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England is acountry that is part of theUnited Kingdom. It is located on the island ofGreat Britain, of which it covers about 62%, andmore than 100 smaller adjacent islands. England sharesa land border withScotland to the north andanother land border withWales to the west, and is otherwise surrounded by theNorth Sea to the east, theEnglish Channel to the south, theCeltic Sea to the south-west, and theIrish Sea to the west.Continental Europe lies to the south-east, andIreland to the west. At the2021 census, the population was 56,490,048.London is boththe largest city and thecapital.
The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during theUpper Paleolithic. It takes its name from theAngles, aGermanic tribe who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries. England became a unified state in the 10th century and has had extensivecultural and legal impact on the wider world since theAge of Discovery, which began during the 15th century. TheKingdom of England, which included Wales after 1535, ceased to be a separatesovereign state on 1 May 1707, when theActs of Union brought into effect a political union with theKingdom of Scotland that created theKingdom of Great Britain.
England is the origin of theEnglish language, theEnglish legal system (which served as the basis for thecommon law systems of many other countries),association football, and theAnglican branch of Christianity;its parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations. TheIndustrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the world's first industrialised nation. England is home to the twooldest universities in the English-speaking world: theUniversity of Oxford, founded in 1096, and theUniversity of Cambridge, founded in 1209. Both universities are ranked amongst the most prestigious in the world.
England's terrain chiefly consists of low hills andplains, especially in thecentre andsouth. Upland and mountainous terrain is mostly found in thenorth and west, includingDartmoor, theLake District, thePennines, and theShropshire Hills. TheLondon metropolitan area has a population of over 15 million as of 2025, representing the United Kingdom's largest metropolitan area. England's population of 56.3 million comprises 84% of the population of the United Kingdom, largely concentrated around London, theSouth East, and conurbations in theMidlands, theNorth West, theNorth East, andYorkshire, which each developed as major industrial regions during the 19th century. (Full article...)
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Sir Robert William Robson (18 February 1933 – 31 July 2009) was an Englishfootball player and coach. His career included periods playing for and later managing theEngland national team and being aUEFA Cup-winning manager atIpswich Town.
Robson's professional playing career as aninside forward spanned nearly 20 years, during which he played for three clubs:Fulham,West Bromwich Albion, and, briefly,Vancouver Royals. He also made 20 appearances for England, scoring four goals. After his playing career, he found success as both a club and international manager, winning league championships in both the Netherlands and Portugal, earning trophies in England and Spain, and taking England to thesemi-finals of the1990 FIFA World Cup, which remained the national team's best run in a World Cup since1966 until they reached the semi-finals of the2018 World Cup. His last management role was as a mentor to the manager of theRepublic of Ireland national team, while his final official club job was at boyhood clubNewcastle United, whom he left in 2004. He held several managerial positions outside of England, most notably one year atBarcelona in 1996–97, as well as stints atPSV,Sporting CP andPorto. (Full article...)
London Gatwick Airport (/ˈɡætwɪk/;) (IATA:LGW,ICAO:EGKK) isone of several international airports servingGreater London and southern England. It is located nearCrawley, inWest Sussex (30 miles (48 km) south ofCentral London), England. In 2024, Gatwick was the second-busiest airport bytotal passenger traffic in the UK, afterHeathrow, and was thetenth-busiest in Europe by total passenger traffic. It covers a total area of 674 hectares (1,670 acres).
Gatwick opened as an aerodrome in the late 1920s; it has been in use for commercial flights since 1933. The airport has two terminals: the North Terminal and the South Terminal, which cover areas of 98,000 m2 (1,050,000 sq ft; 117,000 sq yd) and 160,000 m2 (1,700,000 sq ft; 190,000 sq yd) respectively. It operates as a single-runway airport, using a main runway with a length of 3,316 metres (10,879 ft). A secondary runway is available but, due to its proximity to the main runway, can only be used if the main runway is not in use. In 2018, 46.1 million passengers passed through the airport, a 1.1% increase compared with 2017. Gatwick is the secondary London hub forBritish Airways and the largest operating base for low-cost carriereasyJet. (Full article...)
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![Image 59The Staffordshire Hoard is the largest hoard of Anglo-Saxon gold and silver metalwork yet found[update]. It consists of almost 4,600 items and metal fragments. (from Culture of England)](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=http%3a%2f%2fwww.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aStaffordshire_hoard_annotated.jpg)
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Thepipe rolls, sometimes called theGreat Rolls or theGreat Rolls of the Pipe, are a collection of financial records maintained by the EnglishExchequer, orTreasury, and its successors, as well as theExchequer of Ireland. The earliest date from the 12th century, and the series extends, mostly complete, from then until 1833. They form the oldest continuous series of records concerning English governance kept by the English, British, Irish, and United Kingdom governments, covering a span of about 700 years. The early medieval ones are especially useful for historical study, as they are some of the earliest financial records available from the Middle Ages. A similar set of records was developed forNormandy, which was ruled by the English kings from 1066 to 1205, but the Norman pipe rolls have not survived in a continuous series like the English.
They were the records of the yearly audits performed by the Exchequer of the accounts and payments presented to the Treasury by the sheriffs and other royal officials, and owed their name to the shape they took, as the various sheets were affixed to each other and then rolled into a tight roll, resembling a pipe, for storage. They record not only payments made to the government, but debts owed to the crown and disbursements made by royal officials. Although they recorded much of the royal income, they did not record all types of income, nor did they record all expenditures, so they are not strictly speaking a budget. The Pipe Roll Society, formed in 1883, has published the pipe rolls for the period up to 1224. (Full article...)
| “ | I have seen much to hate here, much to forgive. But in a world where England is finished and dead, I do not wish to live. | ” |
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| East Midlands | London | North East | North West | South East | South West | West Midlands | Yorkshire and the Humber |
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| Ireland | Northern Ireland | Scotland | United Kingdom | Wales |
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