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Apublic university orpublic college is a university or college that isowned by the state or receives significant funding from a government. Whether anational university is considered public varies from one country (or region) to another, largely depending on the specific education landscape. In contrast aprivate university is usually owned and operated by a private corporation (not-for-profit or for profit). Both types are often regulated, but to varying degrees, by the government.
In Algeria, public universities are a key part of the education system, and education is considered a right for all citizens. Access to these universities requires passing the Baccalaureate (Bac) exam, with each institution setting its own grade requirements (out of 20) for different majors and programs. Notable public universities include theUniversity of Algiers,University of Oran, andUniversity of Mentouri Constantine.
In Egypt,Al-Azhar University was founded in 970 AD as amadrasa; it formally became a public university in 1961 and is one of the oldest institutions of higher education in the world. In the 20th century,Egypt opened many other public universities with government-subsidized tuition fees, includingCairo University in 1908,Alexandria University in 1912,Assiut University in 1928,Ain Shams University in 1957,Helwan University in 1959,Beni-Suef University in 1963,Zagazig University in 1974,Benha University in 1976, andSuez Canal University in 1989.
InKenya, the Ministry of Education controls all public universities. Students enroll after completing a8–4–4 educational program system and attaining a mark of C+ or above. Students who meet the criteria set annually by the Kenya Universities and Colleges Central Placement Service receive government sponsorship, with the government providing part of their university or college fees. Students are also eligible for a low-interest loan from the Higher Education Loan Board; students must pay back the loan after completing their higher education.
InNigeria, both the federal and state governments may establish public universities.
South Africa has 26 public universities which are members of universities in South Africa.[1] These are categorized as traditional or comprehensive universities.
InTunisia, theMinistry of Higher Education and Scientific Research controls public universities and guarantees admission to students who earn aTunisian Baccalaureate. Using a state website, the students make a wish list of the universities they want to attend, with the highest-ranking students getting priority choices. Universities rank students according to the results of their baccalaureate.
There are forty public universities inBangladesh.[2] They are overseen by theUniversity Grants Commission which was created by the government in 1973.
Most universities inBrunei are public.
In thePeople's Republic of China, nearly all universities and research institutions are public. Typically,provincial governments run public universities. However, some are administered bymunicipal governments or arenational, which thecentral government directly administers. Private undergraduate colleges exist but are primarilyvocational colleges sponsored by private entities. Private universities usually cannot award bachelor's degrees. Public universities tend to enjoy ahigher reputation domestically and globally.[3][4][5]
TheUniversity Grants Committee funds eight public universities in Hong Kong. TheHong Kong Academy for Performing Arts also receives funding from thegovernment. There are four self-financing universities, namelyHong Kong Metropolitan University,Hong Kong Shue Yan University,Hang Seng University of Hong Kong, andSaint Francis University.
In India, most universities and nearly all research institutions are public. Some private undergraduate colleges exist but most are engineering schools that are affiliated with public universities. Private schools can be partially aided by the national or state governments. India also has an "open" public university, theIndira Gandhi National Open University which offers distance education. In terms of the number of enrolled students, it is now the largest university in the world with over four million students.
InIndonesia, the government supports public universities in each province. Funding comes through the Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology and the provincial and municipal governments.
Some of the public universities inIran offer tuition-free and tuition-based programs. State-run universities are highly selective and competitive.
There are nine official universities in Israel, a few dozen colleges, and about a dozen foreign university extensions. TheCouncil for Higher Education in Israel supervises all of these institutions academically. Only a university, not a college, can issue doctorate degrees in Israel.
In Japan, public universities are run by local governments, either prefectural or municipal. According to theMinistry of Education, public universities have "provided an opportunity for higher education in a region and served the central role of intellectual and cultural base for the local community in the region" and are "expected to contribute to social, economical and cultural development in the region".[6] This contrasts with the research-oriented aspects of national universities.
In 2010, 127,872 students were attending 95 public universities, compared to 86national universities and 597 private universities in Japan. Many public universities are relatively new; in 1980, there were only 34 public universities in Japan. Since July 2003, public universities may incorporate under the Local Independent Administrative Institutions Law.[7]
InSouth Korea, most public universities are national. There are 29 national universities, eighteen special universities, and ten educational universities. In addition, there are two national colleges and theKorea National Open University which offers distance learning. TheUniversity of Seoul is a public municipal university.
Manas University in Kyrgyzstan is a public higher education institution that offers associate degrees, undergraduate degrees, and graduate and postgraduate degrees.[8]
TheUniversity of Macau,Macao Polytechnic University, andMacao University of Tourism are the public universities inMacau.
There are twenty public universities inMalaysia, funded by the government but governed as self-managed institutions.
Tribhuvan University was the first public university inNepal. It operates through six different institutes and is affiliated with various colleges. There are government-fundedPurbanchal University andPokhara University.
There are 107 public universities inPakistan, compared to 76 private universities.[9]University of the Punjab is the biggest public university, followed byUniversity of Karachi. The public universities receive guidance and recognition from theHigher Education Commission.
There are more than 500 public higher education institutions in thePhilippines that are controlled and managed by theCommission on Higher Education. Of the 500, 436 are state colleges and universities, 31 local colleges and universities, and a handful of community colleges. In 2008, the Philippine Congress passed Republic Act 9500, declaring theUniversity of the Philippines as the national university to distinguish it from all other state universities and colleges. Other notable public colleges and universities include thePolytechnic University of the Philippines,Technological University of the Philippines,Philippine Normal University,Batangas State University, andMindanao State University.
There are six autonomous public universities in Singapore, includingNational University of Singapore founded in 1905,Nanyang Technological University founded 1981,Singapore Management University founded in 2000,Singapore University of Technology and Design andSingapore Institute of Technology founded in 2009, andSingapore University of Social Sciences founded in 2017.
InSri Lanka, there are seventeen public universities. Most public universities are funded by the government through theUniversity Grants Commission, which handles undergraduate placements and staff appointments.[10] The top institutions include theUniversity of Peradeniya founded in 1942 and theUniversity of Colombo founded in 1921. Sri Lanka also has a joint service military university, theGeneral Sir John Kotelawala Defence University, which is operated by theMinistry of Defence.
One-third of the 150 universities inTaiwan are public. Because the Taiwanese government provides funding to public universities, their students pay less than half the tuition fees of those at private universities. Ten public universities were established before the 1980s and are the most prestigious in Taiwan. As a result, most students choose public universities for their tertiary education.
In the late 19th centuryThailand, there was a high demand for professional talent by the central government. In 1899, the King founded the School for Training of Civil Officials near the northern gate of the royal palace. Graduates from the school became royal pages, a traditional entrance into the Mahattai Ministry or other government ministries. As of 2019, Thailand has nineteen public universities.
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InAustria, most universities are public. The state regulates tuition fees, making costs the same for all public universities. Except for some fields of study, notably medicine, all Austrians who pass theMatura exam have the right to attend any public university. Overenrolled degree programs have introduced additional entrance exams that students must pass in the first year or before starting the degree, especially with scientific subjects such as biology, chemistry, and physics. Private universities have existed since 1999 but are considered easier than public universities and thus hold less esteem.
All public universities inBelgium were operated under the legislation of thenational government until higher education was moved to the control of the threecommunities in 1990. Consequently, theFlemish, theFrench, and theGerman communities determine which institutes of higher education organize and issue diplomas.
Until the 1970s, Belgium had two state universities: theUniversity of Liège (ULiège) and theGhent University (UGent), both founded in 1817. These are often referred to as the two historic state universities. In 1965, small specialized single-faculty public institutions were recognized as universities, including theFaculty of Veterinary Medicine and theGembloux Agro-Bio Tech; both are now part of theUniversity of Liège.
The Belgian state created smaller public universities that have since merged with larger institutions, including the public university at Mons in 1965 which became part of theUniversity of Mons in 2009. The state-created university founded inAntwerp in 1971 is now part ofUniversity of Antwerp.Hasselt University started as a state-created public institution managed by theProvince of Limburg. Similarly, theProvince of Luxembourg managed the state-created public university inArlon which became part of ULiège in 2004.
Since 1891, private universities have gradually become state-recognized and funded. Some private, mostly Catholic, organizations are called free institutions, as in administratively free from the state despite being state-funded. As of 2022, the communities fund all recognized universities, public and private, which follow the same rules and laws.
The state runs most public universities inCroatia. Students who perform well academically pay only administrative fees which are less than €100 per year. Students who fail multiple classes in a year must retake the courses and pay a partial or full tuition fee.
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Almost all universities inDenmark are public and are held in higher esteem than their private counterparts. Danish students attend university for free.
All universities inFinland are public and free of charge.
Mostuniversities andgrandes écoles in France are public and charge very low tuition fees—less than €1000 per year. Major exceptions aresemi-privategrandes écoles such asHEC,EMLyon orINSEAD.
Article L731-14 of the Code de l'éducation states that "private higher education establishments can in no case take the title of university." Nevertheless, many private institutions, such as theCatholic University of Lille or theCatholic University of Lyon, use the university as their marketing name.
Most higher education institutions in Germany are public and operated by thestates. All professors are public servants. Public universities are generally held in higher esteem than their private counterparts. From 1972 through 1998, public universities were tuition-free; however, some states have since adopted low tuition fees.
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According to theconstitution of Greece,higher education institutions (HEI) include universities, technical universities, and specialist institutions. HEI undergraduate programs are government-funded and do not charge tuition. A quarter of HEI postgraduate programs are tuition-free. After individual assessments, thirty percent of Greek students are entitled to attend any of the statutory postgraduate programs without tuition fees. Founded as a national institution in 1926, theAcademy of Athens is the highest research establishment in Greece.
Private higher education institutions cannot operate in Greece and are not recognized as degree-awarding bodies by the Greek government.
In Ireland, nearly all universities, institutes of technology, colleges, and some third-level institutions are public. The state pays the cost of educating undergraduates, although students must contribute approximately €3,000. There are a few private institutions of higher learning, such as theNational College of Ireland. However, none of the private institutions have university status and are highly specialized.
Almost all universities in Italy are public but have institutional autonomy by law. The Italian state provides the majority of university funding. Therefore, students pay relatively low tuition fees, set by each university according to the student's family wealth, the course of study, and exam performance. A few scholarships are available for the best low-income students at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. However, for research, private funding ranges from low to non-existent, compared to most European countries.
TheNetherlands Ministry of Education funds most public universities. Dutch citizens and those from European Union countries pay an annual tuition fee for their first bachelor's or master's degree; the fee was €1,951 in 2015.[11] Non-European Union students and students who want to complete a second bachelor's or master's degree pay a legal school fee. Annually, these legal school fees range between €7,000 for bachelor programs and €30,000 for master's programs in medicine. The Ministry of Education supervises all universities, including private institutions.
Most of the universities inNorway are public and state-funded.
InPoland, public universities are established by Acts of Parliament. The government pays all tuition fees and other costs of public university students. In contrast, private citizens, societies, or companies operate private universities that charge tuition fees directly to students. These institutions are generally held in lower regard than public universities. A small number of private universities do not charge fees, such asJohn Paul II Catholic University of Lublin.
There are thirteen public universities, auniversity institute, and adistance university in Portugal.Higher education in Portugal provided by state-run institutions is not free; students must pay a tuition fee. However, the tuition fee is lower than that of private universities. The highest tuition fee allowed by law in public universities is €697 per year as of 2022.[12] Public universities include some of the most selective and demanding higher learning institutions in Portugal.
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In Russia, about 7.5 million students study in thousands of universities. Founded in 1755,Moscow State University is a public research university and the most prestigious university in Russia.Saint Petersburg State University is a state-owned university that was founded in 1724; it is managed by thegovernment of the Russian Federation.
InSerbia, over 85% of college students study at state-operated public universities.[13] Academically well-performing students pay only administrative fees of less than €100 per year. Students who fail multiple classes in a year and have to retake them, pay a partial or full tuition fee, ranging from €500 to €2000 per year.[14] Private universities have existed in Serbia since 1989 but are held in less esteem because they are generally less academically rigorous than the public universities.
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Of the 74 universities in Spain, 54 are public and funded by theautonomous community in which they are based. University funding differs by region. However, the central government establishes homogeneous tuition fees for all public universities which are much lower than those of their private counterparts. The highest tuition fee allowed by law was, as of 2010, €14.97 per academic credit, amounting to roughly €900 a year for an average 60-credit full-time course.[15] Tuition fees at private universities might reach €18,000 a year.
Public universities are state-owned but are granted considerable independence and self-governance. However, public universities do not have free use of their assets and are subject to Spanish administrative law. Public university administrators, lecturers, and professors are granted civil servant status rather than tenure. A Spanish civil servant can only be fired under exceptional and well-justified circumstances. Research funding is allocated by the autonomous community or the central government; in the former, funding amount and conditions vary significantly from one independent community to another.
Most universities in Sweden are public.Education in Sweden is free, so students do not pay tuition at any Swedish university.
In 2016, there were 183 universities and academies in Turkey, including 118 state universities, fivetechnical universities, twoinstitutes of technology, and onefine arts university. Turkey's higher learning institutions are governed by the Ministry of Higher Education orYÖK Ministry.[16] Of the 65 private foundation universities, seven are two-year granting institutions. In addition, there are special institutions, including fourmilitary academies and onepolice academy.
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After the collapse of theSoviet Union, there were 910 higher educational institutions on the territory ofUkraine, and over the years there has been a tendency to reduce their number. Despite the decline of universities, the number of university students increased from 881,000 in 1990/1991 to 2.4 million in 2007/2008.Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, founded in 1834 and located inKyiv, is one of the most prestigious universities in Ukraine.National University of Kharkiv was founded in 1804 in Kharkiv and since then has become one of the largest universities in Eastern Europe.
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In the United Kingdom, the government does not own universities. However, universities are considered public if they receive funding for teaching or research from one of the funding councils.
The right to award degrees and use the title university or university college is granted by thePrivy Council for institutions inScotland,Wales, andNorthern Ireland and by theOffice for Students for institutions in England.[17] All universities are autonomous and legally independent of the state, but are still regulated by the government. The degree of regulation varies between the countries and depends on the university's constitutional form and whether it receives public funding. Most universities in the United Kingdom receive public funding through block grants from the Office for Students (England), theHigher Education Funding Council for Wales, theDepartment for the Economy (Northern Ireland), or theScottish Funding Council. There are only six fully-fledgedprivate universities in the United Kingdom that do not receive block grants, all in England.
Universities and other higher education providers that receive block grants are treated as public authorities under theEquality Act 2010 and theFreedom of Information Act 2000 (theFreedom of Information (Scotland) Act 2002 for institutions in Scotland). They are also likely to be considered a public authority under the Human Rights Act 1998.[18][19][20] Universities incorporated as higher education corporations are regarded as public authorities for some purposes, even if they do not receive public funding.[21]
If a university in England receives public funding, the government regulates thetuition fees the university can charge.[a] In addition, registration as a higher education provider is obligatory for English universities, whether or not they are publicly funded, and requires adherence to public interest governance principles.[23] All registered providers in England must also be members of theOffice of the Independent Adjudicator.[24]
However, direct government funding for universities has declined since 2012.[25] Between 2014 and 2018, funding council grants dropped from 18% to 15% forUniversity College London (a large research university), 17% to 11% forDurham University (a small research university), and 15% to 8% for theUniversity of Hertfordshire (a teaching-focused university).[26][27][28][29][30]
Each of the four nations within the United Kingdom is responsible for higher education as adevolved matter and have adopted different methods of support for resident students. Scotland offers free tuition for residents for their first undergraduate degree in Scotland.[31][32][b] The Welsh Government provides means-tests grants and loans to students, based on family income; the funding follows Welsh students, even if they choose to study outside of Wales.[33] England and Northern Ireland expect students to take out student loans to cover the cost of tuition.
TheUniversity of London was government controlled from its establishment as an examining board in 1836 to its reconstitution as a more traditional teaching university in 1900. It has been described as "what today would be called aquango", operating out of government premises, staffed by civil servants, and directly accountable to the Treasury for its expenditure.[34][35]
Until 2019, the governing documents of publicly funded universities could only be modified with permission from the Privy Council. For the majority of publicly funded universities in England, theHigher Education and Research Act 2017 replaced Privy Council oversight with public interest governance regulations from the Office for Students.[c] However, Privy Council oversight continues for almost all English institutions that were in the university sector before 1992, and would continue even if they were to cease to be publicly funded, due to their constitutional form as civil corporations,[d]statutory corporations,[e] or aschartered corporations.[f][36][37]
In Canada, education is aconstitutional responsibility of the individualprovinces. Provincial governments established theUniversity of Toronto on theOxbridge model and theUniversity of Alberta andUniversity of Manitoba in the pattern of American state universities.
Many older universities in Canada were privatelyendowed such asMcGill University or founded by church denominations, such asMount Allison University (United Church),Université Laval (Catholic),St Mary's University (Catholic),Queen's University at Kingston (Presbyterian),Dalhousie University (Nonsectarian),St. Francis Xavier University (Catholic),McMaster University (Baptist), and theUniversity of Ottawa (Catholic); these became publicly funded and secular in the 20th century. All major Canadian universities are now publicly funded but maintaininstitutional autonomy, with the ability to decide admission, tuition, and governance.
InCosta Rica, public universities include theUniversity of Costa Rica, theNational University, theDistance State University,National Technical University and theCosta Rica Institute of Technology.
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Mexico has both public and private universities, with wide variation in terms of cost, academic performance, and organization. The most reputable and largest university, theNational Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), is publicly funded and virtually free, while also independent from the government.Instituto Politécnico Nacional is a federally-administered public university. Several public state universities follow an autonomous model similar to UNAM, includingUniversidad de Guadalajara andUniversidad Autónoma de Nuevo León. However, these state universities do not receive as much public funding, which means higher tuition fees.
InPanama, there are five public universities, including theUniversity of Panama and theTechnological University of Panama. Public universities are state-funded with no cost or minimal tuition, around US$1,500 over four years. Public universities operate autonomously, without intervention from the state. Public universities are prestigious due to their free or low-cost nature,[clarification needed] which removes financial incentives to pass and retain students.
In the United States, almost all public universities were founded, and are operated bystate governments and rely on subsidies from their respective states. They often have large enrollments, extensive facilities, and large budgets. However, support for public universities has declined in recent decades, forcing many public universities to seek private donations or raise tuition and fees. The percentage of state appropriations at public universities has fallen from 78% in 1974 to 43% in 2000.[38] States generally charge higher tuition to out-of-state students because in-state students or their parents have previously subsidized the university by paying state taxes.
Theoldest public universities in the United States are theUniversity of Georgia, founded in 1785, and theUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, founded in 1789.[a] TheCollege of William & Mary, founded in 1693, andRutgers University, founded in 1766, were two of the ninecolonial colleges. Both were private universities until the 20th century, with William & Mary becoming public in 1908 and Rutgers in 1945.
Every state has at least one public university and the largest states have more than thirty. This is partly a result of 1862Morrill Land-Grant Acts, which gave eligible states 30,000 acres (12,141 ha) of federal land to sell to finance public universities that emphasized studies in agriculture and mechanical arts.[39][b] TheUniversity of Wisconsin,Iowa State University,Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, and theUniversity of Missouri were early land-grant colleges.[40] Targeted at the Southern states, theAgricultural College Act of 1890 required states to establish land-grant universities for African Americans if they were excluded from the state's existing land-grant institutions.[39][40] TheCivil Rights Act of 1964, theHigher Education Act of 1965, and theEducation Amendments of 1972, made public universities even more accessible for women, minorities, and lower-income applicants.[41]
A number of U.S. public universities began as teacher training institutions, often namednormal schools or teachers colleges, and eventually expanded into comprehensive universities. Examples include theUniversity of California, Los Angeles;Arizona State University; theUniversity of Wisconsin–Milwaukee; andMissouri State University. There are also publictribal colleges and universities operated by Native Americans, and some colleges where amunicipal government is an owner or part of governance such as theCity University of New York andQuincy College. Federally chartered public universities include theUnited States service academies that are administered by theUnited States Department of Defense and theHaskell Indian Nations University, which theBureau of Indian Affairs governs. TheUniversity of the District of Columbia is the public university in Washington, D.C., overseen by theGovernment of the District of Columbia under authority devolved from Congress underDistrict of Columbia home rule. Private universities in the District of Columbia also hold federal charters but are not public.
Historically, several prestigious universities in the United States are private, most notably theIvy League. Nonetheless, a number of public universities are highly prestigious and selective. One purpose of such public schools is to provide equivalent education to a much larger and wider number of students than private schools did. Many public universities are elected members of theAssociation of American Universities or maybe informally referred to as aPublic Ivies. For example, theUniversity of California, Berkeley is oftenranked as a top-ten university in the world and the top public university in the United States.[42][43][44] There are a number of publicliberal arts colleges, including the members of theCouncil of Public Liberal Arts Colleges.
Community colleges in the United States are generally public colleges. They typically offerassociate's degrees for two academic years of post-secondary school. In contrast, bachelor's degrees from universities represent four academic years of post-secondary school. In the 21st century, some community colleges have added bachelor's degree programs, particularly in applied career-focused subjects.
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Australia has 43 universities, with 37 being public universities.[45] TheGroup of Eight includes some of the oldest public universities in Australia, including theUniversity of Queensland,University of Sydney,University of Melbourne,University of New South Wales,University of Adelaide,University of Western Australia,Australian National University, andMonash University.
TheAustralian Technology Network of public universities grew from the former Institutes of Technology and includeRMIT University,Queensland University of Technology,Curtin University, theUniversity of Technology Sydney, and theUniversity of South Australia. These former technology institutes gained university status in the late 1980s through the early 1990s due to the reforms made byJohn Dawkins, then Minister for Employment, Education, and Training.Innovative Research Universities represents several public research-intensive institutions, with most members being established in the 1960s and 1970s. The group includesCharles Darwin University,James Cook University,Griffith University,La Trobe University,Flinders University,Murdoch University, andWestern Sydney University.
TheRegional Universities Network includes seven regional Australian public universities, includingCentral Queensland University,Southern Cross University,Federation University, theUniversity of Southern Queensland, theUniversity of the Sunshine Coast,University of New England (Australia), andCharles Sturt University. The NUW Alliance consists of three public universities inNew South Wales:University of Newcastle,University of New South Wales, andUniversity of Wollongong.
In New Zealand, all eight universities are public. TheUniversity of Otago is the oldest and was established in 1869 byProvincial Ordinance. From 1870 to 1961, theUniversity of New Zealand was effectively a single university structure with constituent colleges located inAuckland,Wellington,Christchurch, andDunedin. In 1961, the New Zealand Parliament dissolved the constituent colleges to form four independent universities:University of Auckland,Victoria University of Wellington,University of Canterbury, andUniversity of Otago. This change also established a new university in Hamilton, theUniversity of Waikato.
Two former agricultural colleges,Massey University andLincoln University, became universities in 1963 and 1990, respectively.Auckland University of Technology was established in 2000 by anOrder in Council under the Education Act 1989.[46]
InArgentina, the national universities, also called public or state-run universities, were created by a National Congress Act. The exception is universities that predate the state, such as theNational University of Córdoba and theUniversity of Buenos Aires that are public law legal entities. The Argentinian government sets funding for public universities through the annual national budget act.
National universities are located in all provinces and serve over eighty percent of the country's undergraduate population. These universities are tuition-free for students, as is access to books in the universities' libraries. Students typically purchase course books and studying materials; scholarships are available for low-income students.
Argentina's national universities account for over fifty percent of the country'sscientific research and provide technical assistance to the public and private sectors.
In Brazil, the federal or state governments fund a few hundred public universities, including theUniversity of São Paulo, theUniversity of Campinas, theFederal University of Rio Grande do Sul, theFederal University of Rio de Janeiro, theFederal University of Minas Gerais, theFederal University of Bahia, and the Federal Institutes.
The Brazilian Federal Constitution establishes the right to attend public universities free of tuition or entrance fees. Because public universities have thousands of applicants annually, only the best students can pass the entrance examinations. The examinations are eithervestibular (specific to the university) or the country-wideENEM. Since 2005, the Brazilian government has offered some tuition grants to enable students experiencing poverty to attend private universities.
At many public universities, there are quotas of around fifty percent for students whose secondary (high school) education was entirely in a public-funded school. Public universities also have racial quotas, usually restricted to students from public high schools. Some universities give extra points on their admission tests instead of using a quota system. For example, at theFederal University of Minas Gerais, public high school students are granted a 10% bonus over their test grade, and public school students who declare themselves black or pardo (mixed-race) receive a 15% bonus.
Public universities are responsible for granting nearly all the graduate degrees in Brazil, including doctorates and masters which are called doutorado and mestrado, respectively. Professors at public universities are public servants, tenured and hired through public application, with internationalresearch publications being a significant criterion. A public university professor's teaching load is usually modest and leaves time for research. As a result, public university graduate programs are the primary source of Brazilian academic research.
In contrast, most private institutions are for-profit enterprises that hire teachers on an hourly basis and conduct comparatively little research; notable exceptions are a few private but non-profit universities affiliated with religious organizations, such as theMackenzie Presbyterian University of São Paulo and thePontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro.
In Chile, state-run universities are less expensive than private ones but are not tuition-free. Chile spends only four percent of its GDP on education, compared to the 7% recommended by the United Nations fordeveloped nations. As a result, students and their families must cover 75 percent of tuition costs for attending both public and private universities.
The most prestigious universities are the state-runUniversidad de Chile and the private with state fundingPontificia Universidad Católica de Chile,Universidad de Concepción, andUniversidad Técnica Federico Santa María. The Universidad de Chile is the country's leading research institution.
Historically, many of the prestigious universities inPeru have been public, including theNational University of San Marcos. Founded in May 1551, it is the top university in Peru and the oldest university in the Americas. To be admitted into one of the national public universities, students much have a high score on theadmission test.
In 2002, the most prestigious public universities joined and created the Strategic Alliance of Peruvian Universities, includingNational University of San Marcos,La Molina – National Agrarian University,National University of Engineering,Federico Villarreal University, and theNational University of Callao. Other public and private universities joined as an associate or advisory members.
[...] とりわけ公立大学は、その目的に加え、地方公共団体が設置・管理するという性格から、地域における高等教育機会の提供と、地域社会での知的・文化的拠点として中心的役割を担ってきており、今後とも、それぞれの地域における社会・経済・文化への貢献が期待されています。[...](Translation: [...] Especially, the public university, because of its goal as well as nature of the institute established and administered by local governments, has begun to offer opportunity of higher education and take the central role as informational and cultural center in regional community and has been expected to contribute to society, economics and culture in each community from now on. [...])
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