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Progressivism

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Political philosophy in support of social progress and reform
For other uses, seeProgressivism (disambiguation).

Part ofa series on
Progressivism
Part ofa series on
Liberalism

Progressivism is aleft-leaningpolitical philosophy andreformmovement that seeks to advance thehuman condition throughsocial reform.[1] Adherents hold that progressivism has universal application and endeavor to spread this idea to human societies everywhere. Progressivism arose during theAge of Enlightenment out of the belief thatcivility in Europe was improving due to the application of newempirical knowledge.[2]

In modern political discourse, progressivism is often associated withsocial liberalism,[3][4][5] a left-leaning type of liberalism, andsocial democracy.[6][7] Withineconomic progressivism, there is some ideological variety on the social liberal to social democrat continuum, as well as occasionally some variance on cultural issues; examples of this include someChristian democrat and conservative-leaningcommunitarian movements.[8][9] While many ideologies can fall under the banner of progressivism, both the current and historical movement are characterized by a critique of unregulated capitalism, desiring a more activedemocratic government to take a role in safeguardinghuman rights, bringing aboutcultural development, and being acheck-and-balance on corporatemonopolies.[6][7]

History

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From the Enlightenment to the Industrial Revolution

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Immanuel Kant, German philosopher
John Stuart Mill, English philosopher

Immanuel Kant identified progress as being a movement away frombarbarism towardcivilization.[10] 18th-century philosopher and political scientistMarquis de Condorcet predicted that political progress would involve the disappearance ofslavery, the rise ofliteracy, the lessening ofsex inequality,reform of prisons, which at the time were harsh, and the decline of poverty.[11]

Modernity or modernisation was a key form of the idea of progress as promoted byclassical liberals in the 19th and 20th centuries, who called for the rapid modernisation of the economy and society to remove the traditional hindrances tofree markets and thefree movements of people.[12]

In the late 19th century, a political view rose in popularity in theWestern world that progress was being stifled by vasteconomic inequality between the rich and the poor, minimally regulatedlaissez-faire capitalism with out-of-control monopolisticcorporations, intense and often violent conflict between capitalists and workers, with a need for measures to address these problems.[13] Progressivism has influenced various political movements.Social liberalism was influenced by Britishliberal philosopherJohn Stuart Mill's conception of people being "progressive beings."[14] British Prime MinisterBenjamin Disraeli developedprogressive conservatism underone-nationToryism.[15][16]

In France, the space betweensocial revolution and thesocially conservativelaissez-fairecentre-right was filled with the emergence ofradicalism which thought thatsocial progress requiredanti-clericalism,humanism, andrepublicanism. Especially anti-clericalism was the dominant influence on thecentre-left in many French- and Romance-speaking countries until the mid-20th century. InImperial Germany, ChancellorOtto von Bismarck enacted various progressivesocial welfare measures out ofpaternalistic conservative motivations to distance workers from thesocialist movement of the time and as humane ways to assist in maintaining theIndustrial Revolution.[17]

In 1891, theRoman Catholic Church encyclicalRerum novarum issued byPope Leo XIII condemned theexploitation of labor and urged support forlabor unions andgovernment regulation of businesses in the interests ofsocial justice while upholding theproperty right and criticising socialism.[18] A progressiveProtestant outlook called theSocial Gospel emerged in North America that focused on challenging economic exploitation and poverty and, by the mid-1890s, was common in many Protestant theological seminaries in the United States.[19]

20th century: U.S. Progressive Era, New Deal consensus, and post-war consensus

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Main articles:Progressive Era andNew Deal coalition
See also:Progressivism in the United States
Progressive Era

Early 20th-century progressivism included support for American engagement inWorld War I and the creation of and participation in theLeague of Nations,[20][21]compulsory sterilisation in Scandinavia,[22] andeugenics in Great Britain,[23] and thetemperance movement.[24][25] Progressives believed thatprogress was stifled byeconomic inequality, inadequately regulatedmonopolistic corporations, and conflict between workers and elites, arguing that corrective measures were needed.[26]

In the United States, progressivism began as an intellectual rebellion against the political philosophy ofConstitutionalism[27] as expressed byJohn Locke and theFounding Fathers of the American Republic, whereby the authority of government depends on observing limitations on its just powers.[28] What began as asocial movement in the 1890s grew into a popularpolitical movement referred to as theProgressive Era; in the1912 United States presidential election, all three U.S. presidential candidates claimed to be progressives. While the termprogressivism represents a range of diversepolitical pressure groups, not always united, progressives rejectedsocial Darwinism, believing that the problems society faced, such asclass warfare,greed,poverty,racism andviolence, could best be addressed by providing good education, a safe environment, and an efficient workplace. Progressives lived mainly in the cities, were college educated, and believed in a strong central government.[29] PresidentTheodore Roosevelt of theRepublican Party and later theProgressive Party declared that he "always believed that wise progressivism and wise conservatism go hand in hand."[30]

PresidentWoodrow Wilson was also a member of the American progressive movement within theDemocratic Party. Progressive stances have evolved.Imperialism was a controversial issue within progressivism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, particularly in the United States, where some progressives supportedAmerican imperialism while others opposed it.[31] In response toWorld War I, PresidentWoodrow Wilson'sFourteen Points established the concept of nationalself-determination and criticised imperialist competition and colonial injustices.Anti-imperialists supported these views in areas resisting imperial rule.[32]

New Deal and Post-war consensus

During the period of acceptance of economicKeynesianism (the 1930s–1970s), there was widespread acceptance in many nations of a large role forstate intervention in the economy. The "progressive" brand was frequently identified with supporters of the New Deal by the year 1936.[33] While the more progressiveSecond New Deal was more controversial in the public, the progressive consensus of the New Deal was strong, and even future moderate Republican presidents likeDwight D. Eisenhower andRichard Nixon worked to preserve it. The New Deal provided the context for future expansive progressive programs, especially theGreat Society measures ofLyndon Johnson's administration. With the rise ofneoliberalism and challenges to stateinterventionist policies in the 1970s and 1980s,centre-left progressive movements responded by adopting theThird Way, which emphasised a major role for themarket economy.[34] There have beensocial democrats who have called for the social-democratic movement to move past Third Way.[35] Prominentprogressive conservative elements in the BritishConservative Party, such as from the likes ofRab Butler,[36] promoted thepost-war consensus, and others have criticised neoliberalism.[37]

21st century and social democratic turn

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Part ofa series on
Social democracy
Senator Sanders andRepresentativeAlexandria Ocasio-Cortez, progressivesocialists

In the United States, both theProgressive Era and the modern movement are rooted in the notion that free markets lead to economic inequalities that can be fixed through governmental and protect the American working class.[38] In the 21st century, progressives continue to favorpublic policy that they theorize will reduce or lessen the harmful effects ofeconomic inequality and additionally are focused on ending systemicdiscrimination such asinstitutional racism; to advocate forsocial safety nets andworkers' rights; and to opposecorporate influence on the democratic process. The unifying theme is to call attention to the negative impacts of current institutions or ways of doing things and to advocate forsocial progress, i.e., for positive change as defined by any of several standards such as the expansion ofdemocracy, increasedegalitarianism in the form ofeconomic andsocial equality as well as improved well-being of a population. Proponents of social democracy have identified themselves as promoting the progressive cause.[39]

TheBernie Sanders 2016 presidential campaign road a wave of left-wing populist andprogressive sentiment coming out of the2008 financial crisis and theOccupy Wall Street movement. The campaign and Sanders himself praisedsocial democratic programs in Europe and supportedworkplace democracy viaunion democracy,worker cooperatives, andworkers' management ofpublic enterprises.[40][41][42][43][44] This continued into his2020 presidential campaign and theFighting Oligarchy tour withAlexandria Ocasio Cortez, sharply critiquingneoliberal capitalism.[45][46][44][47] Sanders and broader coalitions like theCongressional Progressive Caucus have called foruniversal,single-payer healthcare,living wage laws, reductions in military expenditure, increased corporate regulation, ending massincarceration, and strongmeasures to reverse climate change.[48] Some socialists and major socialist organizations have described Sanders as a democratic socialist,market socialist, orreformist socialist,[49][50][51][52] while others have called him a reformist social democrat.[53][54]

Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, 35th and 39thPresident of Brazil

Regional ideologies such asLulism inBrazil demonstrate the broadcoalitional andreformist nature of contemporary progressivism.Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva's2022 presidential comeback campaign was a progressive resurgence narrative focused on the working class andanti-corruption, running against incumbentright-wing populist PresidentJair Bolsonaro.[55][56][57] Lula was 17% ahead of Bolsonaro in a poll in January 2022 in what was seen as an early sign of shifting progressive sentiment in the voting population againstfar-right politics of the Bolsonaro government.[58] In the first round of the presidential election, Lula was in first place with 48% of the electorate, qualifying for the second round with Bolsonaro, who received 43% of the votes. Lula was elected in the second round on 30 October with 50.89% of the vote, the smallest margin in the history of Brazil's presidential elections.[59][60] Lulism features an overlaps in political parties, including the Workers' Party founded by Lula.[61] While seeing ademocratic socialist society as the ultimate goal, Lula has called for areformist "social liberal" approach to begin resolvingpoverty gap while acknowledging the reality of existing market structures.[62][63][64]

Types

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Cultural progressivism

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Progressivism, in the general sense, mainly means social and cultural progressivism. The termcultural liberalism is used in a substantially similar context and can be said to be a synonym for cultural progressivism.[65] Unlike progressives in a broader sense, some cultural progressives may be economicallycentrist,conservative, or politicallylibertarian. TheCzech Pirate Party is classified as a (cultural or social) progressive party,[66] and it calls itself "economically centrist and socially liberal".[67]

Economic progressivism

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Main article:Economic progressivism

Economic progressivism—alsoNew Progressive Economics[68]—is a term used to distinguish it fromprogressivism in cultural fields. Economic progressives may draw from a variety of economic traditions, includingdemocratic capitalism,democratic socialism,social democracy, andsocial liberalism. Overall, economic progressives' views are rooted in the concept ofsocial justice and thecommon good, and aim to improve the human condition throughgovernment regulation,social protections and the maintenance ofpublic goods.[69] Some economic progressives may showcentre-right views on cultural issues. These movements are related tocommunitarian conservative movements such asChristian democracy andone-nation conservatism.[8][9]

Techno progressivism

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Main article:Techno-progressivism

An early mention oftechno-progressivism appeared in 1999 as the removal of "all political, cultural, biological, and psychological limits to self-actualization and self-realization".[70] According to techno-progressivism, scientific and technical aspects of progress are linked to ethical and social developments in society. Therefore, according to the majority of techno-progressive viewpoints, advancements in science and technology will not be considered proper progress until and unless they are accompanied by a fair distribution of the costs, risks, and rewards of these new capabilities. Many techno-progressive critics and supporters believe that while improved democracy, increased justice, decreased violence, and a broader culture of rights are all desirable, they are insufficient on their own to address the problems of modern technological societies unless and until they are accompanied by scientific and technological advancements that uphold and apply these ideals.[71][72][self-published source?]

Progressive parties or parties with progressive factions

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Part of thePolitics Series
Party politics
iconPolitics portal

Current parties

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Former parties

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See also

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References

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Citations

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  1. ^"Progressivism in English".Oxford English Dictionary. Archived fromthe original on 21 March 2019. Retrieved2 May 2017.
  2. ^Harold Mah.Enlightenment Phantasies: Cultural Identity in France and Germany, 1750–1914. Cornell University. (2003). p. 157.
  3. ^Klaus P. Fischer, ed. (2007).America in White, Black, and Gray: A History of the Stormy 1960s. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 39.
  4. ^Great Courses, ed. (2014).The Modern Political Tradition: Episode 17: Progressivism and New Liberalism. Great Courses.[ISBN missing]
  5. ^Helen Hardacre; Timothy S. George; Keigo Komamura; Franziska Seraphim, eds. (2021).Japanese Constitutional Revisionism and Civic Activism. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 136, 162.[ISBN missing]
  6. ^abGerstle, Gary (2022).The Rise and Fall of the Neoliberal Order: America and the World in the Free Market Era.Oxford University Press.ISBN 978-0197519646.Archived from the original on 26 June 2022. Retrieved1 August 2024.The most sweeping account of how neoliberalism came to dominate American politics for nearly a half century before crashing against the forces of Trumpism on the right and a new progressivism on the left.
  7. ^ab"America Is Becoming a Social Democracy".Foreign Policy. 7 May 2021. Retrieved24 October 2024.
  8. ^ab"Did you know there's a third party based on Catholic teaching?".Catholic News Agency. 12 October 2016. Retrieved24 December 2021.Politically, we would be considered center-right on social issues
  9. ^ab"New political party says its roots are in Catholic Social Teaching". 26 November 2018. Retrieved17 November 2021.I was working on my doctoral dissertation largely concerning difficulties and opportunities for socially conservative, economically progressive movements, and desired to get involved in such movements ... and was glad to see that ASP was interested in applying such ways of thinking to contemporary issues.
  10. ^Kant, Immanuel; Reiss, Hans Siegbert (1991)."Kant: political writings". Cambridge [England]; New York: Cambridge University Press.
  11. ^Nisbet, Robert (1980).History of the Idea of Progress. New York: Basic Books. ch 5
  12. ^Joyce Appleby; Lynn Hunt & Margaret Jacob (1995).Telling the Truth about History. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 78.ISBN 9780393078916.
  13. ^Nugent, Walter (2010).Progressivism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. p. 2.ISBN 9780195311068.
  14. ^Alan Ryan.The Making of Modern Liberalism. p. 25.
  15. ^Patrick Dunleavy, Paul Joseph Kelly, Michael Moran.British Political Science: Fifty Years of Political Studies. Oxford, England; Malden, Massachusetts: Wiley-Blackwell, 2000. pp. 107–108.[ISBN missing]
  16. ^Robert Blake.Disraeli. Second Edition. London: Eyre & Spottiswoode (Publishers) Ltd, 1967. p. 524.[ISBN missing]
  17. ^ Union Contributions to Labor Welfare Policy and Practice: Past, Present, and Future. Routledge, 16, 2013. p. 172.[ISBN missing]
  18. ^Faith Jaycox.The Progressive Era. New York: Infobase Publishing, 2005. p. 85.
  19. ^Charles Howard Hopkins,The Rise of the Social Gospel in American Protestantism, 1865–1915 (1940).[page needed][ISBN missing]
  20. ^Freeden, Michael (2005).Liberal Languages: Ideological Imaginations and Twentieth-Century Progressive Thought.Princeton:Princeton University Press. pp. 144–165.ISBN 9780691116778.
  21. ^Ambrosius, Lloyd E. (April 2006). "Woodrow Wilson, Alliances, and the League of Nations".The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era.5 (2):139–165.doi:10.1017/S153778140000298X.S2CID 162853992.
  22. ^Roll-Hansen, Nils (1989). "Geneticists and the Eugenics Movement in Scandinavia".The British Journal for the History of Science.22 (3):335–346.doi:10.1017/S0007087400026194.JSTOR 4026900.PMID 11621984.S2CID 44566095.
  23. ^Leonard, Thomas (2005)."Retrospectives: Eugenics and Economics in the Progressive Era"(PDF).Journal of Economic Perspectives.19 (4):207–224.doi:10.1257/089533005775196642.Archived(PDF) from the original on 20 August 2017. Retrieved22 October 2017.
  24. ^James H. Timberlake,Prohibition and the Progressive Movement, 1900–1920 (1970)[page needed][ISBN missing]
  25. ^"Prohibition: A Case Study of Progressive Reform".Library of Congress. Retrieved4 October 2017.
  26. ^Nugent, Walter (2010).Progressivism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. p. 2.ISBN 9780195311068.
  27. ^Waluchow, Wil (17 August 2018). "Constitutionalism". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.).The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University – via Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
  28. ^Watson, Bradley (2020).Progressivism : the strange history of a radical idea. Notre Dame, Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press. p. 11.ISBN 9780268106973.
  29. ^"The Progressive Era (1890–1920)". The Eleanor Roosevelt Papers Project.Archived 20 January 2020 at theWayback Machine. Retrieved 31 September 2014.
  30. ^Lurie, Jonathan (2012).William Howard Taft: The Travails of a Progressive Conservative. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 196.
  31. ^Nugent, Walter (2010).Progressivism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. p. 33.ISBN 9780195311068.
  32. ^ Reconsidering Woodrow Wilson: Progressivism, Internationalism, War, and Peace. p. 309.[ISBN missing]
  33. ^Tugwell, R. G. (September 1950). "The New Deal: The Progressive Tradition".The Western Political Quarterly.3 (3):390–427.doi:10.2307/443352.JSTOR 443352.
  34. ^Jane Lewis, Rebecca Surender.Welfare State Change: Towards a Third Way?.Oxford University Press, 2004. pp. 3–4, 16.[ISBN missing]
  35. ^ After the Third Way: The Future of Social Democracy in Europe. I.B. Taurus, 2012. p. 47.[ISBN missing]
  36. ^Campbell, John (2010).Pistols at Dawn: Two Hundred Years of Political Rivalry from Pitt and Fox to Blair and Brown. p. 255.: Vintage.ISBN 978-1-845-95091-0.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  37. ^Hugh Bochel.The Conservative Party and Social Policy. The Policy Press, 2011. p. 108.[ISBN missing]
  38. ^Thomas C., Leonard (29 September 2016)."'The Dark Heart of Progressivism' by Matthew Harwood (Interview with Princeton economics professor)".The American Conservative. Retrieved18 June 2019.
  39. ^Henning Meyer, Jonathan Rutherford.The Future of European Social Democracy: Building the Good Society. Palgrave Macmillan, 2012. p. 108.[ISBN missing]
  40. ^Sanders, Bernie (26 May 2013)."What Can We Learn From Denmark?".HuffPost. Retrieved19 August 2013.
  41. ^Topaz, Jonathan; Schreckinger, Ben (6 July 2015)."The socialist surge".Politico. Retrieved18 August 2015. 'I believe that, in the long run, major industries in this state and nation should be publicly owned and controlled by the workers themselves,' he wrote in 1976.
  42. ^Stein, Jeff (28 May 2019)."Bernie Sanders backs 2 policies to dramatically shift corporate power to U.S. workers".The Washington Post. Retrieved9 March 2023.
  43. ^Sanders, Bernie (15 November 2016).Our Revolution: A Future to Believe In. New York: Thomas Dunne Books.ISBN 978-1-250-13292-5.
  44. ^abSanders, Bernie (2023).It's OK to Be Angry About Capitalism.Crown Publishing Group. p. 9.ISBN 978-0593238714.
  45. ^Al-Sheikh, Yaseen (23 February 2023)."Eight Lessons From Bernie Sanders's New Book".Jacobin. Retrieved28 February 2023.
  46. ^Woodhead, Cameron; Carroll, Steven (24 February 2023)."Unnerving short stories, an Irish romcom and a journey into the past".The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved28 February 2023.
  47. ^Reiff, Jamie (23 February 2025)."Overflow Omaha Crowd Launches U.S. Sen. Bernie Sanders' 'Fighting Oligarchy' Tour".Source New Mexico. Retrieved12 April 2025.
  48. ^"The Progressive Promise". Congressional Progressive Caucus. Retrieved18 December 2020.
  49. ^Gruenberg, Mark (30 May 2019)."Bernie Sanders: Workers should control the means of production".People's World. Retrieved9 March 2023.
  50. ^"History".Democratic Socialists of America (DSA). Retrieved4 June 2023.
  51. ^Koritz, Joshua (28 February 2020)."Bernie Sanders: The Socialist Feminist Choice".Socialist Alternative. Retrieved4 June 2023.
  52. ^Marcetic, Branko (3 March 2021)."How Bernie Sanders, an Open Socialist, Won Burlington's Mayoral Election".jacobin.com. Retrieved4 June 2023.
  53. ^Murphy, Patricia (10 October 2015)."Real socialists think Bernie is a sellout".The Daily Beast. Archived fromthe original on 14 October 2015. Retrieved3 February 2016.
  54. ^Smolarek, Walter (4 February 2020)."The Bernie Sanders campaign and building the movement for socialism in the US".Liberation News. Retrieved4 June 2023.
  55. ^Cristiane Agostine (20 May 2021)."Lula reitera candidatura presidencial contra Bolsonaro em 2022".Valor.Archived from the original on 5 August 2021. Retrieved5 August 2021.
  56. ^"Lula Is Back. But Which Lula?".Americas Quarterly. 7 July 2021.Archived from the original on 5 August 2021. Retrieved5 August 2021.
  57. ^"Lula 2022? Brazil poised for sensational political comeback".The Guardian. 30 July 2021.Archived from the original on 5 August 2021. Retrieved5 August 2021.With former president's political rights restored, polls suggest he would thrash Jair Bolsonaro if he stands for election
  58. ^Anthony Boadle (18 January 2022)."Brazil poll shows Lula gaining over Bolsonaro, third candidate 'embryonic'".Nasdaq. Reuters.Archived from the original on 13 July 2022. Retrieved19 January 2022.Brazil's former leftist President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva increased his lead to 17 percentage points over far-right President Jair Bolsonaro in a new survey of voter preferences ahead of an October election.
  59. ^Gortázar, Naiara Galarraga (31 October 2022)."Lula defeats Bolsonaro in the closest election in Brazil's history".EL PAÍS English.Archived from the original on 7 September 2024. Retrieved27 February 2024.
  60. ^"Brazilian democracy is in danger".Medium. 3 November 2022.Archived from the original on 7 September 2024. Retrieved27 February 2024.
  61. ^Duarte, Rachel (7 October 2010)."Em 30 anos de PT, Lula se tornou maior do que o partido" (in Portuguese). Sul 21. Archived fromthe original on 16 January 2023. Retrieved24 October 2010.
  62. ^Alejandro M. Peña, ed. (2016).Transnational Governance and South American Politics: The Political Economy of Norms.Springer. p. 240.ISBN 9781137538635.In this manner, while the social liberalism of Lulismo favored the agenda of the local actors advancing sustainability and CSR projects in Brazil, and further tilted the discursive field in favor of the transnational sustainability ...
  63. ^Richard Sandbrook, ed. (2014).Reinventing the Left in the Global South: The Politics of the Possible. Cambridge University Press. p. 155.... President Luiz Inácio (Lula) de Silva during his first term (2003–6) followed social-liberal policies ...
  64. ^Boadle, Anthony (31 October 2022)."Brazil leftist Lula wins third presidential term to redeem tarnished legacy".Reuters.Archived from the original on 2 November 2022. Retrieved1 November 2022.
  65. ^Nancy L. Cohen, ed. (2012).Delirium: The Politics of Sex in America. Catapult.ISBN 9781619020962.When the going got tough, the economic progressives got going back to the Reagan days when the cultural progressives were to blame. Clinton's presidential campaign had "signaled cultural moderation and articulated the pocketbook frustrations of ordinary people," Robert Kuttner, editor ofThe American Prospect ventured. "But in office, he seemed a cultural liberal who failed to produce on economics."
  66. ^abSlawek Blitch.Finally, a healthy dose of anti-establishment. politicalcritique.org. 8 January 2018.
  67. ^"Piráti chtějí vést liberální politický střed a v květnu získat 20 procent, zaznělo na fóru v Táboře" (in Czech).ČT24. 19 January 2019.
  68. ^Prokop, Andrew (4 October 2024)."The rise — and fall? — of the New Progressive Economics".Vox.
  69. ^"The Origins and Evolution of Progressive Economics".
  70. ^Sikora, Tomasz (2003).The Cultural Dimension of Waste: a Critique of the Ethos of Technology. Economic and Environmental Studies. pp. 103–112.
  71. ^Carrico, Dale (2004)."The Trouble with "Transhumanism": Part Two". Archived fromthe original on 8 September 2016. Retrieved28 January 2007.
  72. ^Carrico, Dale (2005)."Technoprogressivism Beyond Technophilia and Technophobia". Archived fromthe original on 8 September 2016. Retrieved28 January 2007.
  73. ^"La llamativa definición política de Alberto Fernández: "Soy de la rama del liberalismo progresista peronista"".Clarín. 19 July 2019. Archived fromthe original on 6 November 2019. Retrieved6 November 2019.
  74. ^"Juan Grabois lanza el Frente Patria Grande que lideraría Cristina Kirchner".Perfil (in Spanish). 27 October 2018. Retrieved27 April 2020.
  75. ^"Alberto Fernández: "Soy más hijo de la cultura hippie que de las veinte verdades peronistas"". 12 April 2020.
  76. ^Lopez, Daniel;Bandt, Adam (3 September 2021)."Australian Greens Are Building a Movement to End Neoliberalism".Jacobin. Retrieved19 October 2021.
  77. ^Liisa L. North, Timothy D. Clark, ed. (2017).Dominant Elites in Latin America: From Neo-Liberalism to the 'Pink Tide'.Springer. p. 212.ISBN 9783319532554.In Brazil, as Simone Bohn makes straightforward (Chap. 3), the progressive Workers' Party (Partido dos Trabalhadores, PT) governments did not threaten the power of the national elite or landlord class; ...
  78. ^"A trajetória do PSB, o Partido que quer lançar Joaquim Barbosa à Presidência",BBC News Brasil
  79. ^"O Que é ser progressist?",BBC News Brasil
  80. ^O que pensam os partidos progressistas sobre o "Efeito Lula", 17 March 2021
  81. ^Alvin Finkel (2012).Our Lives: Canada after 1945: Second Edition. James Lorimer & Company. p. 5.... capitalism and a wise federal bureaucracy presided over by a progressive Liberal party with intelligent leaders.
  82. ^Robert Harris (2018).Song of a Nation: The Untold Story of Canada's National Anthem. McClelland & Stewart.
  83. ^"Trudeau made pushing his agenda more complicated with a failed bid for majority".CBC. 21 September 2021. Retrieved2 October 2022.
  84. ^Emmett Macfarlane (2021).Dilemmas of Free Expression. University of Toronto Press. p. 317.
  85. ^Gladoic, Andrea (14 June 2018)."Croatia's Largest Political Parties".Expat in Croatia. Retrieved12 October 2018.
  86. ^Katerina Safarikova."Czechs Eye 'Symbolic' Pirate Breakthrough in Europe". /balkaninsight.com. 21 May 2019.
  87. ^"Notre charte fondatrice".nouvelledonne.fr (in French).
  88. ^"Volt Germany".voltdeutschland.org (in German).
  89. ^abGregor Fitzi; Juergen Mackert; Bryan S. Turner, eds. (2018).Populism and the Crisis of Democracy: Volume 3: Migration, Gender, and Religion.Routledge.ISBN 9781351608916.Progressive groups such as Syriza and Podemos6 tend, on the contrary, to show solidarity towards migrants and refugees, as in general being the weakest components of the society. The Five Star Movement that defines itself as neither ...
  90. ^Christopher Chase-Dunn, Paul Almeida, ed. (2020).Global Struggles and Social Change: From Prehistory to World Revolution in the Twenty-First Century. JHU Press. p. 133.ISBN 9781421438634.The Arab Spring, the Latin American Pink Tide, the Indignados in Spain, the Occupy movement, the rise of progressive social movement– based parties in Spain (Podemos) and in Greece (Syriza), and the spike in mass protests in 2011 and ...
  91. ^Prebble Q. Ramswell, ed. (2017).Euroscepticism and the Rising Threat from the Left and Right: The Concept of Millennial Fascism. Lexington Books. p. 86.ISBN 9781498546041.SYRIZA massively scooped up the votes of leftist, progressive, socially liberal young people, as well as the trade union voters, not specifically aligned with the Communist Party, to gain 52 seats.
  92. ^Ken McMullen, Martin McQuillan, ed. (2015).Oxi: An Act of Resistance: The Screenplay and Commentary, Including interviews with Derrida, Cixous, Balibar, and Negri. Lexington Books. p. 12.ISBN 9781783482702.The choice to be made for Syriza is between fidelity to a progressive social agenda and retaining Greece's place within a community of nations tied together by a commitment to a neoliberal global economy. The skill with which they ...
  93. ^"Mengenal Partai Hijau Indonesia: Suarakan Isu Lingkungan, Anti Mengultuskan Pemimpin".mojok.co (in Indonesian). 8 February 2023. Retrieved24 June 2023.
  94. ^Matthew Allen, Rumi Sakamoto, ed. (2007).Popular Culture, Globalization and Japan. Routledge.... capturing 295 seats in the Diet. Progressive parties like the Japanese Communist Party and Social Democratic Party, ...
  95. ^Willy Jou, Masahisa Endo, ed. (2016).EGenerational Gap in Japanese Politics: A Longitudinal Study of Political Attitudes and Behaviour.Springer. p. 29.ISBN 9781137503428.Conventional wisdom, still dominant in media and academic circles, holds that the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) and the Japanese Communist Party (JCP) occupy the conservative and progressive ends of the ideological spectrum, ...
  96. ^""선제공격 능력 갖추자" 日정부 주장에…"시대착오적" 비판".Edaily. 13 November 2021. Retrieved3 December 2021....개헌에 반대해 온 진보 성향의 일본공산당은 "적 기지에 대한 공격력을 갖추더라도 상대국의 지하나 이동발사대 등 미사일 위치를 모두 파악하고 파괴하는 것은 불가능하다"며 ... [... The progressive position Japanese Communist Party, which has opposed the constitutional amendment, said, "Even if it has offensive power against enemy bases, it is impossible to identify and destroy all missile locations such as underground or mobile launchers of the other country" ...]
  97. ^Brasor, Philip (20 July 2019)."Citizen campaigns seek to increase voter turnout in Upper House election".The Japan Times. Retrieved24 July 2019.
  98. ^"GroenLinks (GL)".www.parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved4 June 2023.
  99. ^abGroenLinks."EEN PROGRESSIEF OPPOSITIEAKKOORD".
  100. ^abGroenLinks."PVDA EN GROENLINKS SLUITEN PROGRESSIEF OPPOSITIEAKKOORD".
  101. ^abProDemos NL."Indeling van partijen".
  102. ^ab"Progressief Oppositieakkoord".PvdA (in Dutch). Retrieved4 June 2023.
  103. ^"Partij van de Arbeid (PvdA)".www.parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved4 June 2023.
  104. ^"About Akbayan – Akbayan Party List".akbayan.org.ph. Archived fromthe original on 27 July 2018. Retrieved27 July 2018.
  105. ^The politics of Portugal – who are the parties?
  106. ^Lewis, Paul G. (2018).Party Development and Democratic Change in Post-Communist Europe: The First Decade. Taylor & Francis US.ISBN 9780714681740 – via Google Books.
  107. ^"The Progress Singapore Party Offers A 'Progressive' Vision for Singapore". 18 June 2020.
  108. ^"Minjung Party press conference".Yonhap News Agency. 11 October 2018. Retrieved16 June 2020.Members of the progressive Minjung Party hold a press conference in front of former President Chun Doo-hwan's home in Seoul on May 18, 2020.
  109. ^"South Korea Backtracks on Easing Sanctions After Trump Comment".The New York Times. 11 October 2018."The dog barks, but the caravan moves on," Lee Eun-Hae, a spokeswoman at the minor progressive Minjung Party, said in a statement about Mr. Trump and closer relations with North Korea.
  110. ^Sebastián Royo, ed. (2020).Why Banks Fail: The Political Roots of Banking Crises in Spain. Springer Nature. p. 298.ISBN 9781137532282.As of January 2020 (the time of writing), a new leftist government coalition between the Socialist Party and the leftist populist Unidas Podemos that emerged from the November 2019 election is coming to power with a progressive agenda ...
  111. ^"Errejón pide a Gabilondo centrarse en lo importante, una mayoría progresista".La Vanguardia (in Spanish). Madrid. EFE. 24 May 2019. Retrieved24 May 2019.
  112. ^"The Center Cannot Hold in Spain, but Can the Left Take Advantage?".thenation.com. The Nation. 3 May 2021.
  113. ^"Democracy prevails in Taiwan".Taiwan News. 12 January 2020. Archived fromthe original on 14 January 2020. Retrieved7 July 2020.
  114. ^Kuo, Yu-Ying, ed. (2018).Policy Analysis in Taiwan. Policy Press.The Democratic Progressive Party, founded in 1986, is a progressive and liberal political party in Taiwan.
  115. ^Nidhi Eoseewong (8 May 2018)."Nidhi Eoseewong: An open letter to Pheu Thai".prachatai.
  116. ^"Green Party of England and Wales elects new leaders".europeangreens.edu. European Green Party. Archived fromthe original on 1 April 2017. Retrieved31 March 2017.
  117. ^Ball, Molly."The Battle Within the Democratic Party".The Atlantic. Archived fromthe original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved28 January 2017.
  118. ^Joseph M. Hoeffel, ed. (2014).Fighting for the Progressive Center in the Age of Trump. ABC-CLIO.
  119. ^Chotiner, Isaac (2 March 2020)."How Socialist Is Bernie Sanders?".The New Yorker. Retrieved14 February 2021.
  120. ^"Progressives contemplate post-Cuomo politics". Spectrum News. 11 August 2021.Archived from the original on 22 October 2021. Retrieved22 October 2021.
  121. ^Denisha Jones, Jesse Hagopian, ed. (2020).Black Lives Matter at School: An Uprising for Educational Justice.Haymarket Books.ISBN 9781642595307.She later ran as a New York State lieutenant gubernatorial candidate on a progressive Green Party platform
  122. ^Daniel K. Lewis, ed. (2014).The History of Argentina, 2nd Edition.ABC-CLIO. p. 193.ISBN 9781610698610.Progressive decrees, exemplified by the government's legalization of same-sex marriage in July, depicted the FPV as progressive. Behind the scenes, Kirchner promoted 'La Campora," and Peronist youth organization.
  123. ^"El pinochetista Kast y el progresista Boric definirán la presidencia el 19 de diciembre elecciones en Chile".
  124. ^Rémond, René (1966). University of Pennsylvania Press (ed.).The Right Wing in France: From 1815 to de Gaulle.
  125. ^David Broughton (1999).Changing Party Systems in Western Europe. Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. 166–.ISBN 9781855673281. Retrieved20 August 2012.
  126. ^Kim, Sunhyuk (2007),"Civil society and democratization in Korea",Korean Society, Taylor & Francis, p. 65,ISBN 9780203966648
  127. ^Chang, Yun-Shik (2008),"Left and right in South Korean politics",Korea Confronts Globalization, Taylor & Francis, p. 176,ISBN 9780203931141

Sources

[edit]
  • Dudley, Larkin Sims. "Enduring narratives from progressivism."International Journal of Organization Theory & Behavior 7.3 (2003): 315–340.
  • Eisenach, Eldon J., ed.Social and Political Thought of American Progressivism. (Hackett Publishing, 2006).
  • Frohman, Larry. "The Break-Up of the Poor Laws—German Style: Progressivism and the Origins of the Welfare State, 1900–1918."Comparative Studies in Society and History 50.4 (2008): 981–1009.
  • Jackson, Ben. "Equality and the British Left: A study in progressive political thought, 1900-64." inEquality and the British Left (2013)
  • Kloppenberg, James T.Uncertain Victory: Social Democracy and Progressivism in European and American Thought, 1870–1920. Oxford University Press, US, 1988.ISBN 0195053044.
  • Lakoff, George.Don't Think of an Elephant: Know Your Values and Frame the Debate. Chelsea Green Publishing, 2004.ISBN 1931498717.
  • Link, Arthur S. andMcCormick, Richard L.Progressivism (American History Series). Harlan Davidson, 1983.ISBN 0882958143.
  • McGerr, Michael.A Fierce Discontent: The Rise and Fall of the Progressive Movement in America, 1870–1920. 2003.
  • Nugent, Walter.Progressivism: A very short introduction (Oxford University Press, 2009).
  • Petrow, Stefan. "Progressivism in Australia: the case of John Daniel Fitzgerald, 1900-1922."Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society 90.1 (2004): 53–74.
  • Sawyer, Stephen, and William J. Novak. "Emancipation and the creation of modern liberal states in America and France."Journal of the civil war era 3.4 (2013): 467–500.online[permanent dead link]

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