The early history of the Kanem–Bornu Empire is poorly known. The empire is believed to have been founded around the year 700, though later and earlier dates have also been proposed. TheDuguwa dynasty ruled the empire from their capitalNjimi in theKanem region (in modern-day Chad) and used the ruling titlemai. In the 11th century, the empire converted toIslam and the Duguwa were replaced with theSayfawa dynasty. The Kanem-based empire was brought to its zenith by the 13th-centurymaiDunama II Dibalemi. The empire exerted considerable control over Saharan trade routes and exported salt, ivory, slaves, and animal products. The salt industry was particularly prosperous, with the empire able to provide salt across the surrounding region.
Economic factors and conflict with theBilala people caused the empire to lose Kanem in the 14th century.MaiUmar I Idrismi re-centered the empire in theBornu region (in modern-day Nigeria), formerly a tributary state. A century of political instability followed, untilmaiAli I Gaji foundedNgazargamu as a new permanent capital. Although Kanem was later recovered bymaiIdris III Katagarmabe, scholars sometimes divide the Kanem–Bornu Empire into an earlierKanem Empire and laterBornu Empire. The Bornu-based empire was brought to the peak of its power and influence undermaiIdris IV Alooma in the late 16th century. Although Kanem–Bornu remained powerful for long thereafter, the empire began a slow but steady decline in the 17th century due to changing economic patterns and environmental conditions, and conflicts with various neighbors.
Armedbandits kill at least 170 people in the village of Woro inKwara State,Nigeria, forcing residents to flee into surrounding areas with several missing.(Reuters)
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