Sir Peter Chalmers Mitchell
Born	(1864-11-23)23 November 1864 Dunfermline, Scotland
Died	2 July 1945(1945-07-02) (aged 80) London, England
Known for	FoundingWhipsnade Zoo
Scientific career
Fields	Zoology

Sir Peter Chalmers MitchellCBE FRS FZS (23 November 1864 – 2 July 1945) was a Scottish zoologist who was Secretary of theZoological Society of London from 1903 to 1935.^[1] During this time, he directed the policy of the Zoological Gardens of London and created the world's first open zoological park,Whipsnade Zoo.^[2][3]

Peter Chalmers Mitchell was the son of the Rev. Alexander Mitchell, aPresbyterian minister inDunfermline, Scotland, and Marion Chalmers. Mitchell gained anMA at theUniversity of Aberdeen, and moved toChrist Church, Oxford, where he read for natural science, specialising in zoology. After success in the honours examination of 1888, he was appointed University Demonstrator in Zoology.^[4]

In 1896, he was the anonymous author of an article in theSaturday Review entitled "A Biological View of English Foreign Policy"^[5] which proposed the inevitability of a final battle between Britain and Germany, in which one would have to be destroyed. (Having acknowledged his authorship during World War I, he still declared himself "unrepentant" about it in a letter toThe Times in May 1939, describing the article as "prophetic").^{[citation needed]}

In April 1916, now an army Captain, he was responsible for setting up a specialist departmentMI7(B)4 to oversee the production of military propaganda to be dropped from the air over enemy lines.^{[citation needed]}

Despite a tenure of 32 years, Mitchell was not the longest-serving Secretary of the Zoological Society. His predecessor,Philip Lutley Sclater, had been in office over forty years, from 1860 to 1902. Mitchell was succeeded byJulian Huxley.

Mitchell's brainchild,Whipsnade Park, was opened in 1931 on theDunstable Downs, in the heart ofBedfordshire. Whipsnade is an open air zoo in the countryside, where animals occupy large enclosures rather than cages. The park is involved in a variety of conservation activities.

In 1933 he was one of eleven people^[a] involved in the appeal that led to the foundation of theBritish Trust for Ornithology (BTO), an organisation for the study ofbirds in the British Isles.^[6]

In 1911, Mitchell delivered theRoyal Institution Christmas Lecture onThe Childhood of Animals.

In February 1915, Mitchell gave three lectures on the subject of evolution and foreign policy at theRoyal Institution that expanded upon his 1896 article. These were combined and published in the form of a book entitledEvolution and the War in May 1915.^[7]

On retiring from the zoo, Mitchell moved toMálaga, staying there during the first six months or so of theSpanish Civil War, until the city was taken on behalf of the rebels by Italian troops. An account of his last days in Málaga, including his arrest along withArthur Koestler, is included in Koestler's bookSpanish Testament and in Mitchell's own memoir,My House in Málaga, published in 1938.^[8]

Mitchell stood as anindependent candidate at the1938 Combined Scottish Universities by-election, but took last position, with 13.5% of the votes cast.

Mitchell died on 2 July 1945, aged 80, after being injured in an accident on 29 June outside theLondon Zoo. After stepping off a bus, he was struck by a taxicab. A jury ruled the death accidental.^[9]

Aspecies of South Americanworm lizard,Amphisbaena mitchelli, is named in his honour.^[10] He also proved, in a now classic treatise, namely, “On the Intestinal Tract of Mammals,” that the caecum of Mammals is directly homologous with the paired caeca of Birds; that is to say, a pair being the original state.

Wikisource has original works by or about:
Peter Chalmers Mitchell

• 1900.Thomas Henry Huxley: a Sketch of his Life and Work. Putnam's, London & N.Y; 2nd ed. Methuen, London 1913.
• 1911.Official Guide to the Gardens of the Zoological Society of London, Zoological Society of London, London.
• 1912.The Childhood of Animals. Heinemann; Penguin.
• 1915.Evolution and the War. J. Murray, London.
• 1930.Materialism and Vitalism in Biology. Oxford.
• 1931.A Centenary History of the London Zoo.
• 1937.My Fill of Days. Faber & Faber, London.
• 1938.My House in Málaga. Faber & Faber, London. (Republished 2019,The Clapton Press, London).

• 1903.The Nature of Man: Studies in Optimistic Philosophy, byÉlie Metchnikoff, G.P. Putnam's Sons, London. The original title in French wasÉtudes sur la nature humaine, (1903).
• 1934.The Seven Pillars, byWenceslao Fernández Flórez.
• 1935.Mr Witt Among the Rebels: The Story of a Reluctant Revolutionist in the Days of Victoria, byRamón J. Sender, Faber and Faber, London. The original title in Spanish wasMr. Witt en el cantón, (1935).
• 1936.Seven Red Sundays, by Ramón J. Sender, Faber & Faber, London. The original title in Spanish wasSiete domingos rojos, (1932).
• 1937.The War in Spain: a personal narrative, by Ramón J. Sender, Faber & Faber, London. The original title in Spanish wasContraataque (1937).
• 1944.The Forge, byArturo Barea, Faber and Faber, London. The original title in Spanish wasLa Forja (1941).

In addition, likeHenry Scherren FZS, Chalmers Mitchell made a number of contributions to the1911 Encyclopædia Britannica under the initials "P.C.M.".^[11] Chalmers Mitchell was critical of Scherren's history of the ZSL, but was in turn criticised by John Bastin for his work on the same subject.^[12]

• Crook, D.P. (1989). "Peter Chalmers Mitchell and antiwar evolutionism in Britain during the Great War".Journal of the History of Biology.22 (2):325–356.doi:10.1007/bf00139517.S2CID 85087144.

• Works by Peter Chalmers Mitchell atProject Gutenberg
• Works by Peter Chalmers Mitchell atFaded Page (Canada)
• Works by or about Peter Chalmers Mitchell at theInternet Archive

• 1864 births
• 1945 deaths
• People from Dunfermline
• Scottish zoologists
• Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford
• Fellows of the Royal Society
• Fellows of the Zoological Society of London
• Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
• Knights Bachelor
• Secretaries of the Zoological Society of London
• Zoo directors
• Road incident deaths in London
• Pedestrian road incident deaths

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