Thepesh-kabz orpeshkabz (Persian:پیش قبض,Hindi:पेश क़ब्ज़)[1] is a type ofIndo-Persianknife designed to penetratemail armour and other types of armour.[2][3][4] The word is also spelledpesh-qabz orpish-ghabz and means "fore-grip" in thePersian language; it was borrowed into theHindustani language.[1] Originally created duringSafavid Persia, it became widespread inCentral Asia and the Indian subcontinent duringMughal period.[5][6]
Most pesh-kabz use a hollow-ground, tempered steel single-edged fulltang, recurved blade with a thick spine bearing a "T" cross-section for strength and rigidity.[7][8] In most examples, a pair of handle scales are fixed to the full-tang grip, which features a hooked butt. The earliest forms of this knife featured a recurved blade, suggestive of its Persian origin.[9][10] In all variants the blade is invariably broad at the hilt, but tapers progressively and radically to a needle-like, triangular tip. Upon striking a coat of mail, this reinforced tip spreads the chain link apart, enabling the rest of the blade to penetrate the armour.[7][8] One knife authority concluded that the pesh-kabz "as a piece of engineering design could hardly be improved upon for the purpose".[8]
The knife is typically used as a thrusting weapon also held upside down in hand with the thumb on the bottom of the handle.[11] However, the wide hollow-ground blade also possesses considerable slicing performance, and as such may also be used effectively with slashing or cutting strokes. Its ability to be used as either a cutting or thrusting weapon has caused more than one authority to erroneously classify the pesh-kabz as a fightingdagger.[4][7][8][12]
Pesh-kabz are typically around 40–46 cm (16-18 inches) in overall length, with blades of approximately 28–33 cm (11-13 inches). When compared to other similar knives with T-section blades and reinforced tips, the pesh-kabz is virtually indistinguishable, save for its length of blade. Thekard orbahbudi (antiq.) has a longer blade (though still shorter than an Afghan sword such as thesalwaryatagan)[13] and is considered a separate design,[14] while thechura, used by theMahsud clan of thePashtun Khyber tribe, is a slightly shorter version of the pesh-kabz.[8]
The pesh-kabz has a full tang and is traditionally fitted with walrus (دندان ماهیdandān māhi)ivoryscales orhandles,[15][16] but other examples have been found using ivory from the tusks of therhinoceros, orelephant.[14][17] Still other knives may be found with scales of wood,agate,jasper,rock crystal,[9]horn,serpentine (false jade),[18] or metal.[8][10] The sheaths are typically constructed of metal or leather over wood, and may be inset with silver or precious stones.[4]
The pesh-kabz originated inSafavid Persia and is believed to have been created sometime in the 17th century to overcome the mail armor worn by mounted and foot soldiers of the day.[3] The term itself was first used to describe the front of a girdle worn byPersian wrestlers, indicating that the pesh-kabz was worn centrally as opposed to thekard and other blades which were worn at the sides. It soon spread to neighbouring Afghanistan and Central Asia before eventually being introduced to theIndian subcontinent by the Mughals. After armor ceased to be worn by modern armies, the pesh-kabz retained its utility as a close combat knife, and many Pashtun tribesmen, particularly theMahsud,Afridi, andShinwari clans, continued to use the design, along with thechura andkard.
During their period of colonial rule in India, the British frequently referred to all Afghan blades of this pattern collectively as "Afghan knives" or "Khyber knives",[13][18] after theKhyber Pass that marked the transition from British India to the nation of Afghanistan. In India, manufacture of the pesh-kabz was centered in the northern city ofBhera,[18] now part of Pakistan.
The pesh-kabz is still used today as a personal weapon as well as a ceremonial badge of adulthood for Pashtun and other Afghan hill tribes.
DuringWorld War 1, on 17 January 1916, theMaharaja ofPatiala ordered a modernized version of the traditional knife fit for the use in modern war from theWilkinson Sword Company. This exemplar combined a - straight - blade of the classic form with the hilt of aLee-Enfieldbayonet. Only 555 pieces were manufactured and none of these seems to have survived though there is a detailed sketch from the producers' archives.[19]
The pesh-kabz was a specialist dagger from Persia and north India, used mainly for piercing chain mail.
Pesh kabz, a dagger popular in Persia and Northern India.
Thepesh-kabz was a specialized dagger from Persia and northern India.