Various (currently Sharon Batten, series producer) |
| Production location | BBC Elstree Centre |
| Camera setup | Video,multiple-camera setup |
| Running time | 30–60 minutes |
| Production company | BBC Studios Continuing Drama Productions |
| Original release | |
| Network |
|
| Release | 19 February 1985 (1985-02-19) – present |
| Related | |
| |
EastEnders is a British televisionsoap opera created byJulia Smith andTony Holland which has been broadcast onBBC One since February 1985. Set in the fictional borough ofWalford in theEast End of London, the programme follows the stories of local residents and their families as they go about their daily lives. Within eight months of the show's original launch, it had reached the number one spot inBARB's television ratings, and has consistently remained among the top-rated series in Britain. FourEastEnders episodes are listed in the all-time top 10most-watched programmes in the UK, including the number one spot, when over 30 million watched the 1986 Christmas Day episode.[1]EastEnders has beenimportant in the history of British television drama, tackling many subjects that are considered to be controversial ortaboo inBritish culture, and portraying a social life previously unseen on UK mainstream television.[2]
Since co-creator Holland was from a large family in the East End, a theme heavily featured inEastEnders is strong families, and each character is supposed to have their own place in the fictional community. TheWatts,Beales and Fowlers,Mitchells,Brannings and theSlaters are some of the families that have been central to the soap's notable and dramatic storylines.EastEnders has been filmed at theBBC Elstree Centre since its inception, with a set that is outdoors and open to weather. In 2014, the BBC announced plans to rebuild the set entirely. Filming commenced on the new set in January 2022,[3] and it was first used on-screen in March 2022.[4] Demolition on the old set commenced in November 2022.[5]
EastEnders has received both praise and criticism for many of its storylines, which have dealt with difficult themes including violence, rape, murder and abuse. It has been criticised for various storylines, including the2010 baby swap storyline, which attracted over 6,000 complaints, as well as complaints of showing too much violence and allegations of national and racial stereotypes. However,EastEnders has also been commended for representing real-life issues and spreading awareness on social topics. The cast and crew of the show have received and been nominated forvarious awards.
In March 1983, under two years beforeEastEnders' first episode was broadcast, the show was a vague idea in the mind of a handful of BBC executives, who decided that whatBBC One needed was a popular twice-weekly drama series that would attract the kind of mass audiences that ITV were getting withCoronation Street.[6] The first people to whom David Reid, then head of series and serials, turned wereJulia Smith andTony Holland, a well established producer/script editor team who had first worked together onZ-Cars.[6] The outline that Reid presented was vague: two episodes a week, 52 weeks a year.[7] After the concept was put to them on 14 March 1983, Smith and Holland then went about putting their ideas down on paper; they decided it would be set in the East End of London.[6] It was decided after a report indicated that a show focusing on a working-class London neighbourhood would have the most widespread appeal.[8]Granada Television gave Smith unrestricted access to theCoronation Street production for a month so that she could get a sense of how a continuing drama was produced.[9] The show initially had the working titleEast 8 and was, at first, to be set in a real street inHackney, London.[8]
Several cities were considered for the show's setting, includingManchester andBirmingham, before ultimately choosing London.[8] There was anxiety at first that the viewing public would not accept a new soap set in the south of England, though research commissioned by lead figures in the BBC revealed that southerners would accept a northern soap, northerners would accept a southern soap and those from theMidlands, asJulia Smith herself pointed out, did not mind where it was set as long as it was somewhere else.[7] This was the beginning of a close and continuing association betweenEastEnders and audience research, which, though commonplace today, was something of a revolution in practice.[7]
The show's creators were both Londoners, but when they researched Victorian squares, they found massive changes in areas they thought they knew well; however, delving further into the East End of London, they found exactly what they had been searching for: a real East End spirit, an inward-looking quality, a distrust of strangers and authority figures, a sense of territory and community that the creators summed up as "Hurt one of us and you hurt us all".[7]
When developingEastEnders, both Smith and Holland looked at influential models likeCoronation Street, but they found that it offered a rather outdated and nostalgic view of working-class life. Only afterEastEnders began, and featured the characters ofTony Carpenter andKelvin Carpenter, didCoronation Street start to feature black characters, for example.[10] They came to the conclusion thatCoronation Street had grown old with its audience, and thatEastEnders would have to attract a younger, more socially extensive audience, ensuring that it had the longevity to retain it for many years thereafter.[11] They also looked atBrookside, but found there was a lack of central meeting points for the characters, making it difficult for the writers to intertwine different storylines, soEastEnders was set inAlbert Square.[12]
A previous UK soap set in an East End market wasATV'sMarket in Honey Lane; however, between 1967 and 1969, this show, which graduated from one showing a week to two in three separate series (the latter series being shown in different time slots across the ITV network) was very different in style and approach fromEastEnders. TheBritish Film Institute describedMarket in Honey Lane thus: "It was not an earth-shaking programme, and certainly not pioneering in any revolutionary ideas in technique and production, but simply proposed itself to the casual viewer as a mildly pleasant affair."[13]
The target launch date was originally January 1985.[14] Smith and Holland had 11 months in which to write, cast and shoot the whole thing; however, in February 1984, they did not even have a title or a place to film. Both Smith and Holland were unhappy about the January 1985 launch date, favouring November or even September 1984 when seasonal audiences would be higher, but the BBC stayed firm, and Smith and Holland had to concede that, with the massive task of getting the Elstree studios operational, January was the most realistic date; however, this was later to be changed to February.[14]
The project had a number of working titles:Square Dance,Round the Square,Round the Houses,London Pride andEast 8.[15] It was the latter that stuck (E8 is the postcode for Hackney) in the early months of creative process; however, the show was renamed after many casting agents mistakenly thought the show was to be calledEstate, and the fictional postcode E20 was created, instead of using E8.[16]Julia Smith came up with the nameEastenders after she and Holland had spent months telephoning theatrical agents and asking "Do you have any real East Enders on your books?" Smith thought "Eastenders" "looked ugly written down" and was "hard to say", so decided to capitalise the second "e".[16]
After they decided on the filming location ofBBC Elstree Centre in southHertfordshire, Smith and Holland set about creating the 23 characters needed, in just 14 days.[17] They took a holiday in Playa de los Pocillos,Lanzarote, and started to devise the characters.[18][8] Holland created theBeale and Fowler family, drawing on his own background. His mother, Ethel Holland, was one of four sisters raised in Walthamstow. Her eldest sister, Lou, had married a man named Albert Beale and had two children, named Peter and Pauline.[19] These family members were the basis forLou Beale,Pete Beale andPauline Fowler. Holland also created Pauline's unemployed husbandArthur Fowler, their childrenMark andMichelle, Pete's wifeKathy and their sonIan.[20] Smith used her personal memories of East End residents she met when researching Victorian squares.[21]Ethel Skinner was based on an old woman she met in a pub, with ill-fitting false teeth, and a "face to rival a neon sign", holding aYorkshire Terrier in one hand and a pint ofGuinness in the other.[22]
Other characters created included Jewish doctorHarold Legg, the Anglo-Cypriot Osman family (Ali,Sue and babyHassan), black father and sonTony andKelvin Carpenter, single motherMary Smith and Bangladeshi coupleSaeed andNaima Jeffery. Jack, Pearl and Tracey Watts were created to bring "flash, trash, and melodrama" to the Square (they were later renamedDen,Angie andSharon). The characters ofAndy O'Brien andDebbie Wilkins were created to show a modern couple with outwardly mobile pretensions, andLofty Holloway to show an outsider; someone who did not fit in with other residents. It was decided that he would be a former soldier, as Holland's personal experiences of ex-soldiers were that they had trouble fitting into society after being in the army. When they compared the characters they had created, Smith and Holland realised they had created a cross-section of East End residents. The Beale and Fowler family represented the old families of the East End, who had always been there. The Osmans, Jefferys and Carpenters represented the more modern diverse ethnic community of the East End. Debbie, Andy and Mary represented more modern-day individuals.[11]
Once they had decided on their 23 characters, they returned to London for a meeting with the BBC. Everyone agreed thatEastEnders would be tough, violent on occasion, funny and sharp—set inMargaret Thatcher's Britain—and it would start with a bang (namely the death ofReg Cox). They decided that none of their existing characters were wicked enough to have killed Reg, so a 24th character,Nick Cotton was added to the line-up. He was a racist thug, who often tried to lead other young characters astray.[23] When all the characters had been created, Smith and Holland set about casting the actors, which also involved the input of lead directorMatthew Robinson, who supervised auditions with the other directors at the outset, Vivienne Cozens and Peter Edwards.[24]
Through the next few months, the set was growing rapidly at Elstree, and a composer and designer had been commissioned to create the title sequence.Simon May wrote thetheme music[25] and Alan Jeapes created the visuals.[26] The visual images were taken from an aircraft flying over the East End of London at 1000 feet. Approximately 800 photographs were taken and pieced together to create one big image.[27] The credits were later updated when theMillennium Dome was built.[27]
The launch was delayed until February 1985[28] due to a delay in the chat showWogan, that was to be a part of the major revamp in BBC1's schedules. Smith was uneasy about the late start asEastEnders no longer had the winter months to build up a loyal following before the summer ratings lull. The press were invited to Elstree to meet the cast and see the lot, and stories immediately started circulating about the show, about a rivalry withITV (which was launching its own market-based soap,Albion Market) and about the private lives of the cast.[29] Anticipation and rumour grew in equal measure until the first transmission at 7 p.m. on 19 February 1985.[29] Neither Holland nor Smith could watch; they both instead returned to the place where it all began, Albertine's Wine Bar on Wood Lane.[29] The next day, viewing figures were confirmed at 17 million.[29] The reviews were largely favourable,[29] although, after three weeks on air, BBC1's early evening share had returned to the pre-EastEnders figure of seven million, thoughEastEnders then climbed to highs of up to 23 million later on in the year.[30] Following the launch, both group discussions and telephone surveys were conducted to test audience reaction to early episodes.
Press coverage ofEastEnders, which was already intense, went into overdrive once the show was broadcast. With public interest so high, the media began investigating the private lives of the show's popular stars. Within days, a scandalous headline appeared – "EASTENDERS STAR IS A KILLER". This referred toLeslie Grantham, and his prison sentence for the murder of a taxi driver in an attempted robbery nearly 20 years earlier. This shocking tell-all style set the tone for relations betweenAlbert Square and the press for the next 20 years.
The show's first episode attracted some 17 million viewers, and it continued to attract high viewing figures from then on.[31] By Christmas 1985, the tabloids could not get enough of the soap. "Exclusives" aboutEastEnders storylines and the actors on the show became a staple of tabloid buyers' daily reading.[32]
In 1987, the show featured the first same-sex kiss on a British soap, whenColin Russell (Michael Cashman) kissed boyfriendBarry Clark (Gary Hailes) on the forehead. This was followed, in January 1989, by thefirst on-the-mouth gay kiss in a British soap when Colin kissed a new character,Guido Smith (Nicholas Donovan), in an episode that was watched by 17 million people.[33]
WriterColin Brake suggested that 1989 was a year of big change forEastEnders, both behind the cameras and in front of them. Original production designer Keith Harris left the show, and Holland and Smith both decided that the time had come to move on too, their final contribution coinciding with the exit of one ofEastEnders' most successful characters, Den Watts (Leslie Grantham).[34] ProducerMike Gibbon was given the task of running the show, and he enlisted the most experienced writers to take over the storylining of the programme, including Charlie Humphreys, Jane Hollowood andTony McHale.[35]
According to Brake, the departure of two of the soap's most popular characters, Den and Angie Watts (Anita Dobson), left a void in the programme, which needed to be filled.[34] In addition, several other long-running characters left the show that year, including Sue and Ali Osman (Sandy Ratcliff andNejdet Salih) and their family;Donna Ludlow (Matilda Ziegler);Carmel Jackson (Judith Jacob) andColin Russell (Michael Cashman). Brake indicated that the production team decided that 1989 was to be a year of change in Walford, commenting, "it was almost as if Walford itself was making a fresh start".[36]
By the end of 1989,EastEnders had acquired a new executive producer,Michael Ferguson, who had previously been a successful producer onITV'sThe Bill. Brake suggested that Ferguson was responsible for bringing in a new sense of vitality and creating a programme that was more in touch with the real world than it had been over the previous year.[35]
A new era began in 1990, with the introduction ofPhil Mitchell (Steve McFadden) andGrant Mitchell (Ross Kemp)—the Mitchell brothers—successful characters who would go on to dominate the soap thereafter.[37] As the new production team cleared the way for new characters and a new direction, all of the characters introduced under Gibbon were axed from the show at the start of the year.[38] Ferguson introduced other characters and was responsible for storylines including HIV, Alzheimer's disease and murder. After a successful revamp of the soap, Ferguson decided to leaveEastEnders in July 1991.[39] Ferguson was succeeded by bothLeonard Lewis andHelen Greaves, who initially shared the role as executive producer.[40] Lewis and Greaves formulated a new regime forEastEnders, giving the writers of the serial more authority in storyline progression, with the script department providing "guidance rather than prescriptive episode storylines".[34] By the end of 1992, Greaves had left, and Lewis became executive and series producer.[41] He leftEastEnders in 1994 after the BBC controllers demanded an extra episode a week, taking its weekly airtime from 60 to 90 minutes.[42] Lewis felt that producing an hour of "reasonable quality drama" a week was the maximum that any broadcasting system could generate without loss of integrity.[42] Having set up the transition to the new schedule, the first trio of episodes—dubbedThe Vic siege—marked Lewis's departure from the programme.[43]Barbara Emile then became the executive producer ofEastEnders,[44][45] remaining withEastEnders until early 1995. She was succeeded byCorinne Hollingworth.
Hollingworth's contributions to the soap were awarded in 1997 whenEastEnders won theBAFTA for Best Drama Series. Hollingworth shared the award with the next executive producer,Jane Harris.[46] Harris was responsible for the critically pannedIreland episodes andCindy Beale's (Michelle Collins) attempted assassination ofIan Beale (Adam Woodyatt), which brought in an audience of 23 million in 1996, roughly four million more thanCoronation Street.[47][48] In 1998Matthew Robinson was appointed as the executive producer ofEastEnders. During his reign,EastEnders won theBAFTA for "Best Soap" in consecutive years 1999 and 2000 and many other awards. Robinson also earned tabloid soubriquet "Axeman of Albert Square" after sacking a large number of characters in one hit, and several more thereafter. In their place, Robinson introduced new long-running characters includingMelanie Healy (Tamzin Outhwaite),Jamie Mitchell (Jack Ryder),Lisa Shaw (Lucy Benjamin),Steve Owen (Martin Kemp) andBilly Mitchell (Perry Fenwick).
John Yorke became the executive producer ofEastEnders in 2000. Yorke was given the task of introducing the soap's fourth weekly episode. He axed the majority of the Di Marco family, exceptBeppe di Marco (Michael Greco), and helped introduce popular characters such as theSlater family. As whatMal Young described as "two ofEastEnders' most successful years", Yorke was responsible for highly rated storylines such as "Who Shot Phil?",Ethel Skinner's (Gretchen Franklin) death,Jim Branning (John Bardon) andDot Cotton's (June Brown) marriage,Trevor Morgan's (Alex Ferns) domestic abuse of his wifeLittle Mo Morgan (Kacey Ainsworth), andKat Slater's (Jessie Wallace) revelation to her daughterZoe Slater (Michelle Ryan) that she was her mother.
In 2002,Louise Berridge succeeded Yorke as the executive producer. During her time atEastEnders, Berridge introduced popular characters such asAlfie Moon (Shane Richie),Dennis Rickman (Nigel Harman),[49]Chrissie Watts (Tracy-Ann Oberman),Jane Beale (Laurie Brett),Stacey Slater (Lacey Turner)[50] and the critically panned IndianFerreira family.[51]
Berridge was responsible for some ratings success stories, such as Alfie andKat Slater's (Jessie Wallace) relationship,Janine Butcher (Charlie Brooks) getting her comeuppance,Trevor Morgan (Alex Ferns) andJamie Mitchell's (Jack Ryder) death storylines and the return of one of the greatest soap icons,Den Watts (Leslie Grantham), who had been presumed dead for 14 years. His return in late 2003 was watched by over 16 million viewers, puttingEastEnders back at number one in the rating war withCoronation Street; however, other storylines, such as one about a kidney transplant involving the Ferreiras, were not well received,[51] and although Den's return proved to be a ratings success, the British press branded the plot unrealistic and felt that it questioned the show's credibility.[52][53] A severe press backlash followed after Den's actor,Leslie Grantham, was outed in an internet sex scandal, which coincided with a swift decline in viewer ratings.[51] The scandal led to Grantham's departure from the soap, but the occasion was used to mark the 20th anniversary ofEastEnders, with an episode showing Den's murder at the Queen Vic pub.
On 21 September 2004, Berridge quit as executive producer ofEastEnders following continued criticism of the show.Kathleen Hutchison was swiftly appointed in her place, and was tasked with quickly turning the fortunes of the soap. During her time at the soap Hutchison axed multiple characters and reportedly ordered the rewriting of numerous scripts. Newspapers reported on employee dissatisfaction with Hutchison's tenure atEastEnders.[54] In January 2005, Hutchison left the soap and John Yorke (who by this time, was the BBC controller of continuing drama series) took total control of the show himself and became acting executive producer for a short period, before appointingKate Harwood to the role.[55] Harwood stayed atEastEnders for 20 months before being promoted by the BBC. The highly anticipated return ofRoss Kemp asGrant Mitchell in October 2005 proved to be a sudden major ratings success, with the first two episodes consolidating to ratings of 13.21 to 13.34 million viewers.[56][57] On Friday 11 November 2005,EastEnders was the first British drama to feature a two-minute silence.[58] This episode later went on to winBritish Soap Award for "Best Single Episode".[59] In October 2006,Diederick Santer took over as executive producer. He introduced several characters to the show, includingethnic minority andhomosexual characters to make the show "feel more 21st century". Santer also reintroduced past and popular characters to the programme.
On 2 March 2007, BBC signed a deal withGoogle to put videos onYouTube. A behind the scenes video ofEastEnders, hosted byMatt Di Angelo, who playedDeano Wicks on the show, was put on the site the same day,[60] and was followed by another on 6 March 2007.[61] In April 2007,EastEnders became available to view onmobile phones, via3G technology, for3,Vodafone andOrange customers.[62] On 21 April 2007, the BBC launched a new advertising campaign using the slogan "There's more toEastEnders".[63] The first television advert showed Dot Branning with a refugee baby,Tomas, whom she took in under the pretence of being her grandson.[64] The second and third featured Stacey Slater and Dawn Swann, respectively.[65][66] There have also been adverts in magazines and on radio.
In 2009, producers introduced a limit on the number of speaking parts in each episode due to budget cuts, with an average of 16 characters per episode. The decision was criticised by Martin McGrath of Equity, who said: "Trying to produce quality TV on the cheap is doomed to fail." The BBC responded by saying they had been working that way for some time and it had not affected the quality of the show.[67]
From 4 February 2010,CGI was used in the show for the first time, with the addition of computer-generated trains.[68]
EastEnders celebrated its 25th anniversary on 19 February 2010. Santer came up with several plans to mark the occasion, including the show's firstepisode to be broadcast live, the second wedding betweenRicky Butcher (Sid Owen) andBianca Jackson (Patsy Palmer) and the return of Bianca's relatives, motherCarol Jackson (Lindsey Coulson), and siblingsRobbie Jackson (Dean Gaffney),Sonia Fowler (Natalie Cassidy) andBillie Jackson (Devon Anderson). He told entertainment websiteDigital Spy, "It's really important that the feel of the week is active and exciting and not too reflective. There'll be those moments for some of our longer-serving characters that briefly reflect on themselves and how they've changed. The characters don't know that it's the 25th anniversary of anything, so it'd be absurd to contrive too many situations in which they're reflective on the past. The main engine of that week is great stories that'll get people talking."[69] The live episode featured the death ofBradley Branning (Charlie Clements) at the conclusion of the "Who Killed Archie?" storyline, which saw Bradley's wifeStacey Slater (Lacey Turner) reveal that she was the murderer. Viewing figures peaked at 16.6 million, which was the highest viewed episode in seven years.[70] Other events to mark the anniversary were a spin-off DVD,EastEnders: Last Tango in Walford, and an Internet spin-off,EastEnders: E20.
Santer officially leftEastEnders in March 2010, and was replaced byBryan Kirkwood. Kirkwood's first signing was the reintroduction of charactersAlfie Moon (Shane Richie) andKat Moon (Jessie Wallace),[71] and his first new character wasVanessa Gold, played byZöe Lucker.[72] In April and May 2010, Kirkwood axed eight characters from the show,[73][74]Barbara Windsor left her role ofPeggy Mitchell, which left a hole in the show, which Kirkwood decided to fill by bringing back Kat and Alfie, which he said would "herald the new era ofEastEnders."[75][76]EastEnders started broadcasting inhigh definition on 25 December 2010.[77] Old sets had to be rebuilt, soThe Queen Victoria set wasburnt down in a storyline (and in reality) to facilitate this.
In November 2011, a storyline showed characterBilly Mitchell, played byPerry Fenwick, selected to be a torch bearer for the2012 Summer Olympics. In reality, Fenwick carried the torch through the setting of Albert Square, with live footage shown in theepisode on 23 July 2012. This was the second live broadcast ofEastEnders.[78] In 2012, Kirkwood chose to leave his role as executive producer and was replaced byLorraine Newman. The show lost many of its significant characters during this period. Newman stepped down after 16 months in the job in 2013 after the soap was criticised for its boring storylines and its lowest-ever figures pointing at around 4.8 million.[79]Dominic Treadwell-Collins was appointed as the new executive producer on 19 August 2013[80][81] and was credited on 9 December.[82] He axed multiple characters from the show[83] and introduced the extended Carter family.[84] He also introduced a long-running storyline, "Who Killed Lucy Beale?", which peaked during the show's 30th anniversary in 2015 with aweek of live episodes.[85] Treadwell-Collins announced his departure fromEastEnders on 18 February 2016.[86]
Sean O'Connor, formerEastEnders series story producer and then-editor of radio soap operaThe Archers, was announced to be taking over the role.[87] Treadwell-Collins left on 6 May[88] and O'Connor's first credited episode was broadcast on 11 July[89] although his own creative work was not seen onscreen until late September.[90] Additionally, Oliver Kent was brought in as the head of continuing drama series for BBC Scripted Studios, meaning that Kent would overseeEastEnders along with O'Connor.[91] O'Connor's approach to the show was to have a firmer focus on realism, which he said was being "true toEastEnders' DNA and [finding] a way of capturing what it would be like if Julia Smith andTony Holland were making the show now." He said that "EastEnders has always had a distinctly different tone from the other soaps but over time we've diluted our unique selling point. I think we need to be ourselves and go back to the origins of the show and what made it successful in the first place. It should be entertaining but it should also be informative—that's part of our unique BBC compact with the audience. It shouldn't just be a distraction from your own life, it should be an exploration of the life shared by the audience and the characters."[92] O'Connor planned to stay withEastEnders until the end of 2017, but announced his departure on 23 June 2017 with immediate effect,[93] saying he wanted to concentrate on a career in film.John Yorke returned as a temporary executive consultant. Kent said, "John Yorke is a Walford legend and I am thrilled that he will be joining us for a short period to oversee the show and to help us build on Sean's legacy while we recruit a long-term successor."[94] Yorke initially returned for three months but his contract was later extended.[95]
In July 2018, a special episode was aired as part of aknife crime storyline. This episode, which showed the funeral ofShakil Kazemi (Shaheen Jafargholi) interspersed with real people talking about their true-life experiences of knife crime.[96] On 8 August 2018, it was announced thatKate Oates, who has previously been a producer on the ITV soap operasEmmerdale andCoronation Street, would become senior executive producer ofEastEnders, as well asHolby City andCasualty. Oates began her role in October, and continued to work with Yorke until the end of the year to "ensure a smooth handover".[97] It was also announced that Oates was looking for an executive producer to work under her.[98]Jon Sen was announced on 10 December 2018 to be taking on the role.[99]
In late 2016, popularity and viewership ofEastEnders began to decline, with viewers criticising the storylines during the O'Connor reign, such as the killing of the Mitchell sisters and a storyline centred on the local bin collection.[100] Since Yorke's and Oates's reigns, however, opinions towards the storylines have become more favourable, with storylines such asRuby Allen's (Louisa Lytton) sexual consent, which featureda special episode which "broke new ground"[101] and knife crime, both of which have created "vital" discussions. The soap won the award for Best Continuing Drama at the2019 British Academy Television Awards; its first high-profile award since 2016; however, in June 2019,EastEnders suffered its lowest ever ratings of 2.4 million due to its airing at 7 pm because of the BBC's coverage of the2019 FIFA Women's World Cup.[102] As of 2019, the soap is one of the most watched series onBBC iPlayer and averages around 5 million viewers per episode.[103][104] The soap enjoyed a record-breaking year on the streaming platform in 2019, with viewers requesting to stream or download the show 234 million times, up 10% on 2018.[105] The Christmas Day episode in 2019 becameEastEnders biggest ever episode on BBC iPlayer, with 2.14 million viewer requests.[105]
In February 2020,EastEnders celebrated its 35th anniversary with a stunt on theRiver Thames leading to the death ofDennis Rickman Jr (Bleu Landau).[106][107]
It was announced on 18 March 2020 that production had been suspended onEastEnders and other BBC Studios continuing dramas in light of new government guidelines following theCOVID-19 pandemic, and that broadcast of the show would be reduced to two 30-minute episodes per week, broadcast on Mondays and Tuesdays.[108] A spokesperson confirmed that the decision was made to use up pre-shot episodes more slowly so thatEastEnders could remain on-screen for longer.[108] Two months later,Charlotte Moore, the director of content at the BBC, announced plans for a return to production. She confirmed thatEastEnders would return to filming during June 2020 and that there would be a transmission break between episodes filmed before and after production paused.[109] When production recommenced,social distancing measures were utilised and the show's cast were required to do their own hair and make-up, which is normally done by a make-up artist.[109]
It was announced on 3 June 2020 thatEastEnders would go on a transmission break following the broadcast of episode 6124 on 16 June.[110] Abehind-the-scenes show,EastEnders: Secrets From The Square, would air in the show's place during the transmission break, hosted by television personalityStacey Dooley. The first episode of the week featured exclusive interviews with the show's cast, while the second episode was a repeat of "iconic" episodes of the show.[111] Beginning on 22 June 2020, Dooley interviewed two cast members together in the show's restaurant set while observing social distancing measures.[111] Kate Phillips, the controller ofBBC Entertainment, explained thatEastEnders: Secrets From The Square would be the "perfect opportunity to celebrate the show" in the absence of the show.[111]Jon Sen, the show'sexecutive producer, expressed his excitement at the new series, dubbing it "a unique opportunity to see from the cast themselves just what it is like to be part ofEastEnders".[111]
Plans for the show's return to transmission were announced on 12 June 2020. It was confirmed that after the transmission break, the show would temporarily broadcast four 20-minute episodes per week, until it could return to its normal output. Sen explained that the challenges in production and filming of the show has led to the show's reduced output, but also stated that the crew had been "trialling techniques, filming methods and new ways of working" to prepare the show for its return.[112] Filming recommenced on 29 June,[113] with episodes airing from 7 September 2020.[114]
On 9 April 2021, following thedeath ofPrince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, the episode ofEastEnders that was due to be aired that night was postponed along with the final ofMasterchef.[115] In May 2021, it was announced that from 14 June 2021, boxsets of episodes would be uploaded toBBC iPlayer each Monday for three weeks. Executive producer Sen explained that the bi-annual scheduling conflicts that theUEFA European Championship and theFIFA World Cup cause to the soap, premiering four episodes on the streaming service would be beneficial for fans of the show who want to watch at their own chosen pace. Sen also confirmed that the episodes will still air on BBC One throughout the week.[116] The release of these boxsets was extended for a further five weeks, due to similar impacts caused by the2020 Summer Olympics.[117]
On 12 October 2021, it was announced thatEastEnders would partake in a special week-long crossover event involving multiple British soaps to promote the topic ofclimate change ahead of the2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference.[118][119] During the week, beginning from 1 November, a social media clip featuringMaria Connor (Samia Longchambon) fromCoronation Street was featured on the programme whileCindy Cunningham (Stephanie Waring) fromHollyoaks was also referenced.[120][121] Similar clips featuring the show's own characters,Bailey Baker (Kara-Leah Fernandes) andPeter Beale (Dayle Hudson), were featured onDoctors andEmmerdale during the week.[122]
In November 2021, it was announced that Sen would step down from his role as executive producer, and would be succeeded by former story producerChris Clenshaw.[123] Sen's final credited episode as executive producer was broadcast on 10 March 2022 and coincided in a week of episodes that saw the arrest of serial killerGray Atkins (Toby-Alexander Smith).[124] From the week commencing on 7 March 2022, the show has been broadcast every weekday from Monday to Thursday in a 7:30 pm slot, making it the first time in the show's history that the programme began airing permanently on Wednesdays.[125] On 2 June 2022,EastEnders aired an episode celebrating thePlatinum Jubilee of Elizabeth II.Charles, Prince of Wales andCamilla, Duchess of Cornwall guest starred in the episode; it also marked the first executive producer credit for Clenshaw.[126] Clenshaw's first major decision as executive producer was the axing of five series regulars:Peter Beale (Dayle Hudson),Stuart Highway (Ricky Champ),Jada Lennox (Kelsey Calladine-Smith),Dana Monroe (Barbara Smith) andLola Pearce (Danielle Harold). Viewers criticised the decision, feeling that some of the characters had potential to add to the soap.[127] Clenshaw has since overseen the returns ofAlfie Moon (Shane Richie) andYolande Trueman (Angela Wynter), the recast ofAmy Mitchell (Ellie Dadd), as well as the reintroduction ofCindy Beale (Michelle Collins), who returned from the dead after 25 years.[128][129][130][131][132] Public opinion on Clenshaw then changed and he has been credited for improving ratings and garnering critical acclaim for the soap, withEastEnders winning the award forBest British Soap at the2023 British Soap Awards and the award for Serial Drama at the28th National Television Awards under his leadership.[133][134][135][136][137]
On 26 September 2024, it was announced Clenshaw would step down as series executive producer in February 2025, following the soap's 40th anniversary;[138] Ben Wadey was announced as his successor.[139]
The central focus ofEastEnders is the fictionalVictorian squareAlbert Square in the fictionalLondon Borough of Walford. In the show's narrative, Albert Square is a 19th-century street, named afterPrince Albert (1819–1861), the husband ofQueen Victoria (1819–1901, reigned 1837–1901). Thus, central to Albert Square is The Queen Victoriapub (also known as The Queen Vic or The Vic).[140] The show's producers based the square's design on Fassett Square inDalston.[141] There is also a market close to Fassett Square atRidley Road. The postcode for the area,E8, was one of the working titles for the series.[16] The nameWalford is both a street in Dalston where Tony Holland lived and ablend ofWalthamstow and Stratford—the areas of Greater London where the creators were born.[16][142] Other parts of the square and set interiors are based on other locations. The railway bridge is based upon one nearBBC Television Centre which carries the Hammersmith & City line over Wood Lane W12, and the Queen Vic on the former College Park Hotel pub in Willesden at the end of Scrubs Lane at the junction with Harrow Road NW10 just a couple of miles from BBC Television Centre.[143]
The current residents of the Queen Victoria Public House are landladiesElaine Peacock (Harriet Thorpe),Linda Carter (Kellie Bright), Linda's childrenJohnny (Charlie Suff),Ollie (Harry Farr) andAnnie as well as Elaine's husbandGeorge (Colin Salmon) and his daughterAnna (Molly Rainford).
Walford East is a fictionalLondon Underground station for Walford, and a tube map that was first seen on air in 1996 showed Walford East betweenBow Road andWest Ham, in the actual location ofBromley-by-Bow on theDistrict andHammersmith & City lines.[144]
Walford has thepostal district of E20. It was named as if Walford were part of the actualE postcode area which covers much of east London,[145] theE standing forEastern.[146] E20 was entirely fictional when it was created, as London East postal districts stopped at E18 at the time. The show's creators opted for E20 instead of E19 as it was thought to sound better.[142]
In March 2011,Royal Mail allocated the E20 postal district to the2012 Olympic Park.[147] In September 2011, the postcode for Albert Square was revealed in an episode as E20 6PQ.
EastEnders is built around the idea of relationships and strong families, with each character having a place in the community. This theme encompasses the whole square, making the entire community a family of sorts, prey to upsets and conflict, but pulling together in times of trouble. Co-creatorTony Holland was from a large East End family, and such families have typifiedEastEnders.[19] The first central family was the combination of theFowler family, consisting ofPauline Fowler (Wendy Richard), her husbandArthur (Bill Treacher), and teenage childrenMark (David Scarboro/Todd Carty) andMichelle (Susan Tully). Pauline's family, theBeales, consisted of Pauline's twin brotherPete Beale (Peter Dean), his wifeKathy (Gillian Taylforth) and their teenage sonIan (Adam Woodyatt). Pauline and Pete's domineering motherLou Beale (Anna Wing) lived with Pauline and her family. Holland drew on the names of his own family for the characters.[20]
TheWatts andMitchell families have been central to many notableEastEnders storylines, the show having been dominated by the Watts in the 1980s, with the 1990s focusing on the Mitchells and Butchers. The early 2000s saw a shift in attention towards the newly introduced femaleSlater clan, before a renewal of emphasis upon the restored Watts family beginning in 2003. In 2006,EastEnders became largely dominated by the Mitchell, Masood andBranning families, though the early 2010s also saw a renewed focus on the Moon and Slater family, and, from 2013 onwards, the Carters.[148] In 2016, theFowlers were revived and merged with the Slaters, withMartin Fowler (James Bye) marryingStacey Slater (Lacey Turner).[149] The late 2010s saw the newly introduced Taylor family become central to the show's main storylines,[150] and in 2019, the first Sikh family, the Panesars, were introduced.[151] The early 2020s was dominated by the Mitchells, Brannings, Panesars, Slaters, as well as the newly introduced Knight family. Key people involved in the production ofEastEnders have stressed how important the idea of strong families is to the programme.[19]
EastEnders has an emphasis on strong familymatriarchs, with examples includingPauline Fowler (Wendy Richard) andPeggy Mitchell (Barbara Windsor), helping to attract a female audience.John Yorke, the former BBC's head of drama production, put this down to Tony Holland's "gay sensibility, which showed a love for strong women".[152] The matriarchal role is one that has been seen in various reincarnations since the programme's inception, often depicted as the centre of the family unit.[153] The original matriarch wasLou Beale (Anna Wing), though later examples includeMo Harris (Laila Morse),[154]Pat Butcher (Pam St Clement),[155]Zainab Masood (Nina Wadia),[156]Cora Cross (Ann Mitchell),[157]Kathy Beale (Gillian Taylforth),[158]Jean Slater (Gillian Wright),[159] andSuki Panesar (Balvinder Sopal).[151][160] These characters are often seen as being loud and interfering but most importantly, responsible for the well-being of the family.[161]
The show often includes strong, brassy, long-suffering women who exhibitdiva-like behaviour and stoically battle through an array of tragedy and misfortune.[161] Such characters includeAngie Watts (Anita Dobson),Kathy Beale (Gillian Taylforth),Sharon Watts (Letitia Dean),Pat Butcher (Pam St Clement),Peggy Mitchell (Barbara Windsor),Kat Slater (Jessie Wallace),Denise Fox (Diane Parish),Tanya Branning (Jo Joyner) andLinda Carter (Kellie Bright). Conversely there are female characters who handle tragedy less well, depicted as eternal victims and endless sufferers, who includeRonnie Mitchell (Samantha Womack),Little Mo Mitchell (Kacey Ainsworth),Laura Beale (Hannah Waterman),Sue Osman (Sandy Ratcliff),Lisa Fowler (Lucy Benjamin),Mel Owen (Tamzin Outhwaite) andRainie Cross (Tanya Franks). The "tart with a heart" is another recurring character. Often, theirpromiscuity masks a hiddenvulnerability and a desire to be loved. Such characters have includedPat Butcher (Pam St Clement),Tiffany Mitchell (Martine McCutcheon),Kat Slater (Jessie Wallace),Dawn Swann (Kara Tointon) andPriya Nandra-Hart (Sophie Khan Levy).[162]
A gender balance in the show is maintained via the inclusion of various "macho" male personalities such asPhil Mitchell (Steve McFadden),[163]Grant Mitchell (Ross Kemp),[164]Dan Sullivan (Craig Fairbrass),[165] andGeorge Knight (Colin Salmon), "bad boys" such asDen Watts (Leslie Grantham),[166]Sean Slater (Robert Kazinsky),[167]Michael Moon (Steve John Shepherd),[168]Derek Branning (Jamie Foreman),[169]Vincent Hubbard (Richard Blackwood),[170] andRavi Gulati (Aaron Thiara) and "heartthrobs" such asSimon Wicks (Nick Berry),[171]Joe Wicks (Paul Nicholls),[172]Jamie Mitchell (Jack Ryder),[173]Dennis Rickman (Nigel Harman),[174]Joey Branning (David Witts),[175]Kush Kazemi (Davood Ghadami)[176] andZack Hudson (James Farrar).[177] Another recurring male character type is the smartly dressed businessman, often involved in gang culture and crime and seen as a local authority figure. Examples includeSteve Owen (Martin Kemp),[178]Jack Dalton (Hywel Bennett),[179]Andy Hunter (Michael Higgs),[180]Johnny Allen (Billy Murray),[181]Derek Branning (Jamie Foreman),[169] andNish Panesar (Navin Chowdhry). Following criticism aimed at the show's over-emphasis on "gangsters" in 2005, such characters have been significantly reduced.[180] Another recurring male character seen inEastEnders is the "loser" or "soft touch", males often comically under the thumb of their female counterparts, which have includedArthur Fowler (Bill Treacher),[161]Ricky Butcher (Sid Owen),[182]Garry Hobbs (Ricky Groves),[183]Lofty Holloway (Tom Watt),[184]Billy Mitchell (Perry Fenwick)[185] andHowie Danes (Delroy Atkinson).
Other recurring character types that have appeared throughout the serial are "cheeky-chappies"Pete Beale (Peter Dean),Alfie Moon (Shane Richie),Garry Hobbs (Ricky Groves) andKush Kazemi (Davood Ghadami), "lost girls" such asMary Smith (Linda Davidson),Donna Ludlow (Matilda Ziegler),Mandy Salter (Nicola Stapleton),Janine Butcher (Charlie Brooks),Zoe Slater (Michelle Ryan),Whitney Dean (Shona McGarty), andHayley Slater (Katie Jarvis),delinquents such asStacey Slater (Lacey Turner),Jay Brown (Jamie Borthwick),Lola Pearce (Danielle Harold),Bobby Beale (Eliot Carrington/Clay Milner Russell) andKeegan Baker (Zack Morris), "villains" such asNick Cotton (John Altman),Trevor Morgan (Alex Ferns),May Wright (Amanda Drew),Yusef Khan (Ace Bhatti),Archie Mitchell (Larry Lamb),Dean Wicks (Matt Di Angelo),Stuart Highway (Ricky Champ) andGray Atkins (Toby-Alexander Smith), "bitches" such asCindy Beale (Michelle Collins),Janine Butcher (Charlie Brooks),Chrissie Watts (Tracy-Ann Oberman),Lucy Beale (Melissa Suffield/Hetti Bywater),Abi Branning (Lorna Fitzgerald),Babe Smith (Annette Badland),Suki Panesar (Balvinder Sopal) andNicola Mitchell (Laura Doddington), "brawlers" or "fighters" such asMary Smith (Linda Davidson),Bianca Jackson (Patsy Palmer),Kat Slater (Jessie Wallace),Shirley Carter (Linda Henry),Chelsea Fox (Zaarah Abrahams) andPriya Nandra-Hart (Sophie Khan Levy), and cockney "wide boys" or "wheeler dealers"[11] such asFrank Butcher (Mike Reid),Alfie Moon (Shane Richie),Kevin Wicks (Phil Daniels),Darren Miller (Charlie G. Hawkins),Fatboy (Ricky Norwood),Jay Brown (Jamie Borthwick),Kheerat Panesar (Jaz Deol) andTom "Rocky" Cotton (Brian Conley).
Over the years,EastEnders has typically featured a number of elderly residents, who are used to show vulnerability,nostalgia, stalwart-like attributes and are sometimes used for comedic purposes. The original elderly residents includedLou Beale (Anna Wing),Ethel Skinner (Gretchen Franklin) andDot Cotton (June Brown). Over the years they have been joined by the likes ofMo Butcher (Edna Doré),Jules Tavernier (Tommy Eytle),Marge Green (Pat Coombs),Nellie Ellis (Elizabeth Kelly),Jim Branning (John Bardon),Charlie Slater (Derek Martin),Mo Harris (Laila Morse),Patrick Trueman (Rudolph Walker),Cora Cross (Ann Mitchell),Les Coker (Roger Sloman),Rose Cotton (Polly Perkins),Pam Coker (Lin Blakley),Stan Carter (Timothy West),Babe Smith (Annette Badland),Claudette Hubbard (Ellen Thomas),Sylvie Carter (Linda Marlowe),Ted Murray (Christopher Timothy),Joyce Murray (Maggie Steed),Arshad Ahmed (Madhav Sharma),Mariam Ahmed (Indira Joshi) andVi Highway (Gwen Taylor). The programme has more recently included a higher number of teenagers and successful young adults in a bid to capture the younger television audience.[186][187] This has spurred criticism, most notably from the actressAnna Wing, who portrayedLou Beale in the show. She commented, "I don't want to be disloyal, but I think you need a few mature people in a soap because they give it backbone and body... if all the main people are young it gets a bit thin and inexperienced. It gets too lightweight."[188]
EastEnders has been known to feature a "comedy double-act", originally demonstrated with the characters of Dot and Ethel, whose friendship was one of the serial's most enduring.[189] Other examples includePaul Priestly (Mark Thrippleton) andTrevor Short (Phil McDermott).[190] In 1989 especially, characters were brought in who were deliberately conceived as comic or light-hearted.[35] Such characters includedJulie Cooper (Louise Plowright)—a brassy maneater;Marge Green—a batty older lady played by veteran comedy actressPat Coombs;Trevor Short (Phil McDermott)—the "village idiot"; his friend, northern heartbreakerPaul Priestly (Mark Thrippleton); wheeler-dealerVince Johnson (Hepburn Graham); andLaurie Bates (Gary Powell), who becamePete Beale's (Peter Dean) sparring partner.[38] The majority ofEastEnders' characters are working-class.[191] Middle-class characters do occasionally become regulars, but have been less successful and rarely become long-term characters. In the main, middle-class characters exist as villains, such asJames Wilmott-Brown (William Boyde),May Wright (Amanda Drew),Stella Crawford (Sophie Thompson),Yusef Khan (Ace Bhatti) andGray Atkins (Toby-Alexander Smith), or are used to promote positive liberal influences, such asColin Russell (Michael Cashman),Rachel Kominski (Jacquetta May)[161] andDerek Harkinson (Ian Lavender).
EastEnders has always featured a culturally diverse cast which has includedblack, Asian,Turkish, Polish and Latvian characters. "The expansion of minority representation signals a move away from the traditional soap opera format, providing more opportunities for audience identification with the characters and hence a wider appeal".[192][193] Despite this, the programme has been criticised by theCommission for Racial Equality, which argued in 2002 thatEastEnders was not giving a realistic representation of the East End's "ethnic make-up". It suggested that the average proportion of visible minority faces onEastEnders was substantially lower than the actual ethnic minority population in East London boroughs, and it, therefore, reflected the East End in the 1960s, not the East End of the 2000s. The programme has since attempted to address these issues. Asari shop was opened and various characters of different ethnicities were introduced throughout 2006 and 2007, including the Fox family, the Ahmeds, and various background artists.[194] This was part of producerDiederick Santer's plan to "diversify", to makeEastEnders "feel more 21st century".EastEnders has had varying success with ethnic minority characters. Possibly the least successful were the IndianFerreira family, who were not well received by critics or viewers and were dismissed as unrealistic by the Asian community in the UK.[195]
EastEnders has been praised for its portrayal of characters with disabilities, includingAdam Best (David Proud) (spina bifida),Noah Chambers (Micah Thomas) andFrankie Lewis (Rose Ayling-Ellis) (deaf),Jean Slater (Gillian Wright) and her daughterStacey (Lacey Turner) (bipolar disorder),Janet Mitchell (Grace) (Down syndrome),Jim Branning (John Bardon) (stroke)[196] andDinah Wilson (Anjela Lauren Smith) (multiple sclerosis). The show also features a large number of gay, lesbian and bisexual characters (seelist of soap operas with LGBT characters), includingColin Russell (Michael Cashman),Barry Clark (Gary Hailes),[197]Simon Raymond (Andrew Lynford),Tony Hills (Mark Homer),[198]Sonia Fowler (Natalie Cassidy),Naomi Julien (Petra Letang),[199]Tina Carter (Luisa Bradshaw-White),Tosh Mackintosh (Rebecca Scroggs),[200]Christian Clarke (John Partridge),Syed Masood (Marc Elliott),Ben Mitchell (Harry Reid/Max Bowden),Paul Coker (Jonny Labey),[201]Iqra Ahmed (Priya Davdra),Ash Panesar (Gurlaine Kaur Garcha),Bernadette Taylor (Clair Norris),Callum Highway (Tony Clay) andEve Unwin (Heather Peace).Kyle Slater (Riley Carter Millington), a transgender character, was introduced in 2015.[202]
EastEnders has a high cast turnover and characters are regularly changed to facilitate storylines or refresh the format.[203] The show has also become known for the return of characters after they have left the show.Sharon Watts (Letitia Dean) returned in August 2012 for her third stint on the show.Den Watts (Leslie Grantham) returned, 14 years after he was believed to have died, in September 2003, a feat repeated byKathy Beale (Gillian Taylforth) in 2015,[204] andCindy Beale (Michelle Collins) in 2023. Speaking extras, includingTracey the barmaid (Jane Slaughter) (who has been in the show since the first episode in 1985), have made appearances throughout the show's duration without being the focus of any major storylines. The character ofNick Cotton (John Altman) gained a reputation for making constant exits and returns since the programme's first year until the character died in 2015.[205]
As of January 2024[update],Gillian Taylforth,Letitia Dean andAdam Woodyatt are the only members of the original cast remaining in the show, in their roles ofKathy Beale,Sharon Watts andIan Beale respectively.[206]Tracey is the longest-serving female character in the show, having appeared since 1985, albeit as a minor character.[207]
EastEnders programme makers took the decision that the show was to be about "everyday life" in the inner city "today" and regarded it as a "slice of life".[208] Creator/producerJulia Smith declared that "We don't make life, we reflect it".[208] She also said, "We decided to go for a realistic, fairly outspoken type of drama which could encompass stories about homosexuality, rape, unemployment,racial prejudice, etc., in a believable context. Above all, we wantedrealism".[209] In 2011, the head of BBC drama,John Yorke, said that the real East End had changed significantly sinceEastEnders started, and the show no longer truly reflected real life, but that it had an "emotional truthfulness" and was partly "true to the original vision" and partly "adapt[ing] to a changing world", adding that "If it was a show where every house cost a fortune and everyone drove a Lexus, it wouldn't beEastEnders. You have to show shades of that change, but certain things are immutable, I would argue, like The Vic and the market."[210]
In the 1980s,EastEnders featured "gritty" storylines involving drugs and crime, representing the issues faced by working-class Britain underThatcherism.[211] Storylines included the cot death of 14-month-oldHassan Osman,Nick Cotton's (John Altman)homophobia, racism and murder ofReg Cox (Johnnie Clayton),[212]Arthur Fowler's (Bill Treacher) unemployment reflecting the recession of the 1980s, the rape ofKathy Beale (Gillian Taylforth) in 1988 byJames Willmott-Brown (William Boyde)[212] andMichelle Fowler's (Susan Tully) teenage pregnancy. The show also dealt with prostitution, mixed-race relationships, shoplifting, sexism, divorce, domestic violence and mugging. In 1989, the programme came under criticism in the British media for being too depressing, and according to writerColin Brake, the programme makers were determined to change this.[35] In 1989, there was a deliberate attempt to increase the lighter, more comic aspects of life in Albert Square. This led to the introduction of some characters who were deliberately conceived as comic or light-hearted.[35] Brake suggested that humour was an important element inEastEnders' storylines during 1989, with a greater amount of slapstick and light comedy than before. He classed 1989's changes as a brave experiment, and suggested that while some found this period ofEastEnders entertaining, many other viewers felt that the comedy stretched the programme's credibility.[35] Although the programme still covered many issues in 1989, such as domestic violence, drugs, rape and racism, Brake reflected that the new emphasis on a more balanced mix between "light and heavy storylines" gave the illusion that the show had lost a "certain edge".[35]
As the show progressed into the 1990s,EastEnders still featured hard-hitting issues such asMark Fowler (Todd Carty) revealing he wasHIV positive[212] in 1991, the death of his wifeGill (Susanna Dawson) from an AIDS-related illness in 1992, murder,adoption,abortion,Peggy Mitchell's (Barbara Windsor) battle withbreast cancer,[212] andPhil Mitchell's (Steve McFadden) alcoholism and violence towards wife Kathy.Mental health issues were confronted in 1996 when 16-year-oldJoe Wicks developedschizophrenia following the off-screen death of his sister in a car crash. The long-running storyline of Mark Fowler's HIV was so successful in raising awareness that in 1999, a survey by the National Aids Trust found teenagers got most of their information about HIV from the soap, though one campaigner noted that in some ways the storyline was not reflective of what was happening at the time as the condition was more common among thegay community. Still, heterosexual Mark struggled with various issues connected to his HIV status, including public fears of contamination, a marriage breakdown connected to his inability to have children and the side effects of combination therapies.[213]
In the early 2000s,EastEnders covered the issue ofeuthanasia withEthel Skinner's (Gretchen Franklin) death in a pact with her friendDot Cotton (June Brown), the unveiling ofKat Slater's (Jessie Wallace)sexual abuse by her uncleHarry (Michael Elphick) as a child (which led to the birth of her daughterZoe (Michelle Ryan), who had been brought up to believe that Kat was her sister), thedomestic abuse ofLittle Mo Morgan (Kacey Ainsworth) by husbandTrevor (Alex Ferns) (which involvedmarital rape and culminated in Trevor's death after he tried to kill Little Mo in a fire),[212]Sonia Jackson (Natalie Cassidy) giving birth at the age of 15 and then putting her baby up for adoption, andJanine Butcher's (Charlie Brooks)prostitution,agoraphobia anddrug addiction. The soap also tackled the issue of mental illness and carers of people who have mental conditions, illustrated with mother and daughterJean (Gillian Wright) andStacey Slater (Lacey Turner); Jean hasbipolar disorder, and teenage daughter Stacey was her carer (this storyline won a Mental Health Media Award in September 2006[214]). Stacey went on to struggle with the disorder herself.[215] The issue ofilliteracy was highlighted by the characters of middle-agedKeith (David Spinx) and his young sonDarren (Charlie G. Hawkins).[212]EastEnders has also covered the issue ofDown syndrome, asBilly (Perry Fenwick) andHoney Mitchell's (Emma Barton) baby,Janet Mitchell (Grace), was born with the condition in 2006.[216]EastEnders coveredchild abuse with its storyline involvingPhil Mitchell's (Steve McFadden) 11-year-old sonBen (Charlie Jones) and lawyer girlfriendStella Crawford (Sophie Thompson),[217][218] andchild grooming involving the charactersTony King (Chris Coghill) as the perpetrator andWhitney Dean (Shona McGarty) as the victim.[219]
Aside from this, soap opera staples of youthful romance, jealousy, domestic rivalry, gossip and extramarital affairs are regularly featured, with high-profile storylines occurring several times a year.Whodunits also feature regularly, including the "Who Shot Phil?" story arc in 2001 that attracted over 19 million viewers and was one of the biggest successes in British soap television; the "Who Killed Archie?" storyline, which was revealed in a special live episode of the show that drew a peak of 17 million viewers; and the "Who Killed Lucy Beale?" saga. The most recent whodunit happened at Christmas 2023, where The Six storyline saw Keanu Taylor (Danny Walters) be murdered byLinda Carter (Kellie Bright), and covered up by five other residents present that night.
The exterior set for the fictional Albert Square is located in the permanentbacklot of theBBC Elstree Centre,Borehamwood,Hertfordshire, at51°39′32″N0°16′40″W / 51.65889°N 0.27778°W /51.65889; -0.27778, and is outdoors and open to the weather.[220] It was initially built in 1984 with a specification that it should last for at least 15 years at a cost of £750,000.[221] TheEastEnders lot was designed by Keith Harris, who was a senior designer within the production team together with supervising art directors Peter Findley and Gina Parr.[222] The main buildings on the square consisted originally of hollow shells, constructed from marine plywood facades mounted onto steel frames.[223] The lower walls, pavements, etc., were constructed of real brick and tarmac. The set had to be made to look as if it had been standing for years. This was done by a number of means, including chipping the pavements, using chemicals to crack the top layer of the paint work, using varnish to create damp patches underneath the railway bridge, and making garden walls in such a way they appeared to sag.[224] The final touches were added in summer 1984, these included atelephone box,telegraph pole that was provided byBritish Telecom,lampposts that were provided byHertsmere Borough Council and a number of vehicles parked on the square.[224] All the appliances on each set are fully functional, such as gas cookers, the laundry washing machines andThe Queen Victoria beer pumps.[224]
The walls were intentionally built crooked to give them an aged appearance.[223] The drains around the set are real so rainwater can naturally flow from the streets.[225] The square was built in two phases with only three sides being built, plus Bridge Street, to begin with in 1984, in time to be used for the show's first episode.[226] Then in 1986, Harris added an extension to the set, building the fourth side of Albert Square, and in 1987, Turpin Road began to be featured more, which included buildings such as The Dagmar.[227]
In 1993, George Street was added, and soon afterWalford East Underground station was built, to create further locations whenEastEnders went from two to three episodes per week. The set was constructed by the BBC in-house construction department under construction manager Mike Hagan. Most of the buildings on Albert Square have no interior filming space, with a few exceptions, and most do not have rears or gardens. Some interior shots are filmed in the actual buildings.
In February 2008, it was reported that the set would transfer toPinewood Studios inBuckinghamshire, where a new set would be built[228] as the set was looking "shabby", with its flaws showing up onhigh-definition television broadcasts; however, by April 2010 a follow-up report confirmed that Albert Square would remain at Elstree Studios for at least another four years, taking the set through its 25th anniversary.[229][230] The set was consequently rebuilt for high definition on the same site, using mostly real brick with some areas using a new improved plastic brick. Throughout rebuilding filming would still take place, and so scaffolding was often seen on screen during the process, with some storylines written to accommodate the rebuilding, such as theQueen Vic fire.[231]
In 2014, then executive producerDominic Treadwell-Collins said that he wanted Albert Square to look like a real-life east London neighbourhood so that the soap would "better reflect the more fashionable areas of east London beloved of young professionals" giving a flavour of the "creeping gentrification" of east London. He added: "It should feel more like London. It's been frozen in aspic for too long."[232] The BBC announced that it would rebuild theEastEnders set[233] to secure the long-term future of the show, with completion expected to be in 2018. The set would provide a modern, upgraded exterior filming resource forEastEnders, and copy the appearance of the existing buildings; however, it would be 20 per cent bigger, in order to enable greater editorial ambition and improve working conditions for staff. A temporary set would be created on-site to enable filming to continue while the permanent structure was rebuilt.[233]
In May 2016, the rebuild was delayed until 2020, and forecast to cost in excess of £15 million,[234] although the main part of the set was scheduled to be able to start filming in May 2019.[235] In December 2018, it was revealed that the new set was now planned to cost £59 million but aNational Audit Office (NAO) report stated that it would actually cost £86.7 million and be completed two-and-a-half years later than planned, in 2023; the NAO concluded that the BBC "could not provide value for money on the project".[236] The NAO's forecast cost was more than the annual combined budget forBBC Radio 1 andRadio 2.[237] The BBC said the new set would be more suitable for HD filming, and better reflect the modern East End of London.[236] In March 2019 there was criticism from a group of MPs about how the BBC handled the redevelopment of the set.[238] In March 2020, during the suspension of filming, the interior sets were used for a new adaptation ofTalking Heads. This marked the first time that it had been used for anything other thanEastEnders.[239] In January 2022, the new £86.7m exterior set was officially unveiled by the BBC, replacing the original set built in 1984. The new scenes from the new set first appeared in episodes airing in spring that year.[240]
The majority ofEastEnders episodes are filmed at theBBC Elstree Centre inBorehamwood, Hertfordshire.[241] In January 1987,EastEnders had three production teams each comprising a director, production manager, production assistant and assistant floor manager. Other permanent staff included the producer's office, script department and designer, meaning between 30 and 35 people would be working full-time onEastEnders, rising to 60 to 70 on filming days.[242] When the number of episodes was increased to four per week, more studio space was needed, soTop of the Pops was moved from its studio at Elstree toBBC Television Centre in April 2001.[243] Episodes are produced in "quartets" of four episodes, each of which starts filming on a Tuesday and takes nine days to record.[241] Each day, between 25 and 30 scenes are recorded.[244] During the filming week, actors can film for as many as eight to 12 episodes. Exterior scenes are filmed on a specially constructed film lot, and interior scenes take place in six studios.[245][241] The episodes are usually filmed about six[241] to eight weeks in advance of broadcast. During the winter period, filming can take place up to 12 weeks in advance, due to less daylight for outdoor filming sessions.[246] This time difference has been known to cause problems when filming outdoor scenes. On 8 February 2007, heavy snow fell on the set and filming had to be cancelled as the scenes due to be filmed on the day were to be transmitted in April.[247][248]EastEnders is normally recorded using four cameras.[244] When a quartet is completed, it is edited by the director, videotape editor and script supervisor.[241] The producer then reviews the edits and decides if anything needs to be re-edited, which the director will do. A week later, sound is added to the episodes and they are technically reviewed, and are ready for transmission if they are deemed of acceptable quality.[241]
Although episodes are predominantly recorded weeks before they are broadcast, occasionally,EastEnders includes current events. In 1987,EastEnders covered thegeneral election.[249] Using a plan devised by co-creators Smith and Holland, five minutes of material was cut from four of the pre-recorded episodes preceding the election.[249] These were replaced by specially recorded election material, including representatives from each major party, and a scene recorded on the day after the election reflecting the result, which was broadcast the following Tuesday.[249] The result of the2010 general election was referenced on 7 May 2010 episode.[250] During the2006 FIFA World Cup, actors filmed short scenes following the tournament's events that were edited into the programme in the following episode.[251] Last-minute scenes have also been recorded to reference the 50th anniversary of the end of theSecond World War in 1995, the two-minute silence on Remembrance Day 2005 (2005 also being the year for the 60th anniversary of the end of the Second World War and the 200th anniversary of theBattle of Trafalgar),Barack Obama's election victory in 2008,[252] thedeath of Michael Jackson in 2009,[253] the2010 Comprehensive Spending Review,[254]Andy Murray winning themen's singles at the2013 Wimbledon Championships,[255] thewedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton, the birth ofPrince George of Wales,[256] Scotland voting no against independence in 2014, and the 100th anniversary of the beginning of theFirst World War.
EastEnders is often filmed on location, away from the studios in Borehamwood. Sometimes an entire quartet is filmed on location, which has a practical function and are the result ofEastEnders making a "double bank", when an extra week's worth of episodes are recorded at the same time as the regular schedule, enabling the production of the programme to stop for a two-week break at Christmas. These episodes often air in late June or early July and again in late October or early November.[34] The first time this happened was in December 1985 whenPauline (Wendy Richard) andArthur Fowler (Bill Treacher) travelled to theSouthend-on-Sea to find their sonMark, who had run away from home.[257][258] In 1986,EastEnders filmed overseas for the first time, inVenice, and this was also the first time it was not shot on videotape, as a union rule at the time prevented producers taking a video crew abroad and a film crew had to be used instead.[259] In 2011, it was reported that eight per cent of the series is filmed on location.[260]
If scenes during a normal week are to be filmed on location, this is done during the normal recording week.[241] Off-set locations that have been used for filming includeClacton (1989),Devon (September 1990),Hertfordshire (used for scenes set inGretna Green in July 1991),Portsmouth (November 1991),[34]Milan (1997),Ireland (1997),[261]Amsterdam (December 1999),[262]Brighton (2001) andPortugal (2003).[263] In 2003, filming took place at Loch Fyne Hotel and Leisure Club inInveraray, The Arkinglass Estate inCairndow and Grims Dyke Hotel,Harrow Weald, north London, for a week of episodes set in Scotland.[263] The episode shown on 9 April 2007 featured scenes filmed atSt Giles Church and The Blacksmiths Arms public house inWormshill, theRinglestone Inn, two miles away and Court Lodge Farm inStansted, Kent.[264] and thePort of Dover,Kent. .[265]
Other locations have included the court house, a disused office block, Evershed House,[266][267] andSt Peter's Church,[268] all inSt Albans, an abandoned mental facility inWorthing,[269] and a wedding dress shop inMuswell Hill, north London.[270] A week of episodes in 2011 saw filming take place on a beach inThorpe Bay[271] and a pier in Southend-on-Sea—during which a stuntman was injured when a gust of wind threw him off balance and he fell onto rocks—[272][273] with other scenes filmed on the Essex coast.[274][275] In 2012, filming took place inKeynsham, Somerset.[276] In January 2013, on-location filming atGrahame Park inColindale, north London, was interrupted by at least seven youths who threw a firework at the set and threatened members of the crew.[277] In October 2013, scenes were filmed on a road nearLondon Southend Airport in Essex.[278]
EastEnders has featured seven live broadcasts. For its 25th anniversary in February 2010, alive episode was broadcast in whichStacey Slater (Lacey Turner) was revealed asArchie Mitchell's (Larry Lamb) killer. Turner was told only 30 minutes before the live episode and to maintain suspense, she whispers this revelation to former lover and current father-in-law, Max Branning, in the very final moments of the live show. Many other cast members only found out at the same time as the public, when the episode was broadcast.[279] On 23 July 2012, a segment ofthat evening's episode was screened live asBilly Mitchell (Perry Fenwick) carried theOlympic flame around Walford in preparation for the2012 Summer Olympics.[280] In February 2015, for the soap's 30th anniversary,five episodes in a week featured live inserts throughout them. Episodes airing on Tuesday 17, Wednesday 18 and Thursday 19 (which featured an hour long episode and a second episode) all featured at least one live insert. The show revealed that the killer ofLucy Beale (Hetti Bywater) was her younger brother,Bobby (Eliot Carrington), during the second episode on Thursday, after a10-month mystery regarding who killed her. In a flashback episode which revisited the night of the murder, Bobby was revealed to have killed his sister. The aftermath episode, which aired on Friday 20, was completely live and explained in detail Lucy's death. Carrington was told he was Lucy's killer on Monday 16,[281] whileLaurie Brett (who plays Bobby's adoptive mother,Jane) was informed in November, due to the character playing a major role in the cover-up of Lucy's murder.[282] Bywater only discovered Bobby was responsible for Lucy's death on the morning of Thursday, 19 February, several hours before they filmed the scenes revealing Bobby as Lucy's killer.[283]
Each episode should run for 27 minutes and 15 seconds; however, if any episode runs over or under then it is the job of post-production to cut or add scenes where appropriate. As noted in the 1994 behind-the-scenes book,EastEnders: The First 10 Years, after filming, tapes were sent to the videotape editor, who then edited the scenes together into an episode. The videotape editor used the director's notes so they knew which scenes the director wanted to appear in a particular episode. The producer might have asked for further changes to be made.[284] The episode was then copied ontoD3 video. The final process was to add the audio which included background noise such as a train or a jukebox music and to check it met theBBC's technical standard for broadcasting.[285]
Since 2010,EastEnders no longer uses tapes in the recording or editing process. After footage is recorded, the material is sent digitally to the post-production team. The editors then assemble all the scenes recorded for the director to view and note any changes that are needed. The sound team also have the capability to access the edited episode, enabling them to dub the sound and create the final version.[286]
According to the bookHow to Study Television, in 1995EastEnders cost the BBC £40,000 per episode on average.[287] A 2012 agreement between the BBC, theWriters' Guild of Great Britain and the Personal Managers' Association set out the pay rate forEastEnders scripts as £137.70 per minute of transmission time (£4,131 for 30 minutes), which is 85 per cent of the rate for scripts for other BBC television series. The writers would be paid 75 per cent of that fee for any repeats of the episode.[288] In 2011, it was reported that actors receive a per-episode fee of between £400 and £1,200, and are guaranteed a certain number of episodes per year, perhaps as few as 30 or as many as 100, therefore annual salaries could range from £12,000 to £200,000 depending on the popularity of a character. Some actors' salaries were leaked in 2006, revealing thatNatalie Cassidy (Sonia Fowler) was paid £150,000,Cliff Parisi (Minty Peterson) received £220,000,Barbara Windsor (Peggy Mitchell) andSteve McFadden (Phil Mitchell) each received £360,000 andWendy Richard (Pauline Fowler) had a salary of £370,000.[289] In 2017, it was revealed thatDanny Dyer (Mick Carter) andAdam Woodyatt (Ian Beale) were the highest-paid actors inEastEnders, earning between £200,000 and £249,999, followed byLaurie Brett (Jane Beale),Letitia Dean (Sharon Watts),Tameka Empson (Kim Fox),Linda Henry (Shirley Carter),Scott Maslen (Jack Branning),Diane Parish (Denise Fox),Gillian Taylforth (Kathy Beale) andLacey Turner (Stacey Slater), earning between £150,000 and £199,999.[290]
A 2011 report from theNational Audit Office (NAO) showed thatEastEnders had an annual budget of £29.9 million. Of that, £2.9 million was spent on scripts and £6.9 million went towards paying actors, extras and chaperones for child actors.[289] According to the NAO, BBC executives approved £500,000 of additional funding for the25th anniversary live episode (19 February 2010).[291][292] With a total cost of £696,000, the difference was covered from the 2009–2010 series budget forEastEnders.[291] When repeats and omnibus editions are shown, the BBC pays additional fees to cast and scriptwriters and incurs additional editing costs, which in the period 2009–2010, amounted to £5.5 million.[260] According to aRadio Times article for 212 episodes it works out at £141,000 per episode or 3.5p per viewer hour.[289]
| Year | 2002–2003 | 2003–2004 | 2004–2005 | 2005–2006 | 2006–2007 | 2007–2008 | 2008–2009 | 2009–2010 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cost (£millions) | 35.8 | 36.2 | 34.7 | 34.1 | 33.0 | 33.6 | 31.5 | 29.9 |
In 2014, two new studios were built and they were equipped with low-energy lighting which has saved approximately 90,000 kwh per year.[294] A carbon literacy course was run with heads of departments ofEastEnders attending. As a result, representatives from each department agreed to meet quarterly to share new sustainability ideas.[294] The paper usage was reduced by 50 per cent across script distribution and other weekly documents and 20 per cent across all other paper usage.[294] The production team also began using recycled paper and stationery.[294]
Additionally, changes made to working online also saved transportation cost of distribution 2,500 DVDs per year.[294] Sets, costumes, paste pots and paint are all recycled by the design department.[294] Cars used by the studio are low emission vehicles and the production team take more efficient energy efficient generators out on location.[294] Caterers no longer use polystyrene cups and recycling on location must be provided.[294]
As a result ofEastEnders' sustainability, it was awardedalbert+, an award that recognises the production's commitment to becoming a more eco-friendly television production.[294] The albert+ logo was first shown at the end of theEastEnders titles for episode 5281 on 9 May 2016.[294] Four years later, in 2020, the organisation did a follow-up piece aboutEastEnders' sustainability. They revealed that all food served on set as a prop is vegetarian, unless the script requires it to be meat. All food waste and any other compostable waste, including the flowers from the market's flower stall or from a wedding or funeral, are also collected foranerobic digestion. The soap also began using electric vehicles whilst filming and has its own electric car sharing scheme and charging point. Off set,EastEnders has two hybrid technical vans and extended their hybrid fleet to the props department with a hybrid props van.[295]
Since 1985,EastEnders has remained at the centre ofBBC One's primetime schedule. From 2001 to 2022, it was broadcast at 7:30 pm on Tuesday and Thursday, and 8 pm on Monday and Friday.EastEnders was originally broadcast twice weekly at 7:00 pm on Tuesdays and Thursdays from 19 February 1985; however, in September 1985 the two episodes were moved to 7:30 pm asMichael Grade did not want the soap running in direct competition withEmmerdale Farm, and this remained the same until 7 April 1994. The BBC had originally planned to take advantage of the "summer break" thatEmmerdale Farm usually took to capitalise on ratings, butITV added extra episodes and repeats so thatEmmerdale Farm was not taken off the air over the summer. Realising the futility of the situation, Grade decided to move the show to the later 7:30 pm slot.[296][297]
The show's output then increased to three times a week on Mondays, Tuesdays and Thursdays from 11 April 1994 until 2 August 2001.[298]From 10 August 2001,EastEnders then added its fourth episode (shown on Fridays).[298] This caused some controversy, as the first Friday episode clashed withCoronation Street, which was moved to 8 pm to make way for an hour-long episode of rural soapEmmerdale. In this first head-to-head battle,EastEnders claimed victory over its rival.[299]
In early 2003, viewers could watch episodes ofEastEnders on digital channelBBC Three before they were broadcast on BBC One. This was to coincide with the relaunch of the channel and helped BBC Three break the one million viewers mark for the first time with 1.03 million who watched to seeMark Fowler's departure.[300] According to theEastEnders website, there are, on average, 208 episodes outputted each year.[301]
On 21 February 2022, it was announced that from 7 March 2022,EastEnders would begin airing from Monday to Thursday at 7:30 pm, therefore no longer airing on a Friday. This meant thatEastEnders would clash withEmmerdale, but the producers stated that due to the importance of online streaming figures, they were not concerned about the soaps clashing on the live television guides.[302]
Theomnibus edition, a compilation of the week's episodes in a continuous sequence, originally aired on BBC One on Sunday afternoons,[303] until 1 April 2012, when it was changed to a late Friday night or early Saturday morning slot, commencing on 6 April 2012, though the exact time differed.[304][305] It reverted to a weekend daytime slot from January 2013 on BBC Two. In 2014, the omnibus moved back to around midnight on Friday nights, and in April 2015, the omnibus was axed, following detailed audience research and the introduction of 30-day catch up onBBC iPlayer and the planning ofBBC One +1.[306] The last omnibus on the BBC was shown on 24 April 2015. WhileW was showing same-day repeats ofEastEnders, they also returned the weekend omnibus, starting on 20 February 2016.[307][308]
From 20 February to 26 May 1995, as part of the programme's 10th anniversary celebrations, episodes from 1985 were repeated each weekday morning at 10 am, starting from episode one.[309] Four specially selected episodes from 1985, 1986 and 1987 were also repeated on BBC1 on Friday evenings at 8 pm under the bannerThe Unforgettable EastEnders. These included the wedding ofMichelle Fowler andLofty Holloway, the revelation of the father of Michelle's baby, a two-hander betweenDot Cotton andEthel Skinner and the 1986 Christmas episode featuringDen Watts presentingAngie Watts with divorce papers.[310][311][312][313]
EastEnders was regularly repeated at 10 pm onBBC Choice from the channel's launch in 1998, a practice continued by BBC Three for many years until mid-2012 with the repeat moving to 10:30 pm. From 25 December 2010 – 29 April 2011 and 31 July 2012 – 13 August 2012 to the show was repeated onBBC HD in a Simulcast with BBC Three.[314][315] In 2015, the BBC Three repeat moved back to 10 pm. In February 2016, the repeat moved to W, the rebrandedWatch, after BBC Three became an online-only channel.[316][307] W stopped showingEastEnders in April 2018.[317] Following the reinstatement of BBC Three as a linear channel in 2022, the nightly 'narrative repeat' was not reinstated; instead, the channel retransmits that week's four BBC One episodes at the weekend, airing two episodes on each of Saturday and Sunday evenings, unless live sports or music/events coverage takes precedence. Episodes ofEastEnders were available on-demand throughBBC iPlayer for 30 days after their original screening; however, starting with the episode broadcast on 4 April 2022, episodes were made available indefinitely.[318]
On 1 December 2012, the BBC uploaded the first 54 episodes ofEastEnders to YouTube, and on 23 July 2013 it uploaded a further 14 episodes bringing the total to 68.[319] These have since been taken down. In April 2018, it was announced that theDrama channel would be showing repeats of the show, starting on 6 August 2018 during weekdays;[320] they are also available on-demand on theU catch-up service for 30 days after the broadcast.[321] In December 2019, Christmas episodes were added toBritbox UK.[322]
EastEnders is broadcast around the world in manyEnglish-speaking countries. New Zealand became the first to broadcastEastEnders overseas, the first episode being shown on 30 August 1985. This was followed by the Netherlands on 8 December 1986, Australia on 5 January 1987, Norway on 27 April, and Barcelona on 30 June (dubbed into Catalan). On 9 July 1987, it was announced that the show would be aired in the United States onPBS.[323]BBC Worldwide licensed 200 hours ofEastEnders for broadcast inSerbia onRTS (dubbed intoSerbian); it began airing the first episode in December 1997.[324] The series was broadcast in the United States untilBBC America ceased broadcasts of the serial in 2003, amidst fan protests.[325] In June 2004, the satellite television providerDish Network picked upEastEnders, broadcasting episodes starting at the point whenBBC America had ceased broadcasting them, offering the series as a pay-per-view item.[326] Episodes air two months behind the UK schedule. Episodes from prior years are still shown on variousPBS stations in the US.[327] Since 7 March 2017,EastEnders has been available in the United States on demand, 24 hours after it has aired in the United Kingdom viaBritBox, a joint venture between the BBC and ITV.[328]
The series was screened in Australia byABC TV from 1987 until 1991.[329] It is aired in Australia on Satellite & Streaming services onBBC UKTV, from Mondays to Thursdays 7:50 pm–8:30 pm with two advertisement breaks of five minutes each. Episodes are shown roughly one week after their UK broadcast.[330] In New Zealand, it was shown byTVNZ onTVNZ 1 for several years, and then onPrime each weekday afternoon. It is shown onBBC UKTV from Mondays to Thursdays at 8 pm. Episodes are roughly two weeks behind the UK.[331]
EastEnders is shown onBBC Entertainment (formerlyBBC Prime) in Europe and in Africa, where it is approximately six episodes behind the UK.[332] It was also shown on BBC Prime in Asia, but when the channel was replaced by BBC Entertainment, it ceased broadcasting the series.[333] In Canada,EastEnders was shown onBBC Canada until 2010,[334] at which point it was picked up byVisionTV.[335]
In Ireland,EastEnders was shown onTV3 from September 1998 until March 2001, when it moved over toRTÉ One, afterRTÉ lost to TV3 the rights to air rival soapCoronation Street.[336][337] Additionally, episodes ofEastEnders are available on-demand throughRTÉ Online for seven days after their original screening.[338]
In 1991, the BBC sold the programme's format rights to a Dutch production company IDTV. The programme was renamedHet Oude Noorden (Translation: Old North). The Dutch version was written from pre-existingEastEnders scripts.[339][340][341] The schedule remained the same asEastEnders with twice weekly episodes; however, some notable changes included the programme now being set inRotterdam rather thanLondon, characters being given Dutch names (Den andAngie became Ger and Ankie) andthe Queen Victoria pub being renamed Cade Faas.[339]
According to Barbara Jurgen, who re-wrote the scripts for a Dutch audience, he said: "the power of the show is undeniable. The scripts are full of hard, sharp drama, plus great one-liners which will translate well to Holland."[339] The Dutch version began broadcasting onVARA 13 March 1993 but was cancelled after 20 episodes.[342]
On 26 December 1988, the firstEastEnders "bubble" was shown, titled "CivvyStreet". Since then, "Return of Nick Cotton" (2000), "Ricky & Bianca" (2002), "Dot's Story" (2003), "Perfectly Frank" (2003) and "Pat and Mo" (2004) have all been broadcast, each episode looking into lives of various characters and revealing part of their backstories or lives since leavingEastEnders.[343][344] In 1993, the two-part story "Dimensions in Time", a charity cross-over withDoctor Who, was shown.[345]
In 1998,EastEnders Revealed was launched onBBC Choice (now BBC Three). The show takes a look behind the scenes of theEastEnders and investigates particular places, characters or families withinEastEnders. An episode ofEastEnders Revealed that was commissioned for BBC Three attracted 611,000 viewers.[346] As part of the BBC's digital push,EastEnders Xtra was introduced in 2005. The show was presented byAngellica Bell and was available to digital viewers at 8:30 pm on Monday nights. It was also shown after the Sunday omnibus. The series went behind the scenes of the show and spoke to some of the cast members.[347] A new breed of behind-the-scenes programmes have been broadcast on BBC Three since 1 December 2006. These are all documentaries related to current storylines inEastEnders, in a similar format toEastEnders Revealed, though not using theEastEnders Revealed name.[348]
In October 2009, a 12-part online spin-off series entitledEastEnders: E20 was announced. The series was conceived by executive producer Diederick Santer "as a way of nurturing new, young talent, both on- and off-screen, and exploring the stories of the soaps' anonymous bystanders."[349]E20 features a group of sixth-form characters and targets the "Hollyoaks demographic". It was written by a team of young writers and was shown three times a week on theEastEnders website from 8 January 2010.[349] A second 10-part series started in September 2010, with twice-weekly episodes available online and an omnibus on BBC Three.[350] A third series of 15 episodes started in September 2011.[351]
EastEnders and rival soap operaCoronation Street took part in acrossover episode forChildren in Need on 19 November 2010 calledEast Street.[352][353] On 4 April 2015,EastEnders confirmed plans for a BBC One series featuring Kat and Alfie Moon.[354] The six-part drama,Kat & Alfie: Redwater, was created by executive producer Dominic Treadwell-Collins and his team.[354] In the spin-off, the Moons visit Ireland where they "search for answers to some very big questions".[354]
Until its closure,BBC Store released 553EastEnders episodes from various years, including the special episode "CivvyStreet", available to buy as digital downloads.[355][356]
An example ofEastEnders' popularity is that after episodes,electricity use in the United Kingdom rises significantly as viewers who have waited for the show to end begin boiling water fortea, a phenomenon known asTV pickup. Over five minutes, power demand rises by three GW, the equivalent of 1.5 to 1.75 millionkettles.National Grid personnel watch the show to know whenclosing credits begin so they canprepare for the surge,asking for additional power fromFrance if necessary.[357]
EastEnders is the BBC's most consistent programme in terms of ratings,[152] and as of 2024, episodes typically receive between 3 and 4 million viewers.[358]EastEnders two biggest ratings rivals are theITV soapsCoronation Street (produced byGranada Television in Manchester) andEmmerdale (produced byYorkshire Television in Leeds).[358]
The launch show in 1985 attracted 17.35 million viewers.[359][360][361][362] 25 July 1985 was the first time the show's viewership rose to first position in the weekly top 10 shows forBBC One.[363] The highest-rated episode ofEastEnders is the Christmas Day 1986 episode, which attracted a combined 30.15 million viewers who tuned into either the original transmission or the omnibus to see Den Watts hand over divorce papers to his wife Angie. This remains the highest rated episode of a soap in British television history.[358]
In 2001,EastEnders clashed withCoronation Street for the first time.EastEnders won the battle with 8.4 million viewers (41% share) whilstCoronation Street lagged behind with 7.3 million viewers (34% share).[364] On 21 September 2004,Louise Berridge, the then executive producer, quit following criticism of the show.[365] The following day the show received its lowest ever ratings at that time (6.2 million) when ITV scheduled an hour-long episode ofEmmerdale against it.Emmerdale was watched by 8.1 million viewers. The poor ratings motivated the press into reporting viewers were bored with implausible and ill-thought-out storylines.[366] Under new producers,EastEnders andEmmerdale continued to clash at times, andEmmerdale tended to come out on top, givingEastEnders lower than average ratings.[367][368] In 2006,EastEnders regularly attracted between 8 and 12 million viewers in official ratings.[369]EastEnders received its second lowest ratings on 17 May 2007, when 4.0 million viewers tuned in. This was also the lowest ever audience share, with just 19.6 per cent. This was attributed to a conflicting one-hour special episode ofEmmerdale on ITV1; however, ratings for the 10 pmEastEnders repeat on BBC Three reached an all-time high of 1.4 million. Despite this, there have been times whenEastEnders had higher ratings thanEmmerdale, despite the two going head-to-head.[370][371][372]
The ratings increased in 2010, thanks to the "Who Killed Archie?" storyline and second wedding ofRicky Butcher (Sid Owen) andBianca Jackson (Patsy Palmer), and the show's firstlive episode on 19 February 2010.[152] The live-episode averaged 15.6 million viewers, peaking at 16.6 million in the final five minutes of broadcast.[373] In January 2010, the average audience was higher than that ofCoronation Street for the first time in three years.[152] During the 30th anniversary week, in which there were live elements and the climax of theWho Killed Lucy Beale? storyline, 10.84 million viewers tuned in for the 30th anniversary episode itself in an hour long special on 19 February 2015 (peaking with 11.9 million). Later on in the same evening, a special flashback episode averaged 10.3 million viewers, and peaked with 11.2 million.[374] The following day, the anniversary week was rounded off with another fully live episode (the second after 2010) with 9.97 million viewers watching the aftermath of the reveal, the Beale family finding out the truth of Lucy's killer and deciding to keep it a secret.[375] In 2013, the average audience share for an episode was around 30 per cent.[376]
Due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the soap,EastEnders suffered a ratings drop after 2020. Despite once being the highest-rated soap, it dropped to third in the rankings in 2021, behindCoronation Street andEmmerdale, with 4.09 million viewers. The BBC's head of drama,Piers Wenger, explained that since the episode duration had been shortened and the airtime frequently suffered changes, it had led to the audience not knowing when to watch it. Digital Spy opined that the ratings drop was accredited to "lacklustre storylines" and thought that storylines on rival soaps were better.[377] Later that year,EastEnders suffered its lowest rating ever, with 1.7 million viewers watching live. TheDaily Mirror's Jamie Roberts felt that viewers had "turned their back" on the soap due to its lack of interesting stories and iconic characters.[378] Ratings expert Stephen Price also noted that the drop is partly due to the rise ofstreaming services.[378]
| Year | Number of episodes | Average viewers (millions)[α][379][358] | Highest rating (millions) | Lowest rating (millions) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1985 | 91 | 14.37 | 23.55 | 7.75 |
| 1986 | 105 | 20.66 | 30.15 | 13.90 |
| 1987 | 107 | 21.14 | 28.00 | 13.65 |
| 1988 | 104 | 18.94 | 24.95 | 12.60 |
| 1989 | 104 | 16.99 | 24.08 | 12.83 |
| 1990 | 104 | 17.17 | 20.80 | 12.33 |
| 1991 | 105 | 17.12 | 22.44 | 13.06 |
| 1992 | 106 | 18.28 | 24.32 | 11.85 |
| 1993[β] | 105 | 17.90 | 23.21 | 10.47[γ] |
| 1994[δ] | 142 | 16.02 | 25.30 | 7.96[ε] |
| 1995[ζ] | 157 | 14.54 | 22.02[η] | 7.88[θ] |
| 1996 | 161 | 14.65 | 17.92 | 7.73 |
| 1997[ι] | 162 | 14.23 | 18.06 | 7.13 |
| 1998[κ] | 161 | 14.75 | 22.14 | 8.01 |
| 1999 | 169 | 15.87 | 20.89 | 10.89 |
| 2000 | 163 | 15.47 | 20.89 | 9.64 |
| 2001 | 179 | 15.92 | 23.18 | 11.27 |
| 2002 | 211 | 11.95 | 16.97 | 8.33 |
| 2003 | 210 | 12.58 | 16.66 | 8.58 |
| 2004 | 209 | 11.32 | 14.80 | 6.83 |
| 2005 | 209 | 10.19 | 14.34 | 6.76 |
| 2006 | 207 | 9.16 | 12.33 | 4.11 |
| 2007 | 208 | 8.87 | 14.38 | 4.29 |
| 2008 | 208 | 8.42 | 11.73 | 5.30 |
| 2009 | 209 | 8.43 | 11.67 | 5.02 |
| 2010 | 204 | 9.35 | 16.41 | 4.99 |
| 2011 | 211 | 9.02 | 11.42 | 5.74 |
| 2012 | 206 | 8.23 | 11.31 | 5.53 |
| 2013 | 212 | 7.72 | 10.03 | 5.42 |
| 2014 | 206 | 7.20 | 9.09 | 4.58 |
| 2015 | 209 | 7.17 | 11.60 | 5.43 |
| 2016 | 210 | 6.94 | 9.47 | 4.83 |
| 2017 | 209 | 6.68 | 8.41 | 4.19 |
| 2018 | 206 | 6.12 | 7.81 | 4.56 |
| 2019[λ] | 210 | 5.60 | 7.36 | 4.16 |
| 2020[μ] | 138 | 5.49 | 7.46 | 4.07 |
| 2021[ν] | 209 | 4.36 | 5.59 | 2.54 |
| 2022 | 209 | 3.72 | 5.16 | 2.28 |
| 2023 | 210 | 3.59 | 5.45 | 2.64 |
| 2024 | 210 | 3.54 | 5.58 | 1.38 |
EastEnders has received both praise and criticism for most of its storylines, which have dealt with difficult themes including violence, rape, murder and child abuse. Since its premiere in 1985,EastEnders has had a large impact on British popular culture and has frequently been referred to in many different media, including songs and television programmes.
The show's first broadcast saw a mixed reaction from viewers. ASunday People poll of 600 viewers showed 56% of respondents did not enjoy the episode, as the audience were unsure about the show's "coarse" and "bawdy" dialogue.[8]The Guardian critic Hugh Herbert wrote that it would "probably take a year before anyone knows whether the BBC has got it right".[8] The show, regardless, became one of theBBC's most successful shows of the 1980s, which was credited with the reveal thatDen Watts was the father ofMichelle Fowler's baby.[8] Following the first broadcast, the show was also criticised byCockney viewers for lacking humour and realism.[380]
Mary Whitehouse, social critic, argued at the time thatEastEnders represented a violation of "family viewing time" and that it undermined thewatershed policy. She regardedEastEnders as a fundamental assault on the family and morality itself. She made reference to representation of family life and emphasis on psychological and emotional violence within the show. She was also critical of language such as "bleeding", "bloody hell", "bastard" and "for Christ's sake"; however, Whitehouse also praised the programme, describingMichelle Fowler's decision not to have an abortion as a "very positive storyline". She also felt thatEastEnders had been cleaned up as a result of her protests, though she later commented thatEastEnders had returned to its old ways. Her criticisms were widely reported in the tabloid press as ammunition in its existing hostility towards the BBC. The stars ofCoronation Street in particular aligned themselves with Mary Whitehouse, gaining headlines such as "STREETS AHEAD! RIVALS LASH SEEDY EASTENDERS" and "CLEAN UP SOAP! Street Star Bill Lashes "Steamy" EastEnders".[381]
EastEnders has been criticised for being too violent, most notably during adomestic violence storyline betweenLittle Mo Morgan (Kacey Ainsworth) and her husbandTrevor Morgan (Alex Ferns). AsEastEnders is shown pre-watershed, there were worries that some scenes in this storyline were too graphic for its audience. Complaints against a scene in which Little Mo's face was pushed in gravy on Christmas Day were upheld by the Broadcasting Standards Council; however, a helpline after this episode attracted over 2000 calls.Erin Pizzey, who became internationally famous for having started one of the firstwomen's refuges, said thatEastEnders had done more to raise the issue of violence against women in one story than she had done in 25 years.[382] The character ofPhil Mitchell (played bySteve McFadden since early 1990) has been criticised on several occasions for glorifying violence and proving a bad role model to children. On one occasion following a scene in an episode broadcast in October 2002, where Phil brutally beat his godson,Jamie Mitchell (Jack Ryder), 31 complaints came from viewers.[383]
In 2003, cast memberShaun Williamson, who was in the final months of his role ofBarry Evans, said that the programme had become much grittier over the past 10 to 15 years, and found it "frightening" that parents let their young children watch.[384]
In 2005, the BBC was accused of anti-religious bias by aHouse of Lords committee, who citedEastEnders as an example.Indarjit Singh, editor of the Sikh Messenger and patron of the World Congress of Faiths, said: "EastEnders' Dot Cotton is an example. She quotes endlessly from the Bible and it ridicules religion to some extent."[385] In July 2010, complaints were received following the storyline of Christian ministerLucas Johnson (Don Gilet) committing a number of murders that he believed was his duty to God, claiming that the storyline was offensive to Christians.[386]
In 2008,EastEnders, along withCoronation Street, was criticised byMartin McGuinness, then Northern Ireland's deputy first minister, for "the level of concentration around the pub" and the "antics portrayed in The [...] Queen Vic".[387]
In 2017, viewers complained on Twitter about scenes implying thatKeanu Taylor (Danny Walters) is the father of his 15-year-old sisterBernadette Taylor's (Clair Norris) unborn baby, with the pair agreeing to keep the pregnancy secret from their mother,Karen Taylor (Lorraine Stanley); however, the baby's father is revealed as one of Bernadette's school friends.[388][389][390]
In 1997,several episodes were shot and set in Ireland, resulting in criticisms for portraying the Irish in a negatively stereotypical way. Ted Barrington, the Irish ambassador to the UK at the time, described the portrayal of Ireland as an "unrepresentative caricature", stating he was worried by the negative stereotypes and the images of drunkenness, backwardness and isolation.Jana Bennett, the BBC's then director of production, later apologised for the episodes, stating on BBC1's news bulletin: "It is clear that a significant number of viewers have been upset by the recent episodes ofEastEnders, and we are very sorry, because the production team and programme makers did not mean to cause any offence." A year later BBC chairman Christopher Bland admitted that as result of the Irish-set EastEnders episodes, the station failed in its pledge to represent all groups accurately and avoid reinforcing prejudice.[391]
In 2008, the show was criticised for stereotyping their Asian and Black characters, by having a black single mother,Denise Fox (Diane Parish), and an Asian shopkeeper,Zainab Masood (Nina Wadia).[392] There has been criticism that the programme does not authentically portray the ethnic diversity of the population of East London,[393][394] with the programme being "twice as white" as the real East End.[395]
In 1992, writerDavid Yallop successfully sued the BBC for £68,000 after it was revealed he had been hired by producerMike Gibbon in 1989 to pen several controversial storylines in an effort to "slim down" the cast; however, after Gibbon left the programme, executive producers chose not to use Yallop's storylines, which put the BBC in breach of the contract Yallop had signed with them.[396] Unused storylines penned by Yallop, which were revealed in the press during the trial, included the death ofCindy Beale's (Michelle Collins) infant sonSteven;Sufia Karim (Rani Singh) being killed during a shotgun raid at the corner shop;Pauline Fowler (Wendy Richard) dying of undiscovered cancer;[397] and anIRA explosion at the Walford community centre, killingPete Beale (Peter Dean) andDiane Butcher (Sophie Lawrence), and leavingSimon Wicks (Nick Berry) paralysed below the waist.[398] A suicide was also planned, but the character this storyline was assigned to was not revealed.[399]
Some storylines have provoked high levels of viewer complaints. In August 2006, a scene involvingCarly Wicks (Kellie Shirley) andJake Moon (Joel Beckett) having sex on the floor ofScarlet nightclub, and another scene involvingOwen Turner (Lee Ross) violently attackingDenise Fox (Diane Parish), prompted 129 and 128 complaints, respectively.[400]
In March 2008, scenes showingTanya Branning (Jo Joyner) and boyfriendSean Slater (Robert Kazinsky) burying Tanya's husbandMax (Jake Wood) alive attracted many complaints. The UK communications regulatorOfcom later found that the episodes depicting the storyline were in breach of the 2005 Broadcasting Code. They contravened the rules regarding protection of children by appropriate scheduling, appropriate depiction of violence before the 9 p.m. watershed and appropriate depiction of potentially offensive content.[401] In September 2008,EastEnders began a grooming and paedophilia storyline involving charactersTony King (Chris Coghill),Whitney Dean (Shona McGarty),Bianca Jackson (Patsy Palmer),Lauren Branning (Madeline Duggan) andPeter Beale (Thomas Law). The storyline attracted over 200 complaints.[402]
In December 2010,Ronnie Branning (Samantha Womack) swapped her newborn baby, whodied in cot, withKat Moon's (Jessie Wallace) living baby. Around 3,400 complaints were received, with viewers branding the storyline "insensitive", "irresponsible" and "desperate".[403] Roz Laws from theSunday Mercury called the plot "shocking and ridiculous" and asked "are we really supposed to believe that Kat won't recognise that the baby looks different?"[404] TheFoundation for the Study of Infant Deaths (FSID) praised the storyline, and its director Joyce Epstein explained, "We are very grateful toEastEnders for their accurate depiction of the devastating effect that the sudden death of an infant can have on a family. We hope that this story will help raise the public's awareness of cot death, which claims 300 babies' lives each year."[405] By 7 January, that storyline had generated the most complaints in show history: the BBC received about 8,500 complaints, and media regulatorOfcom received 374; however, despite the controversy,EastEnders pulled in rating highs of 9–10 million throughout the duration of the storyline.[406][407][408]
In October 2014, the BBC defended a storyline, after receiving 278 complaints about 6 October 2014 episode where pub landladyLinda Carter (Kellie Bright) was raped byDean Wicks (Matt Di Angelo).[409] On 17 November 2014 it was announced thatOfcom will investigate over the storyline.[410] On 5 January 2015, the investigation was cleared by Ofcom. A spokesman of Ofcom said: "After carefully investigating complaints about this scene, Ofcom found the BBC took appropriate steps to limit offence to viewers. This included a warning before the episode and implying the assault, rather than depicting it. Ofcom also took into account the programme's role in presenting sometimes challenging or distressing social issues."[411]
In 2022,EastEnders aired their firstmale rape scene which sawLewis Butler (Aidan O'Callaghan) rapeBen Mitchell (Max Bowden). The BBC received complaints from viewers who were unhappy with the content in the episode. Viewers felt that the scenes were too violent and graphic for a pre-watershed time slot. The BBC responded by stating: "EastEnders has been a pre-watershed BBC One staple for over 37 years and has a rich history of dealing with challenging and difficult issues and Ben's story is one of these. We have worked closely with organisations and experts in the field to tell this story which we hope will raise awareness of sexual assaults and the issues surrounding them. We are always mindful of the timeslot in whichEastEnders is shown and we took great care to signpost this storyline prior to transmission, through on-air continuity and publicity as well as providing a BBC Action Line at the end of the episode which offers advice and support to those affected by the issue".[412]
In 2010,EastEnders came under criticism from the police for the way that they were portrayed during the "Who Killed Archie?" storyline. During the storyline,DCI Jill Marsden (Sophie Stanton) andDC Wayne Hughes (Jamie Treacher) talk to locals about the case and Hughes accepts a bribe. The police claimed that such scenes were "damaging" to their reputation and added that the characterDC Deanne Cunningham (Zoë Henry) was "irritatingly inaccurate". In response to the criticism,EastEnders apologised for offending real life detectives and confirmed that it uses a police consultant for such storylines.[413]
In October 2012, a storyline involvingLola Pearce (Danielle Harold), forced to hand over her babyLexi Pearce, was criticised by the charity The Who Cares? Trust, who called the storyline an "unhelpful portrayal" and said it had already received calls from members of the public who were "distressed about theEastEnders scene where a social worker snatches a baby from its mother's arms".[414] The scenes were also condemned by the British Association of Social Workers (BASW), calling the BBC "too lazy and arrogant" to correctly portray the child protection process, and saying that the baby was taken "without sufficient grounds to do so". Bridget Robb, acting chief of the BASW, said the storyline provoked "real anger among a profession well used to a less than accurate public and media perception of their jobs ..EastEnders' shabby portrayal of an entire profession has made a tough job even tougher."[415]
Many books have been written aboutEastEnders. Notably, from 1985 to 1988, author and television writer Hugh Miller wrote 17 novels, detailing the lives of many of the show's original characters before 1985, when events on screen took place.
Kate Lock also wrote four novels centred on more recent characters;Steve Owen (Martin Kemp),Grant Mitchell (Ross Kemp),Bianca Jackson (Patsy Palmer) andTiffany Mitchell (Martine McCutcheon). Lock also wrote a character guide entitledWho's Who in EastEnders (ISBN 978-0-563-55178-2) in 2000, examining main characters from the first 15 years of the show.
Show creatorsJulia Smith andTony Holland also wrote a book about the show in 1987, entitledEastEnders: The Inside Story (ISBN 978-0-563-20601-9), telling the story of how the show made it to screen. Two special anniversary books have been written about the show;EastEnders: The First 10 Years: A Celebration (ISBN 978-0-563-37057-4) byColin Brake in 1995 andEastEnders: 20 Years in Albert Square (ISBN 978-0-563-52165-5) by Rupert Smith in 2005.
The Carters on EastEnders are one of the central families that storylines are based around
Hardman Johnny Allen was your typical East End gangster – proper.
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