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Population growth

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Increase in the number of individuals in a population
Population growth rate (2023,Our World in Data)[1]
Absolute increase in global human population per year[2]

Population growth is the increase in the number of people in apopulation or dispersed group. Theglobal population has grown from 1 billion in 1800 to 8.2 billion in 2025.[3] Actual global human population growth amounts to around 70 million annually, or 0.85% per year. As of 2024, The United Nations projects that global population will peak in the mid-2080s at around 10.3 billion. The UN's estimates have decreased strongly in recent years due to sharp declines in global birth rates.[4] Others have challenged many recent population projections as having underestimated population growth.[5]

The world human population has been growing since the end of theBlack Death, around the year 1350.[6] A mix of technological advancement that improvedagricultural productivity[7] and sanitation and medical advancement that reduced mortality increased population growth. In some geographies, this has slowed through the process called thedemographic transition, where many nations with high standards of living have seen a significant slowing of population growth. This is in direct contrast with less developed contexts, where population growth is still happening.[8] Globally, the rate of population growth has declined from a peak of 2.2% per year in 1963.[9]

Population growth alongsideincreased consumption is a driver ofenvironmental concerns, such asbiodiversity loss andclimate change,[10][11] due tooverexploitation of natural resources forhuman development.[12] International policy focused on mitigating the impact of human population growth is concentrated in theSustainable Development Goals which seeks to improve the standard of living globally while reducing the impact of society on the environment while advancing human well-being.[citation needed]

Population[13]
Years
passed		YearPop.
(billions)
–18001
12719272
3319603
1419744
1319875
1219996
1220117
1120228
122035*9
202055*10
352088*11
*World Population Prospects 2017
(United Nations Population Division)

History

[edit]
World human population estimates from 1800 to 2100, with estimated range of future population after 2020 based on "high" and "low" scenarios. Data from theUnited Nations projections in 2019.
Estimated size of human population from 10,000BCE to 2000 CE

World population has been rising continuously since the end of theBlack Death, around the year 1350.[6] Population began growing rapidly in theWestern world during theindustrial revolution. The most significant increase in the world's population has been since the 1950s, mainly due tomedical advancements[14] and increases inagricultural productivity.[15][16]

Haber process

[edit]
Main article:Haber process § Economic and environmental aspects

Due to its dramatic impact on the human ability to grow food, theHaber process, named after one of its inventors, the German chemistFritz Haber, served as the "detonator of thepopulation explosion", enabling theglobal population to increase from 1.6 billion in 1900 to 7.7 billion by November 2019.[17]

Thomas McKeown hypotheses

[edit]

Some of the reasons for the "Modern Rise of Population"[18] were particularly investigated by the British health scientistThomas McKeown (1912–1988). In his publications, McKeown challenged four theories about the population growth:

  1. McKeown stated that the growth in Western population, particularly surging in the 19th century, was not so much caused by an increase infertility, but largely by a decline ofmortality particularly of childhood mortality followed byinfant mortality,[19][20]
  2. The decline of mortality could largely be attributed to rising standards of living, whereby McKeown put most emphasis on improved nutritional status,
  3. McKeown questioned the effectiveness of public health measures, including sanitary reforms, vaccination and quarantine,[21]
  4. The “McKeown thesis" states thatcurative medicine measures played little role in mortality decline, not only prior to the mid-20th century[19] but also until well into the 20th century.[22]

Although the McKeown thesis has been heavily disputed, recent studies have confirmed the value of his ideas.[23] His work is pivotal for present day thinking about population growth, birth control, public health and medical care. McKeown had a major influence on many population researchers, such as health economists and Nobel prize winnersRobert W. Fogel (1993) andAngus Deaton (2015). The latter considered McKeown as "the founder ofsocial medicine".[24]

Growth rate models

[edit]

The "population growth rate" is the rate at which the number of individuals in a population increases in a given time period, expressed as a fraction of the initial population. Specifically, population growth rate refers to the change in population over a unit time period, often expressed as a percentage of the number of individuals in the population at the beginning of that period. This can be written as the formula, valid for a sufficiently small time interval:

Population growth rate=P(t2)−P(t1)P(t1)(t2−t1){\displaystyle Population\ growth\ rate={\frac {P(t_{2})-P(t_{1})}{P(t_{1})(t_{2}-t_{1})}}}

A positive growth rate indicates that the population is increasing, while a negative growth rate indicates that the population is decreasing. A growth ratio of zero indicates that there were the same number of individuals at the beginning and end of the period—a growth rate may be zero even when there are significant changes in thebirth rates,death rates,immigration rates, and age distribution between the two times.[25]

A related measure is thenet reproduction rate. In the absence of migration, a net reproduction rate of more than 1 indicates that the population of females is increasing, while a net reproduction rate less than one (sub-replacement fertility) indicates that the population of females is decreasing.

Most populations do not grow exponentially, rather they follow alogistic model. Once the population has reached itscarrying capacity, it will stabilize and the exponential curve will level off towards the carrying capacity, which is usually when a population has depleted most itsnatural resources.[26] In the world human population, growth may be said to have been following alinear trend throughout the last few decades.[9]

The logistic growth of a population

Logistic equation

[edit]

The growth of a population can often be modelled by thelogistic equation[27]

dPdt=rP(1−PK),{\displaystyle {\frac {dP}{dt}}=rP\left(1-{\frac {P}{K}}\right),}

where

As it is a separable differential equation, the population may be solved explicitly, producing alogistic function:

P(t)=K1+Ae−rt{\displaystyle P(t)={\frac {K}{1+Ae^{-rt}}}},

whereA=K−P0P0{\displaystyle A={\frac {K-P_{0}}{P_{0}}}} andP0{\displaystyle P_{0}} is the initial population at time 0.

Global population growth rate

[edit]
Further information:Total fertility rate,Estimates of historical world population, andPopulation dynamics
See also:Human overpopulation andOvershoot (population)
A world map showing global variations infertility rate per woman according to theCIA World Factbook's 2021 data
  6–7 children
  5–6 children
  4–5 children
  3–4 children
  2–3 children
  1–2 children
Estimates of population evolution in differentcontinents between 1950 and 2050 according to the United Nations. The vertical axis islogarithmic and is in millions of people. (2011)
World population growth rates between 1950 and 2050

The world population growth rate peaked in 1963 at 2.2% per year and subsequently declined.[9] In 2017, the estimated annual growth rate was 1.1%.[28] TheCIA World Factbook gives the world annual birthrate, mortality rate, and growth rate as 1.86%, 0.78%, and 1.08% respectively.[29] The last 100 years have seen a massive fourfold increase in the population, due tomedical advances, lower mortality rates, and an increase inagricultural productivity made possible by theGreen Revolution.[30]

The annual increase in the number of living humans peaked at 88.0 million in 1989, then slowly declined to 73.9 million in 2003, after which it rose again to 75.2 million in 2006. In 2017, the human population increased by 83 million.[28] Generally, developed nations have seen a decline in their growth rates in recent decades, though annual growth rates remain above 2% in some countries of theMiddle East andSub-Saharan Africa, and also inSouth Asia,Southeast Asia, andLatin America.[31]

In some countries thepopulation is declining, especially inEastern Europe, mainly due to lowfertility rates, high death rates andemigration. InSouthern Africa, growth is slowing due to the high number of AIDS-related deaths. SomeWestern Europe countries might also experience population decline.[32] Japan's population began decreasing in 2005.[33]

TheUnited Nations Population Division projects world population to reach 11.2 billion by the end of the 21st century. TheInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation projects that the global population will peak in 2064 at 9.73 billion and decline to 8.89 billion in 2100.[34] A 2014 study inScience concludes that the global population will reach 11 billion by 2100, with a 70% chance of continued growth into the 22nd century.[35][36] TheGerman Foundation for World Population reported in December 2019 that the global human population grows by 2.6 people every second, and could reach 8 billion by 2023.[37][38]

Growth by country

[edit]
Main article:List of countries by population growth rate
The majority of world population growth today is occurring in less developed countries.

According toUnited Nations population statistics, the world population grew by 30%, or 1.6 billion humans, between 1990 and 2010.[39] In number of people the increase was highest in India (350 million) and China (196 million). Population growth rate was among highest in theUnited Arab Emirates (315%) andQatar (271%).[39]

Growth rates of the world's most populous countries
RankCountryPopulationAnnual Growth (%)
199020102020 (est.)[40]1990–20102010–2020
World5,306,425,0006,895,889,0007,503,828,1801.3%0.8%
1ChinaChina1,139,060,0001,341,335,0001,384,688,9860.8%0.3%
2IndiaIndia873,785,0001,224,614,0001,333,000,0001.7%0.9%
3United StatesUnited States253,339,000310,384,000329,256,4651.0%0.6%
4IndonesiaIndonesia184,346,000239,871,000262,787,4031.3%0.9%
5BrazilBrazil149,650,000194,946,000208,846,8921.3%0.7%
6PakistanPakistan111,845,000173,593,000207,862,5182.2%1.8%
7NigeriaNigeria97,552,000158,423,000203,452,5052.5%2.5%
8BangladeshBangladesh105,256,000148,692,000159,453,0011.7%0.7%
9RussiaRussia148,244,000142,958,000142,122,776−0.2%−0.1%
10JapanJapan122,251,000128,057,000126,168,1560.2%−0.1%

Many of the world's countries, including many inSub-Saharan Africa, theMiddle East,South Asia andSouth East Asia, have seen a sharp rise in population since the end of theCold War. The fear is that high population numbers are putting further strain on natural resources, food supplies, fuel supplies, employment, housing, etc. in some of the less fortunate countries. For example, the population ofChad has ultimately grown from 6,279,921 in 1993 to 10,329,208 in 2009,[41] further straining its resources.Vietnam,Mexico,Nigeria,Egypt,Ethiopia, and theDRC are witnessing a similar growth in population.

The following table gives some example countries or territories:

Country/territoryPopulation inLife expectancy
in years (2008)		Total population
growth from 1960s
to 2007–2011
19671990199420022008
EritreaEritrea*N/A*N/A*3,437,000[42]4,298,2695,673,520[43]61[44]2,236,520
EthiopiaEthiopia*23,457,000*[45]50,974,000*[46]54,939,000[42]67,673,031(2003)79,221,000[47]55[44]55,764,000
SudanSudan14,355,000†[45]25,204,000†[46]27,361,000†[42]38,114,160 (2003)†42,272,000†[43]50†[44]27,917,000
ChadChad3,410,000[45]5,679,000[46]6,183,000[42]9,253,493(2003)10,329,208 (2009)[41]47[44]6,919,205
NigerNiger3,546,000[45]7,732,000[46]8,846,000[42]10,790,352 (2001)15,306,252 (2009)[48]44[44]11,760,252
NigeriaNigeria61,450,000[45]88,500,000[46]108,467,000[42]129,934,911158,259,000[43]47[44]96,809,000
MaliMali4,745,000[45]8,156,000[46]10,462,000[42]11,340,48014,517,176(2010)[49]50[44]9,772,176
MauritaniaMauritania1,050,000[45]2,025,000[46]2,211,000[42]2,667,859 (2003)3,291,000 (2009)[41]54[44]2,241,000
SenegalSenegal3,607,000[45]7,327,000[46]8,102,000[42]9,967,21513,711,597 (2009)[50]57[44]10,104,597
The GambiaGambia343,000[45]861,000[46]1,081,000[42]1,367,124 (2000)1,705,000[43]55[44]1,362,000
AlgeriaAlgeria11,833,126[45]25,012,000[46]27,325,000[42]32,818,500 (2003)34,895,000[47][51]74[44]23,061,874
Democratic Republic of the CongoThe DRC/Zaire16,353,000[45]35,562,000[46]42,552,000[42]55,225,478 (2003)70,916,439[47][52]54[44]54,563,439
EgyptEgypt30,083,419[45]53,153,000[46]58,326,000[42]70,712,345 (2003)79,089,650[47][53]72[44]49,006,231
RéunionRéunion
(overseas region of France)		418,000[45]N/A[46]N/A[42]720,934 (2003)827,000 (2009)[43]N/A[44]409,000
Falkland IslandsFalkland Islands
(British Overseas Territory)		2,500[45]N/A[46]N/A[42]2,967 (2003)3,140(2010)[54]N/A[44]640
ChileChile8,935,500[45]13,173,000[46]13,994,000[42]15,116,43517,224,200 (2011)77[44]8,288,700
ColombiaColombia19,191,000[45]32,987,000[46]34,520,000[42]41,088,22745,925,397 (2010)[55]73[44]26,734,397
BrazilBrazil85,655,000[45]150,368,000[46]153,725,000[42]174,468,575 (2000)190,732,694 (2010)[56]72[44]105,077,694
MexicoMexico45,671,000[45]86,154,000[46]93,008,000[42]103,400,165 (2000)112,322,757 (2010)[57]76[44]66,651,757
FijiFiji476,727 (1966)[45]765,000[46]771,000[42]844,330 (2001)849,000[51] (2010)70[44]372,273
NauruNauru6,050[45]10,000[46]N/A[42]12,3299,322 (2011)[58]N/A[44]3,272
JamaicaJamaica1,876,000[45]2,420,000[46]2,429,000[42]2,695,867 (2003)2,847,232[59](2010)74[44]971,232
AustraliaAustralia11,540,764[45]17,086,000[46]17,843,000[42]19,546,792 (2003)27,160,641[60] (2010)82[44]10,066,508
AlbaniaAlbania1,965,500 (1964)[45]3,250,000[46]3,414,000[42]3,510,4842,986,952 (July 2010 est.)[41][61]78[44]1,021,452
PolandPoland31,944,000[45]38,180,000[46]38,554,000[42]38,626,349 (2001)38,192,000 (2010)[62]75[44]6,248,000
HungaryHungary10,212,000[45]10,553,000[46]10,261,000[42]10,106,0179,979,000 (2010)[63]73[44]-142,000
BulgariaBulgaria8,226,564 (1965)[45]8,980,000[46]8,443,000[42]7,707,495(2000)7,351,234 (2011)[64]73[44]-875,330
United KingdomUnited Kingdom55,068,000 (1966)[45]57,411,000[46]58,091,000[42]58,789,19462,008,048 (2010)[65]79[44]7,020,048
Republic of IrelandIreland2,884,002 (1966)[45]3,503,000[46]3,571,000[42]3,840,838 (2000)4,470,700[66] (2010)78[44]1,586,698
ChinaPeople's Republic of China720,000,000[45]1,139,060,000[46]1,208,841,000[42]1,286,975,468 (2004)1,339,724,852 (2010)[67]73[44]619,724,852
JapanJapan‡98,274,961 (1965)[45]123,537,000[46]124,961,000[42]127,333,002127,420,000 (2010)[68]82[44]28,123,865
IndiaIndia#511,115,000[45]843,931,000[46]918,570,000[42]1,028,610,328 (2001)1,210,193,422 (2011)[69]69[44]699,078,422
SingaporeSingapore1,956,000 (1967)[45]3,003,000 (1990)[46]2,930,000 (1994)[42]4,452,732 (2002)5,076,700 (2010)[70]82 (2008)[44]3,120,700
MonacoMonaco24,000 (1967)[45]29,000 (1990)[46]N/A (1994)[42]31,842 (2000)35,586[71] (2010)(2008)[44]11,586
GreeceGreece8,716,000 (1967)[45]10,123,000 (1990)[46]10,426,000 (1994)[42]10,964,020 (2001)[72]11,305,118 (2011)[73]N/A (2008)[44]2,589,118
Faroe IslandsFaroe Islands
(Danish dependency)		38,000 (1967)[45]N/A (1990)[46]N/A (1994)[42]46,345 (2000)48,917 (2010)[74]N/A (2008)[44]18,917
LiechtensteinLiechtenstein20,000 (1967)[45]29,000 (1990)[46]N/A (1994)[42]33,307 (2000)35,789 (2009)[75](2008)[44]15,789
South KoreaSouth Korea29,207,856 (1966)[45]42,793,000 (1990)[46]44,453,000 (1994)[42]48,324,000 (2003)48,875,000 (2010)[76](2008)[44]19,667,144
North KoreaNorth Korea12,700,000 (1967)[45]21,773,000 (1990)[46]23,483,000 (1994)[42]22,224,195 (2002)24,051,218 (2010)[77](2008)[44]11,351,218
BruneiBrunei107,200 (1967)[45]266,000 (1990)[46]280,000 (1994)[42]332,844 (2001)401,890 (2011)[78]76 (2008)[44]306,609
MalaysiaMalaysia10,671,000 (1967)[45]17,861,000 (1990)[46]19,489,000 (1994)[42]21,793,293 (2002)27,565,821 (2010)[79](2008)[44]16,894,821
ThailandThailand32,680,000 (1967)[45]57,196,000 (1990)[46]59,396,000 (1994)[42]60,606,947 (2000)[80]63,878,267 (2011)[81](2008)[44]31,198,267
LebanonLebanon2,520,000 (1967)[45]2,701,000 (1990)[46]2,915,000 (1994)[42]3,727,703[82] (2003)4,224,000[43] (2009)- (2008)[44]
SyriaSyria5,600,000 (1967)[45]12,116,000 (1990)[46]13,844,000 (1994)[42]17,585,540 (2003)22,457,763 (2011)[83]-(2008)[44]
BahrainBahrain182,00 (1967)[45]503,000 (1990)[46]549,000 (1994)[42]667,238 (2003)1,234,596[84] (2010)75 (2008)[44]
Sri LankaSri Lanka11,741,000 (1967)[45]16,993,000 (1990)[46]17,685,000 (1994)[42]19,607,519 (2002)20,238,000[51] (2009)- (2008)[44]
SwitzerlandSwitzerland6,050,000 (1967)[45]6.712,000 (1990)[46]6,994,000 (1994)[42]7,261,200 (2002)7,866,500[85] (2010)- (2008)[44]
LuxembourgLuxembourg335,000 (1967)[45]381,000 (1990)[46]401,000 (1994)[42]439,539 (2001)511,840 (2011)[86]- (2008)[44]
RomaniaRomania19,105,056 (1966)[45]23,200,000 (1990)[46]22,736,000 (1994)[42]21,680,974 (2002)21,466,174[87] (2011)- (2008)[44]
NiueNiue
(associated state of New Zealand)		1,900 (1966)[45]N/A (1990)[46]N/A (1994)[42]2,134 (2002)1,398 (2009)[88]N/A (2008)[44]-502
TokelauTokelau
(New Zealand territory)		5,194 (1966)[45]N/A (1990)[46]N/A (1994)[42]1,445 (2001)1,416 (2009)N/A (2008)[44]-3,778
JamaicaJamaica1,876,000 (1967)[45]2,420,000 (1990)[46]2,429,000 (1994)[42]2,695,867 (2003)2,847,232[59] (2010)74 (2008)[44]971,232
ArgentinaArgentina32,031,000 (1967)[45]32,322,000 (1990)[46]34,180,000 (1994)[42]37,812,817 (2002)40,091,359 (2010)74 (2008)[44]8,060,359
FranceFrance49,890,660 (1967)[45]56,440,000 (1990)[46]57,747,000 (1994)[42]59,551,000 (2001)63,136,180 (2011)[89]81 (2008)[44]
ItalyItaly52,334,000 (1967)[45]57,662,000 (1990)[46]57,193,000 (1994)[42]56,995,744 (2002)60,605,053[90] (2011)80 (2008)[44]
MauritiusMauritius774,000 (1967)[45]1,075,000 (1990)[46]1,104,000 (1994)[42]1,179,137 (2000)1,288,000 (2009)[51]75 (2008)[44]514,000
GuatemalaGuatemala4,717,000 (1967)[45]9,197,000 (1990)[46]10,322,000 (1994)[42]12,974,361 (2000)13,276,517 (2009)70 (2008)[44]8,559,517
CubaCuba8,033,000 (1967)[45]10,609,000 (1990)[46]10,960,000 (1994)[42]11,177,743 (2002)11,239,363 (2009)[91]77 (2008)[44]
BarbadosBarbados246,000 (1967)[45]255,000 (1990)[46]261,000 (1994)[42]250,012 (2001)284,589 (2010)[41]73 (2008)[44]18,589
SamoaSamoa131,377 (1967)[45]164,000 (1990)[46]164,000 (1994)[42]178,173 (2003)179,000 (2009)[43]N/A (2008)[44]
SwedenSweden7,765,981 (1967)[45]8,559,000 (1990)[46]8,794,000 (1994)[42]8,920,705 (2002)9,354,462 (2009)81 (2008)[44]
FinlandFinland4,664,000 (1967)[45]4,986,000 (1990)[46]5,095,000 (1994)[42]5,175,783 (2002)5,374,781 (2010)N/A (2008)[44]
PortugalPortugal9,440,000 (1967)[45]10,525,000 (1990)[46]9,830,000 (1994)[42]10,355,824 (2001)10,647,763[92] (2011)N/A (2008)[44]
AustriaAustria7,323,981 (1967)[45]7,712,000 (1990)[46]8,031,000 (1994)[42]8,032,926 (2001)8,404,252 (2011)N/A (2008)[44]
LibyaLibya1,738,000 (1967)[45]4,545,000 (1990)[46]5,225,000(1994)[42]5,499,074 (2002)6,420,000 (2009)[43]77 (2008)[44]
PeruPeru12,385,000 (1967)[45]21,550,000 (1990)[46]23,080,000(1994)[42]27,949,639 (2002)29,496,000 (2010)70 (2008)[44]
Guinea-BissauGuinea Bissau528,000 (1967)[45]965,000 (1990)[46]1,050,000 (1994)[42]1,345,479 (2002)1,647,000[43] (2009)48 (2008)[44]
AngolaAngola5,203,066 (1967)[45]10,020,000 (1990)[46]10,674,000 (1994)[42]10,766,500 (2003)18,498,000[51][93] (2009)38 (2008)[44]
Equatorial GuineaEquatorial Guinea277,000 (1967)[45]348,000 (1990)[46]389,000 (1994)[42]474,214 (2000)676,000 (2009)[51]61 (2008)[44]
BeninBenin2,505,000 (1967)[45]4,736,000 (1990)[46]5,246,000 (1994)[42]8,500,500 (2002)8,791,832 (2009)59 (2008)[44]
LaosLaos2,770,000 (1967)[45]4,139,000 (1990)[46]4,742,000 (1994)[42]5,635,967 (2002)6,800,000[94] (2011)56 (2008)[44]
NepalNepal10,500,000 (1967)[45]18,961,000 (1990)[46]21,360,000 (1994)[42]25,284,463 (2002)29,331,000[51] (2009)- (2008)[44]
IranIran25,781,090 (1966)[45]54,608,000 (1990)[46]59,778,000 (1994)[42]66,622,704 (2002)75,330,000 (2010)[95]71 (2008)[44]49,548,910
CanadaCanada20,014,880 (1966)[45]26,603,000 (1990)[46]29,248,000(1994)[42]31,081,900 (2001)32,623,490 (2011)[96]81 (2008)[44]
United StatesUnited States199,118,000 (1967)[45]249,995,000 (1990)[46]260,650,00(1994)[42]281,421,906 (2000)308,745,538 (2010)[97]78 (2008)[44]
UgandaUganda7,931,000 (1967)[45]18,795,000 (1990)[46]20,621,000 (1994)[42]24,227,297 (2002)32,369,558 (2009)52 (2008)[44]
Notes
* Eritrea left Ethiopia in 1991.
† Split into the nations of Sudan andSouth Sudan during 2011.
‡ Japan and the Ryukyu Islands merged in 1972.
# India and Sikkim merged in 1975.
Population growth 1990–2012 (%)[98]
Africa73.3%
Middle East68.2%
Asia (excl. China)42.8%
China19.0%
OECDAmericas27.9%
Non-OECD Americas36.6%
OECDEurope11.5%
OECDAsiaOceania11.1%
Non-OECD Europe andEurasia−0.8%

Future population

[edit]
These paragraphs are an excerpt fromHuman population projections.[edit]
Human population projections are attempts toextrapolate howhuman populations will change in the future.[99] These projections are an important input toforecasts of the population's impact on this planet and humanity's future well-being.[100] Models of population growth take trends inhuman development and apply projections into the future.[101] These models use trend-based-assumptions about how populations will respond to economic, social and technological forces to understand how they will affectfertility andmortality, and thus population growth.[101]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^Ritchie, Hannah; Rodés-Guirao, Lucas; Mathieu, Edouard; Gerber, Marcel; Ortiz-Ospina, Esteban; Hasell, Joe; Roser, Max (11 July 2023)."Population Growth".Our World in Data. Retrieved26 January 2025.
  2. ^"Absolute increase in global population per year".Our World in Data. Archived fromthe original on 28 February 2021. Retrieved15 February 2020.
  3. ^"World Population 2024". Retrieved29 July 2024.
  4. ^"World Population Prospects 2024 – Data Booklet"(PDF).United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. 2024. Retrieved1 January 2025.
  5. ^O'Sullivan, Jane Nancy (2023)."Demographic Delusions: World Population Growth Is Exceeding Most Projections and Jeopardising Scenarios for Sustainable Futures".World.4 (3):545–568.doi:10.3390/world4030034.
  6. ^ab"Black death 'discriminated' between victims".Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 29 January 2008.Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved3 November 2008.
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