Pedophile advocacy groups (alternatively spelledpaedophile advocacy groups) are organizations that advocate for theabolishment or lowering of the age of consent and the normalization ofadult sexual relations with children.[1][2] Such groups have existed dating back to 1962 in multiple countries including theUnited States, theUnited Kingdom,France,Norway,Germany and theNetherlands.
In the 20th century, many pro-pedophile groups were founded during theSexual Revolution.[3] In the United States, pro-pedophile groups such as theRene Guyon Society have existed since the 1960s. In Britain, thePaedophile Information Exchange (PIE), led byTom O'Carroll, has operated from 1974 to 1984 and openly collaborated with other political organizations such as theAlbany Trust and theNCCL. In France, many intellectualssought to lower the age of consent during the 1970s. The Netherlands was once seen as one of the main centers of pedophile activism.
In the United States, pro-pedophile groups have often been inspired by their European counterparts, with some being transitory in nature and emerging in wake of criminal cases, and others being more long-lived. Some of these organizations have been investigated by law-enforcement agencies, with illegal seizures of evidence, arrests and incarcerations of their leaders taking place. Some members of these groups have used pseudonyms to hide their identities.[2]
TheRene Guyon Society was the first pro-pedophile organization to be founded in the United States. The group was established in 1962 by seven people who had attended a conference by French jurist and pro-adult-child sex advocateRené Guyon (1876–1963). During a 1977 subcommittee on select education, the organization's leader said that the group had 5,000 members nationwide. In 1971, the California-based Childhood Sensuality Circle was founded with the intent of advocating for sexual activities between adults and children. In 1978, theNorth American Man/Boy Love Association (NAMBLA) was founded following a police operation inMassachusetts.[2]
The Paedophile Action for Liberation (PAL) was the first pedophile advocacy group founded in Britain.[4] Moreover, the BritishPedophile Information Exchange (PIE) was established in 1974 and openly collaborated with political organizations such as theAlbany Trust and theNational Council for Civil Liberties (NCCL).[2] PIE was affiliated with the NCCL from late 1970's to the early 1980s.[5]
From August to September 1977, news articles were published on the daily denouncing PIE and its leaderTom O'Carroll. The organization remained notorious in the British press until the 1980s.[5] In 1984, PIE was dissolved after its leaders were prosecuted for conspiracy to corrupt public morals.[2]
The Netherlands was once seen as one of the main centers of the pedophile movement. In 1971, the country had seen a federated network of pro-pedophile groups working in theDutch Society for Sexual Reform.[6] During the 1960s, DutchLabour Party senatorEdward Brongersma andFrits Bernard founded a pro-pedophile group.[4][7]
In 1982,Vereniging Martijn was founded and further sought to participate in political discussions on the topic of pedophilia.[8]
In Germany, the German Study and Working Group on Pedophilia (DSAP) was highly active in the 1980s and had psychologistHelmut Kentler serving on its board in 1980. The DSAP also shared a post office box with theHumanists Union, an organization that also had ties with advocates of adult-child sexual relations, in Düsseldorf.[9][6]
In 1977, many French intellectuals includingRené Scherer, his former pupil and loverGuy Hocquenghem andGabriel Matzneff launched campaignsto lower the age of consent, which garnered the support ofMichel Foucault,Jean-Paul Sartre,Gilles Deleuze,Jacques Derrida andFélix Guattari.[6][4] Their writings were published in prominent French newspapers, such asLe Monde andLibération. During his career, Scherer wrote extensively on the topic of pedophilia from 1974 to 1979 and advocated for sexual relations between minors and across people of different generations.[4]
According to researcherTheo Sandfort, pedophiles have been seen as a sub-category of homosexuals until 1958, which explains the absence of any specific pedophile group up to that point. Opposition to pro-pedophile organizations among homosexual circles has existed to varying degrees over time, with British, American and Scandinavian groups being more reluctant to support pedophile organizations than their German, Spanish, French and Latin American counterparts. In the 1970s, duringAnita Bryant'sSave Our Children campaign, most American homosexual activists started to dissociate from pro-pedophile groups in the United States, which contributed to the subsequent creation of NAMBLA. The prosecution of PIE's leaders in the early 1980s also pushed some initially-friendly gay groups away from supporting the pro-pedophile organization.[4]
With the development of theInternet, many pedophile groups started to advocate for adult-child sex online.[10][11] As of 2009, the Internet had 64 websites in 15 different languages that advocated for sexual activities between adults and children.[1]
Some traditional pedophile organizations, such as NAMBLA, have migrated to the Internet.[12][13] TheFree Spirits group, which has been funded by donations coming from its own members, has been one of the biggest known pedophile organizations online and has loaned websites to Dutch, German and Danish pedophile support groups, though they do not advocate for "physical contact" between adults and children. The Canada-based Ganymède group has also maintained similar websites.[14][15]
Pro-pedophile organizations have also produced online resources, such as the Wikipedia-inspired Girlwiki and Boywiki, that advocate for sex between adults and children.[13][17] TheBoylove Manifesto, which has been shared by multiple online pedophile groups, state that sex between men and boys is not wrong and demands that age of consent laws be reconsidered.[15][18][19]
Pedophile advocacy groups often engage inneutralizing behaviors, such asdenial of injury,denial of victim and condemnation of those who oppose adult-child sexual acts. They engage indenial of victim by asserting that children are not victims of adult sexual behavior, but rather willing partners who are able to consent to sexual acts. This phenomenon is illustrated by a NAMBLA statement asserting that "if a child and adult want to have sex, they should be free to do so. Consent is the critical point... force and coercion are abhorrent to NAMBLA".[2] Such beliefs contradict the academic literature that asserts that sexual behaviors between adults and children are harmful.[20]
These groups also engage incondemnation of the condemners, a neutralizing behavior, by asserting that larger society is hypocritical and guilty of the same or even more victimizing acts that it accuses pedophiles of. This belief is illustrated by the following excerpt coming from their literature: "The 'protectors' of children are the real perverts, the real child abusers, the real molesters who take advantage of innocence and inexperience to spread the venom of guilt and fear."[2]
Aside from pre-Internet organizations such as theRene Guyon Society and the Childhood Sensuality Circle, the use of neutralizing behaviors has also been observed in online pedophile advocacy environments.[1] These groups often establish boundaries that separates their own subculture from general society.[10]
As will be shown here, the era of sexual revolution was a very specific period for debates regarding pedophilia. Pedophiles made themselves publicly known and attempted to set up special-interest organisations.